| Human Values and the Future of Technology: A Declaration of Responsibility | | BIBA | 11-16 | |
| Ben Shneiderman | |||
| "We must learn to balance the material wonders of technology with the
spiritual demands of our human nature." John Naisbitt (1982).
We can make a difference in shaping the future by ensuring that computers "serve human needs (Mumford, 1934)." By making explicit the enduring values that we hold dear we can guide computer system designers and developers for the next decade, century, and thereafter. After setting our high-level goals we can pursue the components and seek the process for fulfilling them. High-level goals might include peace, excellent health care, adequate nutrition, accessible education, communication, freedom of expression, support for creative exploration, safety, and socially constructive entertainment. Computer technology can help attain these high-level goals if we clearly state measurable objectives, obtain participation of professionals and design effective human-computer interfaces. Design considerations include adequate attention to individual differences among users, support of social and organizational structures, design, for reliability and safety, provision of access by the elderly, handicapped, or illiterate, and appropriate user controlled adaptation. With suitable theories and empirical research we can achieve ease of learning, rapid performance, low error rates, and good retention over time, while preserving high subjective satisfaction. To raise the consciousness of designers and achieve these goals, we must generate an international debate, stimulate discussions within organizations, and interact with other intellectual communities. This paper calls for a focus on the "you" and "I" in developing improved user interface (UI) research and systems, offers a Declaration of Responsibility, and proposes a Social Impact Statement for major computing projects. Note: Originally appeared in the Proceedings of the
Conference on Computers and the Quality of Life
(CQL'90), New York: ACM, Sept. 13-16, 1990. | |||
| Report on the CHI'90 Workshop on Computer-Human Interaction in Aerospace Systems | | BIB | 17-23 | |
| Sharon Irving; Christine M. Mitchell | |||
| Poster Paper Introduction | | BIB | 24 | |
| Joseph W. Sullivan | |||
| A Context for Designing Adaptations: The Multi-Oriented Structured Task Analysis (MOST) Methodology | | BIBA | 25-29 | |
| James A., Jr. Carter; James P. Hancock | |||
| The Multi-Oriented Structured Task analysis (MOST) methodology attempts to be most things to most of its users most of the time by balancing the needs for completeness and consistency of structured specifications with the needs of both system designers and system users for flexibility and adaptivity. The MOST methodology structures a task analysis and integrates it with other more formal specification methodologies including software engineering methodologies, human-computer interaction methodologies, and explicit user models. MOST stores these specifications in a knowledge base of four major interlinked foci for the information (users, tasks, data, and tools) and an optional foci (constraints) that can be linked to any of the major foci. The linkages in a MOST knowledge base facilitate the flexible structuring and restructuring of records. These linkages can model alternative designs and/or paths by which a system can adapt its interface while maintaining functional consistency. Various design heuristics (both software engineering and human factors) can be applied to an analysis recorded in a MOST knowledge base to assist in its transformation into a suitable design. The MOST methodology is designed to cooperate with and to assist the designer rather than to force the user to serve the methodology. | |||
| The Interface Specialist: Contrasting Opinions on Role Content | | BIBA | 30-32 | |
| Lorraine F. Normore | |||
| Through involvement in on-going development projects, we investigated issues brought about by having interface specialists rather than generally trained system development staff designing and developing interfaces. This article reports on some of the issues raised, discusses the activities associated with this project and points out differences in the perceptions of the tasks seen as relevant to this role by a human factors professional and by systems development staff. | |||
| Simulation and Information Order as Influences in the Development of Mental Models | | BIB | 33-35 | |
| Matthew A. Augustine; Michael D. Coovert | |||
| New User Interface Strategies for Public Telephones | | BIB | 36-37 | |
| Lisa Fast | |||
| Cognitive Issues in Representing Design Reasoning as Hypertext | | BIBA | 38-40 | |
| Simon Shum | |||
| Hypertext offers powerful facilities for representing and manipulating structure, but the cognitive task of parsing ideas into discrete chunks can be intrusive. This summary describes ongoing work looking at the use of semi-formal notations for representing design reasoning. One experiment highlighted a number of cognitive overheads in using the notation, but a subsequent study is indicating that with training, the notation can be used unobstrusively by computer scientists to record reasoning during design problem solving. | |||
| Four Generic Communication Tasks which Must be Supported in Electronic Conferencing | | BIBA | 41-43 | |
| John C. McCarthy; Victoria C. Miles; Andrew F. Monk; Michael D. Harrison; Alan J. Dix; Peter C. Wright | |||
| In this paper we describe and discuss the design implications of four Generic Communication Tasks which must be supported in electronic conferencing. | |||
| The Design and Maintenance of the Andrew Help System: Providing a Large Set of Information to a Large Community of Users | | BIB | 44-47 | |
| Ayami Ogura; Terilyn Gillespie | |||
| Helping the User by Helping the Developer: The Role of Guidelines in a Multimedia Context | | BIB | 48-51 | |
| Maria G. Wadlow; Christina Haas; Dan Boyarski; Paul G. Crumley | |||
| Claims, Observations and Inventions: Analysing the Artifact | | BIBA | 52-54 | |
| Andrew F. Monk; Peter C. Wright | |||
| This paper describes the use of observation-invention pairs to illustrate important general points about the way that users interact with computers. The technique can be viewed as a form of artifact analysis. | |||
| The Use of Think-Aloud Evaluation Methods in Design | | BIBA | 55-57 | |
| Peter C. Wright; Andrew F. Monk | |||
| This paper reports on two studies in which teams of two or three trainee designers evaluated a user interface by observing a user working through some set tasks. These users were instructed to think aloud as they worked. The instruction received by the designers took the form of a brief how-to-do-it manual. Study 1 demonstrates that this method is effective. Study 2 found that more problems were detected by the designers of the system than other groups. Also, designers cannot predict the problems users will experience in advance of user testing. | |||
| Specifying Metaphors Algebraically | | BIB | 58-60 | |
| Werner Kuhn; Jeffrey P. Jackson; Andrew U. Frank | |||
| A Methodology for Taking Account of User Tasks, Goals and Behavior for Design of Computerized Library Catalogs | | BIB | 61-65 | |
| N. J. Belkin | |||
| The Impact of Organisations on Computers | | BIBA | 66-67 | |
| Matthew R. Jones | |||
| The traditional way of looking at computers and organisations has been to
study the impact of computer systems on organisations. This paper, however,
describes the impact of organisations on computers. It is also argued that the
focus of attention in HCI research needs to be changed from its traditional
emphasis on usability to consider whether, why and how systems are actually
used in practice.
The influence of four organisational factors (culture, politics, practice and history) on the use of computer systems in organisations is discussed. It is argued that each of these factors can have a substantial effect on systems and therefore need to be considered in interface design and research. Changes to the training of information systems developers are proposed to increase awareness of these issues. | |||
| Initiating Usability Methods with a New Engineering Design Tool | | BIBA | 68-70 | |
| Aita Salasoo | |||
| Goals, methods, and results of initial usability work for a new, intelligent software product are described. The approach yielded a number of expected and unforeseen benefits, as well as lessons for [sic] | |||
| LEGALESE: A Legal Argumentation Tool | | BIB | 71-74 | |
| D. Charles Hair | |||
| KARMA: Knowledge Acquisition, Retention and Maintenance Analysis | | BIB | 75-77 | |
| M. Czerwinski; R. Schumacher; B. Duba | |||
| Psychometric Evaluation of an After-Scenario Questionnaire for Computer Usability Studies: The ASQ | | BIBA | 78-81 | |
| James R. Lewis | |||
| A three-item after-scenario questionnaire was used in three related usability tests in different areas of the United States. The studies had eight scenarios in common. After participants finished a scenario, they completed the After-Scenario Questionnaire (the ASQ). A factor analysis of the responses to the ASQ items revealed that an eight-factor solution explained 94 percent of the variability of the 24 (eight scenarios by three items per scenario) items. The varimax-rotated factor pattern showed that these eight were clearly associated with the eight scenarios. The benefit of this research to system designers is that this three-item questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties of reliability, sensitivity, and concurrent validity, and may be used with confidence in other, similar usability studies. | |||
| Privacy, Anonymity and Interpersonal Competition Issues Identified During Participatory Design of Project Management Groupware | | BIBA | 82-87 | |
| Michael J. Muller; John G. Smith; J. Zachary Shoher; Harry Goldberg | |||
| Project Management Groupware (PMG) presents complex design challenges because the resulting system can act as both (a) a community for interpersonal collaboration and (b) an arena for interpersonal competition. This paper describes an application of the participatory design paradigm to explore these issues, and to track the contingent evolution of computing systems and social systems around the PMG. We describe work in progress on the design of an experimental prototype that appears to have novel attributes in the areas of interpersonal collaboration and competition, information filtration, privacy, and elective anonymity in interpersonal communications. | |||
| A New Framework for Separating User Interfaces from Application Programs | | BIBA | 88-91 | |
| Hisashi Nakatsuyama; Makoto Murata; Koji Kusumoto | |||
| We propose an object-oriented user interface framework that allows 1) easy development of user interfaces, 2) separation of user interfaces from application programs, and 3) simultaneous and coordinated usage of several user interfaces of one program. Daemons keep these user interfaces consistent with the status of the program, while hiding the user interfaces from the program. Mapping objects, which are parts of user interfaces, are introduced to map complicated status of application programs to visual presentation. Consistency among subwindows of one window is also kept by daemons of the window. Again, each subwindow is hidden from the other subwindows. | |||
| ConMod: A System for Conceptual Consistency Verification and Communication | | BIBA | 92-94 | |
| Robert E. Braudes; John L. Sibert | |||
| The ConMod system is a modelling tool for the construction, verification, and communication of user conceptual models. A basic premise behind the research is that consistency at the syntactic and lexical levels cannot counteract conceptual inconsistencies designed into a system, and a working definition of conceptual consistency is maintained in a user-extensible knowledge base. The system designer has the option to test the model for completeness and conceptual consistency based upon high-level knowledge of the types of objects in the model. ConMod also generates conceptual specifications for discussing the model with end users and prototyping and implementation teams. Finally, ConMod allows the conceptual structure of one model to be reused in a different model. | |||
| Properties of Thinking and Feeling Transferred from Human Computer Interaction to Social Interaction | | BIB | 95 | |
| Ethel H. Hanson | |||
| Auditory Icons in Large-Scale Collaborative Environments | | BIBA | 96 | |
| William W. Gaver; Randall B. Smith | |||
| We discuss the potential for auditory icons to address several common
problems in large-scale, multiprocessing, and collaborative systems. These
problems include those of confirming user-initiated actions, providing
information about ongoing processes or system states, providing adequate
navigational information, and signalling the existence and activity of other
users who may be working in a part of the system that is not visible. We
provide several examples of useful auditory icons drawn from a large, shared,
multitasking environment called SharedARK, and discuss their implications for
other systems. Note: A comprehensive version of this research was published
in INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction, Amsterdam:
North-Holland, 735-740, 1990. | |||
| WIMPs and NERDs: An Extended View of the User Interface | | BIB | 15-21 | |
| Mark H. Chignell; John A. Waterworth | |||
| GEdit: A Test Bed for Editing by Contiguous Gestures | | BIB | 22-26 | |
| Gordon Kurtenbach; Bill Buxton | |||
| User Interface Programming Survey | | BIB | 27-30 | |
| Brad A. Myers; Mary Beth Rosson | |||
| UIST'90, The Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology Snowbird, Utah, October 3-5, 1990 | | BIB | 31-36 | |
| Ellis S. Cohen | |||
| Usability Metrics and Methodologies British Computer Society, London, U.K., 21 May 1990 | | BIB | 37-39 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| Report on the INTERACT'90 Workshop on Education in HCI: Transcending Disciplinary and National Boundaries | | BIB | 40-45 | |
| Marilyn M. Mantei; Thomas Hewett | |||
| CHI'90 Workshop on Visual Interfaces to Geometry | | BIB | 46-55 | |
| Werner Kuhn; Max J. Egenhofer | |||
| Poster Paper Introduction | | BIB | 56 | |
| Joseph W. Sullivan | |||
| Information Exchange Patterns in a Computer-Supported Cooperative Work Environment | | BIB | 57-58 | |
| Gary J. Cook; Cheryl L. Dunn; Severin V. Grabski | |||
| Users' Errors and Error Handling: Its Relationships with Task Structure and Social Support | | BIB | 59-62 | |
| Michael Frese; Felix C. Brodbeck; Dieter Zapf; Jochen Prumper | |||
| Errors in Computerized Office Work: Differences Between Novice and Expert Users | | BIBA | 63-66 | |
| Jochen Prumper; Michael Frese; Dieter Zapf; Felix C. Brodbeck | |||
| This paper deals with errors by novices and experts when interacting with the computer in normal office work. Three criteria are discussed to determine the level of expertise: a) total length of time that the user has worked computers, b) number of programs known, and c) length of daily work-time with the computer. In contrast to widespread assumptions, experts did not make less errors than novices (except knowledge errors). On the other hand, experts spent less time handling the errors than novices. A cluster analysis produced groups of Occasional-, Frequent-, Beginning- and General Users in the work force. | |||
| Hand Gesture Coding Based on Experiments Using a Hand Gesture Interface Device | | BIB | 67-74 | |
| Tomoichi Takahashi; Fumio Kishino | |||
| Jeepers: An Interface Perception Research Tool | | BIBA | 75-80 | |
| Suzanne Weghorst; Werner Stuetzle | |||
| Jeepers is a software tool for conducting empirical studies of user perception of graphical interface features. It was developed in the context of a research program on dynamic interactive graphical techniques for data visualization and exploration. The tool was effectively applied in researching the problem of discerning point cloud highlighting patterns such as those that would be displayed in interactive data "painting". Other potential research uses for the software are discussed. | |||
| A Concern about the Samuelson-Glushko Survey | | BIBK | 12-14 | |
| Jef Raskin | |||
Keywords: Legal issues, Copyright, Patent, Graphic user interface | |||
| The HCI Bibliography Project | | BIBAK | Web Page | 15-20 | |
| Gary Perlman | |||
| The HCI Bibliography project has just released its first collections of a
free-access online extended bibliography on Human-Computer Interaction. The
basic goal of the project is to put an online bibliography for most of HCI on
the screens of all researchers and developers in the field through anonymous
ftp access, mail servers, and Mac and DOS floppy disks. Through the efforts of
volunteers, the bibliography is approaching 1000 entries, with abstracts and/or
tables of contents; eventually, citation information and hypertext access will
be added. The first release contains the complete contents of all the ACM CHI
conferences, the complete journal Human-Computer Interaction, and several other
important sources. Eventually, all of HCI will be online and freely accessible
around the world. Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Bibliographic information, Research aids,
Distributed group work, Networks, Cooperative research, Information sharing,
Hypertext, Information retrieval | |||
| Introduction to the Special Issue on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) | | BIBAK | 21 | |
| Marilyn M. Mantei | |||
| The CSCW field has grown so quickly that it is experiencing the same
problems the early CHI community faced. These include, (1) widely scattered
literature that is difficult to find, (2) different conflicting paradigms for
approaching the CSCW subject area, (3) multiple approaches for building and
studying groupware systems but no framework for how or where to use them, and
(4) a lack of integration of the new CSCW approaches with current technology.
Four articles have been selected for publication in this issue to provide
useful (albeit incomplete) solutions to the problems CSCW researchers and
practitioners are facing. Keywords: Computer supported cooperative work, CSCW | |||
| A Tale of Two Cities: Reflections on CSCW in Europe and the United States | | BIBK | 22-24 | |
| Jonathan Grudin | |||
Keywords: Computer supported cooperative work, CSCW | |||
| Computer Systems Supporting Cooperative Work: A CSCW'90 Trip Report | | BIBAK | 25-28 | |
| Scott Henninger | |||
| Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is a relatively young research
field that concerns itself with issues of using computers to support working
groups. The third meeting of this biannual conference, CSCW'90, held last
October in Los Angeles, brought together a mix of researchers, primarily from
social sciences, computer science, business, and psychology. Over 500
researchers and developers attended the conference. There were 30 papers
presented in non-overlapping sessions. The papers were mostly either
descriptions of groupware systems or empirical studies of human working groups.
In what follows, I will give my personal highlights of the conference. My
overall assessment is that while the systems presented weren't that exciting,
the studies were well done and illuminated problems with current CSCW
applications, giving some direction for future systems. Keywords: Computer supported cooperative work, CSCW | |||
| An Annotated Bibliography of Computer Supported Cooperative Work | | BIBAK | 29-62 | |
| Saul Greenberg | |||
| Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) is a new multi-disciplinary field
with roots in many disciplines. Due to the area's youth and diversity, few
specialized books or journals are available, and articles are scattered amongst
diverse journals, proceedings and technical reports. Building a CSCW reference
library is particularly demanding, for it is difficult for the new researcher
to discover relevant documents. To aid this task, this article compiles, lists
and annotates some of the current research in computer supported cooperative
work into a bibliography. Over 300 references are included. Keywords: Computer supported cooperative work, CSCW | |||
| A Reflective Perspective of CSCW | | BIBAK | 63-68 | |
| Andrew J. G. Cockburn; Harold Thimbleby | |||
| Personal computing has had a major effect on the way that many people work;
whole organisations have been revolutionised by tools such as filing systems
and word processors. Whilst personal computing has enhanced the execution of
work it has largely failed to support the cooperative environment in which it
is done. CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) aims to remove this
artificial division caused by the systemic focus on the single user and to
replace it with systems supporting the wider, social, web of cooperation.
Unfortunately CSCW in practice has failed in this task. This paper briefly
discusses the reasons for this failure, and proposes a "reflexive perspective"
of CSCW as an emphasis shift in current CSCW research which, it is argued and
demonstrated by example, will result in greater success for future cooperative
systems. Keywords: Computer supported cooperative work, CSCW | |||
| International Perspectives: Some Thoughts on Differences between North American and European HCI | | BIBK | 9-10 | |
| John Karat | |||
Keywords: North American human-computer interaction, European human-computer
interaction | |||
| The First Moscow International Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction | | BIBAK | 11-12 | |
| Allen Cypher; Jonathan Grudin; Allan MacLean; Michael Naimark; Ken-ichi Okada; Mukesh Patel; Larry Press; Blaine Price; Carlo Tarantola; Marilyn Welles | |||
| The First Moscow International Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction
gathered approximately 15 non-Soviet and 75 Soviet computer professionals for a
week-long workshop at the International Center for Scientific and Technical
Information (ICSTI) in Moscow. At this workshop, 50 paper presentations and 25
product and prototype demos were presented. This report provides a brief
description of the workshop and opportunities for future interaction. Keywords: Trip report, European human-computer interaction, Soviet human-computer
interaction, Moscow International Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction | |||
| An Agenda for Human-Computer Interaction: Science and Engineering Serving Human Needs: Report of an Invitational Workshop Sponsored by The National Science Foundation | | BIBAK | 17-32 | |
| Gary Marchionini; John Sibert | |||
| Human-computer interaction (HCI) research is concerned with the design of
interfaces that allow easy and efficient use of computer systems. This report
is the result of a workshop held to define the state of the art and to identify
HCI research directions. The workshop was held on March 4 and 5, 1991 at
George Washington University. The participants considered four areas of HCI
research: theory and models; input/output devices; tools and architectures; and
computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). This report contains information
about each of these areas. Discussions of infrastructure support for HCI focus
on the requirements for special equipment and expertise and on difficulties
associated with interdisciplinary research. Resource sharing strategies are
recommended to minimize some of these problems. Keywords: HCI research, Theory and models, Input/output devices, Tools and
architectures, Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), Infrastructure
support for HCI research | |||
| Abstracts of CHI'91 Interactive Posters and Short Talks | | BIBK | 33 | |
| Dennis E. Egan | |||
Keywords: CHI'91, Interactive posters, Managing the design process, Experiments on
design issues, User models, Development tools, Evaluation methods, Domain
specific designs, Hypertext, Information retrieval, Short talks, User models
and behavior, Practical design methods, Collaborative writing and multimedia
authoring, Use of familiar things in the design of interfaces, User interface
design process and evaluation, Design tools and methods, Pointing gesture and
handwriting as input media, Programming, Multimedia systems, Sound | |||
| Technology Transfer of User Centered Architecture in a Large U.S. Corporation | | BIB | 34-35 | |
| Kathleen D. Cebulka; Michael J. Muller; Lillian Ruston | |||
| Human-Computer Interaction Design Must be Embedded in System Design: Lessons from NASA Intelligent Systems | | BIB | 35-36 | |
| Jane Malin; Debra Schreckenghost; Carroll Thronesbery | |||
| Integrating Usability and Marketing Activities: A Method for Supporting Accelerated Design Strategies | | BIBA | 36 | |
| R. Jay Ritchie; Judith A. List | |||
| Although the practice of user-centered design is advocated in many organizations, engineering management issues may prevent early focus on system usability. Within the usability engineering cycle, practitioners consider task analysis and customer needs assessment a high priority. Market research activities occur early in the process, but usability information is not collected or passed to system developers. To improve and to accelerate the design process and to validate user preference findings, task analysis and market research surveys were performed concurrently during the design validation phase of a data communications product. The basic process steps included: forming a multidisciplinary team, identifying data sources, collecting data via interviews and event record review, transforming data into task models and product opinion matrices, and using the models and matrices to design a sample product. A number of benefits were observed using this method: improved economies of research and analysis time, increased strength of product opinion data, early product improvements, increased customer understanding of the product, and an improved product engineering process. | |||
| Artist-Designers and Interaction Design | | BIB | 36-37 | |
| Gillian Crampton Smith | |||
| The Misunderstood Picture: A Study of Icon Recognition | | BIB | 37-38 | |
| Michael D. Byrne | |||
| The Effects of Warnings and Display Similarity on Interruption in Multitasking Environments | | BIB | 38-39 | |
| Mary Czerwinski; Steve Chrisman; Bob Schumacher | |||
| An Evaluation of Alternative Designs for Variable Selection Lists | | BIB | 39 | |
| Alan J. Happ; Sharon L. Stanners | |||
| Deciding through Doing: The Role of Sketching in Typographic Design | | BIB | 39-40 | |
| Rachel Hewson | |||
| Gesture Consistency for Text, Spreadsheet, Graphic and Form Fill Editing | | BIBA | 40-41 | |
| Mary J. LaLomia; Karen C. Cohen | |||
| Computer systems that simulate a paper and pen environment have been the focus of considerable development activity. One concern generated from this activity is whether a default set of hand-drawn gestures should be provided to the users. This paper examined whether individuals produced similar gestures for 32 editing functions across four application domains; text, spreadsheet, graphic, and form fill. The individuals (half computer novices and half computer-experienced) indicated gestures for each of the editing functions using each application domain. The results indicated that the consistency of hand-drawn gestures was not affected by the participant's computer experience, by the size and shape of the information to be modified or the application domain. | |||
| Consistency versus Mnemonics in Text Editor Command Sets | | BIB | 41 | |
| Adrienne Y. Lee; Peter W. Foltz; Peter G. Polson | |||
| User Testing a Programming Language: Experience and Methodology | | BIB | 42 | |
| Adriane Donkers; Marta Arnaldo; Richard Dillon; Jo Tombaugh | |||
| A Task Analytic Methodology for Predicting Ease of Learning of Interactive Computer Systems | | BIB | 43 | |
| Mohamed Khalifa | |||
| Understanding Errors in Human Computer Interaction | | BIB | 43-45 | |
| Kathy L. Lang; Arthur C. Graesser; Darold D. Hemphill | |||
| Transfer of General Skills Across Domains: Computer Program Debugging and Troubleshooting of Circuits | | BIBA | 45 | |
| Adrienne Y. Lee | |||
| A general finding in psychological studies is that little or no transfer occurs across domains. This research proposes four components as critical elements for finding across domain transfer: 1) examining a single level of skill, 2) transfer of domain general knowledge, 3) extensive practice, and 4) specific training on the strategies used. To test these components, the skill of diagnosis will be examined. General diagnostic skill should transfer, but specific knowledge such as computer programming knowledge or electronic component knowledge should not transfer. | |||
| Controlling Interaction with Meta-Acts | | BIBA | 45-46 | |
| David G. Novick | |||
| User models that are adequate for conversational interaction between human and machine must include meta-knowledge about the state of conversational control. This paper discusses the representation and use of such meta-knowledge, proposes a conversational model based on meta-locutionary acts, and presents a conversational simulation based on the model. | |||
| What Do Programmers Really Look At in a Program: A Pilot Study | | BIB | 46-47 | |
| Jean Scholtz; Julie Csoppenszky | |||
| Changes in User Task Strategy Due to System Response Delay | | BIB | 47-48 | |
| Steven L. Teal; Alexander I. Rudnicky | |||
| A Tour through the Avis UIMS | | BIB | 49-50 | |
| Michel Beaudouin-Lafon; Michel Thiellement | |||
| Empowering Industrial Designers | | BIBA | 50-51 | |
| L. Colgan; A. Gupta; P. J. Rankin; R. Spence | |||
| Industrial design is an important, but complex activity whose creative phases are poorly supported by computer aids. Numerical methods could assist the process of design innovation, but present many cognitive barriers to their exploitation. We describe an ambitious project aimed at bringing the power of one such method, optimisation, to analogue circuit engineers. | |||
| The Druid User Interface Management System | | BIB | 51-52 | |
| Eelco Vriezekolk | |||
| Task Protocol Specification: A Workstation Independent Specification Technique for Human-Computer Interaction | | BIB | 52-53 | |
| Paul M. Mullins; Siegfried Treu | |||
| Designing Graphical User Interfaces Using TAE Plus | | BIB | 53-54 | |
| Martha R. Szczur | |||
| A Validation of Ergonomic Criteria for the Evaluation of User Interfaces | | BIB | 54-55 | |
| Christian Bastien; Dominique L. Scapin | |||
| Explanations of Artifacts for Design: The Use of Task Strategies | | BIB | 55-56 | |
| Rachel Bellamy | |||
| Use of the Eyegaze System in a Usability Laboratory | | BIB | 56-57 | |
| Denise C. R. Benel; Donald, Jr. Ottens; Richard Horst | |||
| Computerized Task Analysis | | BIB | 57-58 | |
| Maxine S. Cohen; David G. Payne; Richard E. Pastore | |||
| Empiricism versus Judgement: Comparing User Interface Evaluation Methods on a New Telephone-Based Interface | | BIB | 58-59 | |
| Heather Desurvire; Debbie Lawrence; Michael Atwood | |||
| Usability Analysis with Artifacts on Panels | | BIB | 59-60 | |
| Rumi Hiraga; Yeong-Chang Lien | |||
| Making Marks Self-Revealing | | BIB | 60-61 | |
| Gordon Kurtenbach | |||
| User Interface Design Expertise and Learning in the Software Industry | | BIB | 61-62 | |
| Lori Marchak; Teresa Forster; Robert Braudes | |||
| Electronic Mail Standards: Reconciling Technology with Usability | | BIB | 62-63 | |
| Nigel Bevan | |||
| Menix: A UNIX User Adaptable Interface | | BIBA | 64-65 | |
| Yves Chauvin | |||
| Menix is an adaptive user interface that presents to a user a limited set of Unix commands as a function of a predefined level of information. The commands presented in an adaptable menu are functions of the user and his/her past interaction with Unix. Menix infers the level of information of a command from information theoretic principles. Commands/units are also connected by adaptable weights. A level of activation is computed for each command and commands with high levels of activation (high information content) are then presented to the user. For each command typed by the user, Menix learns by adjusting the weights between commands. At first, each user is considered as an "average" user. Following a number of sessions, the system adapts and attempts to infer current knowledge and goals of each user. The theoretical principles can be adapted to other systems of complexity comparable to Unix. | |||
| Protocol Analysis of the Use of a CAD System in a Home Design Task | | BIB | 65-66 | |
| Armin Bruderlin; John Dickinson; John Dill; Lyn Bartram | |||
| VVM: An Exploration in Screen-Based Telephony | | BIBA | 66 | |
| Marc Fusco; Nicholas, Jr. Gattuso; Robert Schumacher | |||
| Communications technology has evolved so rapidly that many features provided to the average user are underutilized. One of our goals for the future is to provide the user with an easy-to-use interface to all network services and capabilities. Screen-based telephony may provide a practical and functional interface by which a user can access and control their voice communication services. VVM is a screen-based interface to a voice processing system currently implemented on a personal computer. Laboratory usability testing has enabled use to refine the present design and impending field trials will provide us with qualitative and quantitative data in order to assess if users utilize more system-provided capabilities for voice processing that is currently used. This endeavor will enable greater understanding of what underlies the success or failure of screen-based telephony and allow us to validate assumptions that screen-based telephony has the potential to improve a wide range of voice services. | |||
| The Evaluation of Cursor Control Devices for Space Station Freedom | | BIB | 66-67 | |
| Kritina L. Holden; Debra Muratore; Marianne Rudisill | |||
| ClearFace: Translucent Multiuser Interface for TeamWorkStation | | BIB | 67-68 | |
| Hiroshi Ishii; Kazuho Arita | |||
| Usability Problems of Residential Multifunction Terminals | | BIB | 68-69 | |
| Michel Nael | |||
| Children's Use of a Direct Manipulation Library Catalog | | BIB | 69-70 | |
| Christine L. Borgman; Virginia A. Walter; Jason B. Rosenberg; Andrea L. Gallagher | |||
| A Text Comprehension Model of Hypertext: A Theory Based Approach to Design and Evaluation | | BIB | 70 | |
| Peter W. Foltz | |||
| Hello Central: An Object-Oriented Data Browser | | BIB | 71-72 | |
| Hans Brunner; Steve Fogel; Robert Cuthbertson; Randall Sparks | |||
| Identifying High-Level UNIX Tasks | | BIB | 73-74 | |
| Russell J. Branaghan; James E. McDonald; Roger W. Schvaneveldt | |||
| Underutilization of Archival Facilities in a UNIX Environment: A Resource Allocation Problem | | BIB | 74-75 | |
| M. Elliott Familant | |||
| Two Methods for Producing Discriminable Colour Sets for Computer Displays | | BIB | 75 | |
| Darren Van Laar; Richard Flavell | |||
| Insight from Situated Action Analysis: The Case of Telephone Operating Company Engineers | | BIB | 76 | |
| Aita Salasoo; Mark Rosenstein; George H. Collier | |||
| A Collaborative Negotiation Tool | | BIB | 77 | |
| Beth Adelson | |||
| Experimental Evaluation of Icon Quality | | BIB | 78 | |
| Paul F. Sorenson; Jayson M. Webb | |||
| An After-Scenario Questionnaire for Usability Studies: Psychometric Evaluation Over Three Trials | | BIB | 79 | |
| James R. Lewis | |||
| What Makes a Good Design Question? | | BIB | 80-81 | |
| Victoria Bellotti; Allan MacLean; Thomas Moran | |||
| Storyboard-Based Programming Tools | | BIB | 81-82 | |
| Michelle Fineblum; Henry Lieberman | |||
| An Object User Interface for an Environmental Information System | | BIB | 82 | |
| Ken Yap | |||
| An Empirically Developed System for the Selection of Computer Input Devices for Users with Physical Disabilities | | BIB | 83 | |
| Sherry Perdue Casali | |||
| Perceptual-Motor Control in Human-Computer Interaction | | BIB | 83-84 | |
| Erik Nilsen | |||
| Reusing Solutions in Software Design Activity: An Empirical Study | | BIB | 84-85 | |
| Francoise Detienne | |||
| A Multimedia Interactive Cultural Simulation: Learning to Analyze and Construct Arguments | | BIB | 85-86 | |
| Beth Adelson; Evelyn Schlusselberg | |||
| Auralization of Parallel Programs | | BIB | 86-87 | |
| Larry Albright; Jay Alan Jackson; Joan Francioni | |||
| Screen, Phone, and Voice User Interfaces | | BIBA | 87-88 | |
| Richard Halstead-Nussloch; Mary Jacobson; Chan Chuongvan | |||
| Office principles often have multiple ways to complete typical tasks. For example, scheduling can be done on a paper calendar, electronically, by phone store-and-forward, etc. Each of the ways has unique user-interface characteristics and limitations, as well as a set of economic costs and benefits. We recently completed a study where 18 users compared traditional screen-based, phone-based, and voice-activated interfaces to calendar facilities. The voice-activated and phone-based user interfaces showed the highest level of usability among the comparison set, showing significantly smaller times to complete tasks and assistance requirements than screen-based facilities. With respect to preference 75% of the users preferred using a voice-activated or phone-based system for the typical calendaring task of signing out of the office, while only 5% stated a preference for a screen-based system. | |||
| Interest Driven Exploration of an Information Space | | BIB | 88 | |
| J. M. Slack; C. Conati | |||
| The Mutual Adaptation of Technology and Organization During the Implementation of an Automated Library System | | BIB | 88-89 | |
| Cynthia Lopata | |||