| An Annotated Bibliography on User Interface Design | | BIB | 17-28 | |
| Bruce P. Fraser; David Alex Lamb | |||
| Methodology for Comparative Selection of Interactive Database Interface Types | | BIBA | 29-36 | |
| Lenya K. Cristiano | |||
| On-line database applications are becoming the most common new software
tasks. Their use is becoming increasingly popular in all areas of information
management. In many environments these on-line applications are made available
to a large, diverse user population. The majority of these users do not have
training in database or software areas. For this reason, the interface between
the user and the database is vital. It serves to protect the integrity of the
database by governing user access and it provides and understandable medium
through which the untrained user can obtain or update the desired data.
The appropriateness of the interface can affect the success or failure of the database application. The wrong type of interface can result in inefficient data access and a reluctance on the part of users to utilize the tool. Most interactive database interfaces fall into two general categories, menu-driven or command-driven. These two interface types are dissimilar in appearance, usage, and often in performance. This article will provide a set of generalized criteria to assist the database manager or designer in selecting which interface type is better suited for a given application. The same criteria can also be used by managers in selecting a commercial database product for purchase. Factors such as the logical structure of the data, characteristics of the user community, and cost are considered. A worksheet is provided to allow for a quantitative analysis of the criteria in order to establish a foundation for the decision-making process. | |||
| Stimulating Change Through Usability Testing | | BIBA | 37-44 | |
| Joseph S. Dumas | |||
| Usability testing is often viewed as a way to improve the usability of products. Testing can, however, have a larger, long-range influence on the way an organization develops it products. As a test specialist, you can use a usability test or set of tests to diagnose such factors as the effectiveness of product design technologies, the technical and managerial skills of the people who produce products, and how well the members of a design team are working together. To make diagnoses at this level, you must keep a focus on the underlying causes of the strengths and weaknesses of the usability of products. To have a long-range impact on the way an organization develops products, usability test specialists need to view themselves as change agents. You must involve designers in test planning and execution, and write reports that speak about the underlying causes of the problems users have with products. | |||
| Teaching User Interface Design Based on Usability Engineering | | BIB | 45-48 | |
| Jakob Nielsen; Rolf Molich | |||
| The 1988 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work | | BIB | 49-55 | |
| Saul Greenberg | |||
| Interfaces for Cooperative Work: An Eclectic Look at CSCW'88 | | BIB | 56-64 | |
| Thomas D. Erickson | |||
| HyperHyper: Developments Across the Field of Hypermedia -- A Mini Trip Report: BCS Workshop, London, UK, 23 February 1989 | | BIB | 65-67 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems 1988, Tokyo, Japan, 28 November - 2 December 1988 | | BIB | 68-71 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| Walking on an Electric Treadmill While Performing VDT Office Work | | BIBAK | 72-77 | |
| Nathan Edelson; Jerome Danoff | |||
| The physiological and psychological health problems associated with
sedentary office work are well documented, but their solution has proved
elusive. In this study a specially designed office permitted the comparison of
conventional word processing (sedentary condition) to word processing performed
while walking on an electric treadmill at 1.4 to 2.8 km/hr (active condition).
Five subjects after several days of practice produced two test trials each
consisting of six 20-minute intervals of word processing. For the sedentary
condition the subjects were seated, during all six intervals. For the active
condition, treadmill-walking and seated intervals were alternated. Variables
measured included word processing performance score, stress and arousal
indices, and body complaint count. The first of these was tested with a
repeated ANOVA and Newman-Keuls post hoc, and the latter three with correlated
t-tests. No significant differences were found between the two conditions for
performance or body complaints. Stress was significantly lower (p < .05), and
arousal was higher but not quite significant (p < .07) for the active
condition. We conclude that treadmill walking and routine word processing can
be performed concurrently without a decrement in work performance, and that
certain physiological and psychological benefits may result. Keywords: Work, Stress, Exercise therapy, Computer workstation | |||
| Information Detective: A Workstation for Exploring Three Dimensional Information Space | | BIBA | 78-79 | |
| Kiyonobu Kojima | |||
| Artificial reality is used to simulate two different kinds of space. One is the physical world. The other is a conceptual data model. A head mounted display can simulate the former. In this paper, we propose a system, Information Detective, to simulate the latter. Information Detective is a workstation for browsing complex information spaces. It consists of a small flat display and two tracking sensors. It behaves like a magnifying glass in three dimensional space and can show object details in a natural way. It is being developed to keep users from losing themselves in large and complex information spaces. | |||
| CHI'89 Interactive Poster Session Papers and Abstracts | | BIB | 80 | |
| Robin Jeffries | |||
| Item Selection from Menus: The Influence of Menu Organization, Query Interpretation, and Programming Experience on Selection Strategies | | BIB | 81-85 | |
| Lola M. Arnold | |||
| Creating Consistency in the User Interface: Opinions and Procedures of Software Development Experts | | BIB | 85-87 | |
| Alan J. Happ; Karen C. Cohen | |||
| An Empirical Approach to the Evaluation of Icons | | BIBA | 87-90 | |
| Jayson M. Webb; Paul F. Sorenson; Nic P. Lyons | |||
| This poster provides a definition and taxonomy for iconic communication and describes the use of formal psychological tools and methods in the evaluation of icons. The methods that can be usefully applied include: 1. Psychophysics 2. Scaling 3. Recognition/Memory Testing 4. Statistical Modeling / Analysis Examples of some of these approaches are provided from pilot studies currently under way at HP. Analyses used include Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) and Cluster analysis. Results can be applied to development of metrics, standard methods, and design guidelines. | |||
| Beacons and Initial Program Comprehension | | BIB | 90-91 | |
| Susan Wiedenbeck; Jean Scholtz | |||
| A Transfer of Skill Between Programming Languages | | BIB | 91 | |
| Jean C. Scholtz | |||
| Designing the "Cockpit": The Application of a Human-Centered Design Philosophy to Made Optimization Systems Accessible | | BIBA | 92-95 | |
| L. Colgan; R. Spence; P. Rankin; M. D. Apperley | |||
| The Cockpit is an interactive graphical display of results from analogue circuit optimization. It aims to overcome circuit designers' reluctance to use optimization systems by providing them with an interface that is easy and natural to use. The Cockpit presents the user with a 3D display which can be used both as a way of navigating the complex optimization data and as an overview of optimization progress. The Cockpit development process includes user interviews and rapid simulation of the user interface on a hypermedia system. | |||
| FINGER -- Formalization Interaction for Gesture Recognition | | BIB | 96-97 | |
| Gerhard Weber; Peter Wetzel | |||
| A Process-Oriented Extensible Hypertext Architecture | | BIBA | 98-101 | |
| Charles J. Kacmar | |||
| Previous hypertext systems have been designed in a monolithic fashion. This design has inhibited the ability of hypertext systems to be extended or to interface with other systems. A new architecture for hypertext systems has been developed. This architecture is centered around the process and object-oriented models of software construction. The architecture provides hypertext functionality outside the application, allowing applications to draw upon those hypertext features appropriate to the application. The architecture also extends hypertext functionality so that inter-application as well as intra-application information links can be formed. | |||
| Draft for ACM Self-Assessment Procedure on Human-Computer Interaction | | BIB | 17-24 | |
| Tom Carey | |||
| CHI'89 | | BIB | 28-40 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| Hypertext II | | BIB | 41-47 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| Introduction to the Special Issue on Video as a Research and Design Tool | | BIB | 48-50 | |
| Wendy E. Mackay; Deborah G. Tatar | |||
| 3D Scene on 2D Screen: The VISUALCAD Connection | | BIBA | 52-53 | |
| Nagi Kodali | |||
| Working with 3D space through the 2D computer screen is a skill that has to be mastered by CAD users. Current user interface designs fail to address the basic issue of relating the users' mental space with the computer's construction space. VISUALCAD, a new technique developed to communicate 3D CAD concepts, combines the users' mental space and the computers construction space. Through the use of video tools it enables us to discuss and demonstrate the key concepts in CAD all in one real space. The use of video is found to be an indispensable part of CAD training. | |||
| Improving Aviation Accident Research Through the Use of Video | | BIB | 54-56 | |
| Herbert B. Armstrong | |||
| Using Video to Prototype User Interfaces | | BIBA | 57-61 | |
| Laurie Vertelney | |||
| The Human Interface Group at Apple Computer uses video as a design tool to prototype and visualize ideas about how computers will be used in the future. This paper is for people who need to build visualizations of user interfaces that don't yet exist. It describes how to create effective interface simulations using animation and video techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of video as a user interface design and prototyping medium are also explored. | |||
| Video: A Design Medium | | BIB | 62-66 | |
| Steve Harrison; Scott Minneman; Bob Stults; Karon Weber | |||
| EVA: An Experimental Video Annotator for Symbolic Analysis of Video Data | | BIB | 68-71 | |
| Wendy E. Mackay | |||
| Computer Support for Transcribing Recorded Activity | | BIB | 72-74 | |
| Randall H. Trigg | |||
| Video in Applied Cognitive Research for Human-Centered Design | | BIB | 75-77 | |
| Renate J. Roske-Hofstrand | |||
| Structured Content Modeling for Cimematic Information | | BIB | 78-79 | |
| Benjamin Rubin; Glorianna Davenport | |||
| Integrating Motion Video into Computational Environments | | BIB | 80-82 | |
| Brian Michon | |||
| The Role of the Video Professional in a Research Environment | | BIBA | 83-87 | |
| Mark D. Chow | |||
| The video professional that enters the research environment is likely to encounter both exhilarating resonances and boggling confusion at the hands of researchers. There will be situations when standard video practice exactly compliments the researchers' work. There will also be situations when it is necessary to break every rule held sacred by video practitioners. This paper is an attempt to outline some of the many ways in which the research scientist and the video professional can coexist productively. The focus will be on usage of video as a presentation tool. | |||
| Use of the EVTA Process in the Evaluation of Human/System Interaction and Performance | | BIBA | 89-91 | |
| Margaret T. Shaffer | |||
| The EVTA process generates a task-descriptive data base (Dury et, al., 1987, page 375) from a detailed analysis of operator's observable activities and communications. The essential features of the EVTA process are the use of video/audio equipment to gather permanent records of operator activities from operational environments, and the generation of an empirical record of activity times through a software package which builds, manages and analyzes the resulting data base. | |||
| Using Video in the BNR Usability Lab | | BIBA | 92-95 | |
| Sue Kennedy | |||
| This paper describes the goals of the BNR Usability Lab and explains how we have achieved our goals by developing the "Co-Discovery Learning" testing methodology and designing "U-Test", a special interface for usability testing with video. | |||
| Video as an Enabling Technology for Computer-Supported Cooperative Work | | BIB | 96-99 | |
| Marjorie Horton; Mary Elwart-Keys; Robert Kass | |||
| The Use of Video in Empirical Research | | BIB | 100-102 | |
| Lisa Neal | |||
| Video and Design | | BIBA | 104-107 | |
| Austin Henderson | |||
| Four relations between video and design are identified. One, the role of video in support of the activity of design, is explored in some detail. It is asserted that more than one of these relations is present in the usual situation. | |||
| Using Video-Based Observation to Shape the Design of a New Technology | | BIB | 108-111 | |
| Deborah Tatar | |||
| Can Video Research Escape the Technology? Some Reflections on the Problems and Possibilities of A.V. Research | | BIB | 112-114 | |
| Kathy Carter; Bob Anderson | |||
| The Use of Video in Organizational Studies | | BIB | 115-117 | |
| Christina Allen | |||
| Thick Descriptions: A Tool for Designing Ethnographic Interactive Videodiscs | | BIBA | 118-122 | |
| Ricki Goldman Segall | |||
| Videodisc technology will have a dramatic effect on the future of ethnographic educational research by giving the users of the videodisc workstation access to the actual 'raw' data and encouraging them to manipulate the material in a variety of ways. Users will have the ability to examine the original documentation, make their own observations, compare their observations with other researchers/users, and compile the 'data' with new levels of interpretation. Unlike more traditional research methodologies, in hypermedia ethnography there is no systematic way for different viewers to reach the same conclusions about the same content. However, building a system where each content grain or unit is a thick enough description of what is being examined could enable the user to come very close to understanding the underlying intention of the action, event or process presented on videodisc. | |||
| CHI'89 Interactive Poster Session Papers and Abstracts | | BIB | 16 | |
| Robin Jeffries | |||
| Getting There When You Don't Know Where 'There' Is: Navigational Strategies in a Hypertext Help System | | BIB | 17-18 | |
| F. R. Campagnoni; Kate Ehrlich | |||
| Expected and Unexpected Effects of Computer Media on Group Decision Making | | BIB | 18-20 | |
| Vitaly Dubrovsky; Sara Kiesler; Beheruz N. Sethna | |||
| Comprehension of Pascal Statements by Novice and Expert Programmers | | BIB | 20-23 | |
| Jennifer L. Dyck; Brent Auernheimer | |||
| Iconer: A Tool for Evaluating Icons | | BIB | 23-25 | |
| Hendrika Alice Eisen | |||
| Computerized Performance Monitoring and Performance Appraisal | | BIB | 25-29 | |
| Deborah B. Fenner; F. Javier Lerch; Carol T. Kulik | |||
| The Development of a Task-Oriented, Minimal Content User's Manual | | BIB | 29-33 | |
| Richard Gong | |||
| Object Identification by Language in a User Interface Using Language and Image Information | | BIB | 33-36 | |
| Akira Hakata; Tomoichi Takahashi; Yukio Kobayashi | |||
| Fragility in Expertise: A Study in Reactive Scheduling | | BIB | 36-40 | |
| Brian R. Huguenard; Michael J. Prietula; F. Javier Lerch | |||
| Usability Issues Related to Mapping a Command Language onto Interactive Software Panels | | BIB | 40-41 | |
| Barbara S. Isa; Deborah A. Krysiak | |||
| UNIXTUTOR: A Menu-Based Transitional Interface | | BIB | 41-45 | |
| Wesley Jamison; C. Michael Lewis | |||
| Using Electronic Mail: Themes Across Three User Interface Paradigms | | BIBA | 45-48 | |
| Sandy Jones; Geoffrey Bock; Alana Brassard | |||
| Four specific themes -- Visual Navigation, Organization, Integration, and Customization -- arose from contextual interviews with 28 mail users of 3 interface paradigms: command line, menu, and direct manipulation. As the interface paradigm changed, the themes remained constant. These themes indicate domains of use that are fundamental to mail systems. | |||
| Computer-Mediated Group Processes in Distributed Command and Control | | BIB | 48-53 | |
| J. M. Linville; R. W. Obermayer; J. J. Fallesen | |||
| IDEA: From Advising to Collaboration | | BIB | 53-59 | |
| James R. Miller; William C. Hill; Jean McKendree; Timothy P. McCandless; Loren Terveen | |||
| TANGO: A Framework and System for Algorithm Animation | | BIB | 59-60 | |
| John T. Stasko | |||
| Designing Collaborative User Interfaces: Lessons from Writer/Graphic Designer Interaction | | BIB | 60-63 | |
| Wendie Wulff | |||
| Report on the CHI'89 Workshop on Real-Time, Decision Support Computer-Human Interaction | | BIB | 64-70 | |
| Steven M. Jacobs; William E. Hefley | |||
| Laboratory Exercises for a Graduate/Undergraduate Course in Human-Computer Interaction | | BIB | 71-75 | |
| Arthur F. Kramer; Robert M. Schumacher | |||
| Climbing the Smalltalk Mountain | | BIB | 76-79 | |
| Mary Beth Rosson; John M. Carroll | |||
| Evaluation of the NeXT Interface Builder for Prototyping a Smart Telephone | | BIBA | 80-85 | |
| Umesh Thakkar; Gary Perlman; Dave Miller | |||
| The programming-by-example paradigm promises to allow non-programmers and programmers alike to develop software more effectively. The NeXT Interface Builder is a tool for prototyping and developing highly graphical user interfaces. To evaluate the effectiveness of the NeXT Interface Builder, we developed the smartPhone application and collected data on the efforts of four programmers' development of a programmable telephone user interface. The main result was that with minimal training, The NeXT Interface Builder allows programmers to develop non-trivial application user interfaces in about an hour. On the negative side, more expertise and effort is required to develop object-oriented applications required for interface to the Interface Builder. We conclude with a recommendation for more empirical evaluation of the NeXT system. | |||
| Video: A Design Medium | | BIB | 86-90 | |
| Steve Harrison; Scott Minneman; Bob Stults; Karon Weber | |||
| Readings on Human Factors in Computer Systems: The 1989 List | | BIB | 20-26 | |
| Paul Green | |||
| A Taxonomy of User Interface Terminology | | BIBA | 27-34 | |
| Mark H. Chignell | |||
| User interface design and analysis is an inherently interdisciplinary activity that merges cognitive, computing, and engineering sciences. Due to the rapid pace of technological change, there is as yet no science of human-computer interaction and little consensus on what the core knowledge of the discipline should be. In other sciences, the development of taxonomies, such as the taxonomy of living organisms in biology, has proved to be a useful foundation for scientific activity. This paper proposes a taxonomy of user interface terminology as a possible basis for the eventual development of human-computer interaction as a science. This taxonomy includes a model of the basic components of the interface and coverage of some of the major cognitive engineering principles that form the basis for human-computer interaction. | |||
| The Perceived Usefulness of Computer Information Sources: A Field Study | | BIBA | 35-43 | |
| Richard E. Granda; Richard Halstead-Nussloch; Joan M. Winters | |||
| A joint IBM-SHARE field study surveyed 229 computer users about their use of
a range of information sources. On a questionnaire, each respondent described
a situation where information was required to use a computer. The respondent
then specified all the information sources that were consulted, judged the
degree to which each met the information needs, and estimated the time required
to obtain the information. With a keyword technique, responses were coded to
identify user cognitive states from the situation descriptions. Three unique
cognitive states identified: Learning, Solving, and Refreshing.
For learning and problem solving, the best online and human sources are used at about the same rate, 70% of the time; but humans are rated more effective at 80% versus 60% for online sources. When effective, human sources require more time, on average 24 minutes versus 9 minutes for online sources. The conclusion drawn from the study is that human sources are rated more effective than online sources because humans gave four critical advantages. They are interactive speakers and listeners. They can be selective in the information presented. Humans can query at multiple levels of discourse. Humans can assess the relevance of the information presented. | |||
| Computer-Human Interface Issues in the Design of an Intelligent Workstation for Scientific Visualization | | BIBA | 44-49 | |
| Marian G. Williams; Stuart Smith; Giampiero Pecelli | |||
| The long-range goal of our research is to create an intelligent assistant for interactive scientific data visualization via both sight and sound. There are a variety of computer-human interface (CHI) issues that are unique to our approach to interactive visualization. It is upon these issues that we focus here. In this paper, we: (1) describe the approach to interactive visualization taken by the project which is the context of our work; (2) specify the CHI issues that are peculiar to this approach; (3) summarize the current capabilities of our workstation for performing human factors experiments; (4) describe the research plan we have developed for learning how to provide a user with intelligent assistance for dealing with those issues; (5) present a representative pilot study that has contributed useful information; (6) summarize the results of our pilot studies; and (7) discuss the direction of our future work. We do not claim to be solving the general case of how to provide intelligent assistance for scientific visualization. We do, however, expect that the progress we make in one visualization environment will contribute to understanding of the general case. | |||
| International User Interfaces: An Exercise | | BIB | 50-51 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| Hypertext'89 | | BIB | 52-61 | |
| Jakob Nielsen | |||
| Preparing a Presentation | | BIB | 62-64 | |
| Martin Smith | |||
| Pioneering HCI Down Under: A Mixture of Perseverance and Fun | | BIB | 65-69 | |
| Gitte Lindgaard | |||
| PUMS and Programmers | | BIB | 70 | |
| Andrew Clement; Marilyn Mantei | |||