| The Effects of Filtered Video on Awareness and Privacy | | BIBAK | PDF | 1-10 | |
| Michael Boyle; Christopher Edwards; Saul Greenberg | |||
| Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between
intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy
concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask
out potentially sensitive information. While a variety of filtering techniques
exist, they have not been evaluated for how well they safeguard privacy.
In this paper, we analyze how a blur and a pixelize video filter might impact both awareness and privacy in a media space. Each filter is considered at nine different levels of fidelity, ranging from heavily applied filter levels that mask almost all information, to lightly applied filters that reveal almost everything. We examined how well observers of several filtered video scenes extract particular awareness cues: the number of actors; their posture (moving, standing, seated); their gender; the visible objects (basic to detailed); and how available people look (their busyness, seriousness and approachability). We also examined the privacy-preserving potential of each filter level in the context of common workplace activities. Our results suggest that the blur filter, and to a lesser extent the pixelize filter, have a level suitable for providing awareness information while safeguarding privacy. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia
Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Computing Milieux
-Management of Computing and Information Systems - Security and Protection
(K.6.5); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office
Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Computing Milieux -Computers and Society -
Public Policy Issues (K.4.1): Privacy; Information Systems -Information Storage
and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3): Information
filtering; Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance,
Security, Theory; always-on video, awareness, casual interaction, distributed
groupware, media spaces | |||
| Impact of Video Frame Rate on Communicative Behaviour in Two and Four Party Groups | | BIBAK | PDF | 11-20 | |
| Matthew Jackson; Anne H. Anderson; Rachel McEwan; Jim Mullin | |||
| There has been relatively little research on the impact of different levels
of video quality on users of multimedia communication systems. This paper
describes a study examining the impact of two levels of video frame rate on
pairs and groups of four engaged on a design task, looking at one particular
aspect of communication, namely reference. It was found that a low frame rate
made speakers more communicatively cautious, using longer descriptions and more
elaborations to refer to pictures used in the task, possibly as a result of
being less certain that they had been understood. This only occurred in the two
party groups despite a prediction that groups of four would be affected most by
the frame rate manipulation. This study shows that video quality can have
subtle effects on communication and that identical levels of quality may have
different effects depending on the situation. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia
Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Information Systems
-Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information
Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design,
Experimentation, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; common ground,
distributed groups, frame rate, group size, interpersonal communication,
referring expressions, user requirements, video quality | |||
| Coordination of Communication: Effects of Shared Visual Context on Collaborative Work | | BIBAK | PDF | 21-30 | |
| Susan R. Fussell; Robert E. Kraut; Jane Siegel | |||
| We outline some of the benefits of shared visual information for
collaborative repair tasks and report on a study comparing collaborative
performance on a manual task by workers and helpers who are located
side-by-side or connected via audio-video or audio-only links. Results show
that the dyads complete the task more quickly and accurately when helpers are
co-located than when they are connected via an audio link. However, they didn't
achieve similar efficiency gains when they communicated through an audio/video
link. These results demonstrate the value of a shared visual work space, but
raise questions about the adequacy of current video communication technology
for implementing it. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Information Systems
-Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems
(H.5.1); Computer Systems Organization -Computer System Implementation -
Microcomputers (C.5.3): Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital
assistants); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance,
Theory; computer-supported collaborative work, conversational analysis,
empirical studies, video mediated communication, wearable computers | |||
| Designing to Support Adversarial Collaboration | | BIBAK | PDF | 31-39 | |
| Andrew L. Cohen; Debra Cash; Michael J. Muller | |||
| We investigate the phenomenon of adversarial collaboration, through field
studies of a legal firm. Adversarial collaboration requires that people with
opposing goals (adversaries) come to agreement, usually producing a shared
product that reflects the interests of the adversarial parties. Adversarial
collaboration is characterized by secrecy, advocacy and discovery. To support
this activity, software should provide flexible, selective sharing of awareness
and access. These requirements contrast with conventional shared resource and
awareness systems, which tend to assume cooperative collaboration,
characterized by open processes and static membership lists. We illustrate
these ideas in a redesign of our PeopleFlow research prototype. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and
Information Systems - Security and Protection (K.6.5); Computing Milieux
-Computers and Society - Public Policy Issues (K.4.1): Privacy; Computer
Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Law; Design,
Documentation, Legal Aspects, Management, Performance, Security, Theory;
adversarial collaboration, collaborative editing, collaborative writing,
cooperative collaboration, design, documents, lawyers, privacy, secrecy | |||
| Evolution of Contact Point: A Case Study of a Help Desk and its Users | | BIBAK | PDF | 41-48 | |
| Lena Mamykina; Catherine G. Wolf | |||
| This paper describes the evolution of a concept, Contact Point, the research
process through which it evolved, and the work context and practices which
drove its evolution. Contact Point is a web-based application that helps a
business manage its relationships with its customers. It can also be used
within a business as a means for managing the relationship between parts of the
business. In this paper we describe a study of the applicability of Contact
Point to the technical services organization and field personnel of a medical
device manufacturer. We found that there were opportunities to potentially
reduce call volume through Contact Point. We discovered, however, that the
technical service representatives sometimes filled roles other than providing
information in their telephone conversations with field personnel. These
functions included reassuring callers that the callers' answers to questions
were correct, providing a rationale for information, and redirecting calls to
other departments. The ability to share a document and collaborate in real time
was viewed as very valuable. We also discovered that the field personnel need
information from a variety of other people in order to do their jobs. These
observations were used to enhance the next iteration of Contact Point and to
develop strategies for the introduction of Contact Point to users. Keywords: case study, design process, help desk, user needs, user-centered design | |||
| Machinery in the New Factories: Interaction and Technology in a Bank's Telephone Call Centre | | BIBAK | PDF | 49-58 | |
| John Bowers; David Martin | |||
| This paper presents analyses of calls to a bank's telephone call centre
documenting the way calls are opened, closed, and how financial services are
actioned. Throughout, how the social interaction between caller and operator is
interleaved with the human-computer interaction between operator and the bank's
accounts database is attended to. We show participants varying in their
orientation to each other and to providing and receiving database information,
and how these matters are influenced by the recent introduction of more active,
intelligent technology. Implications for design of interactive technology in
such settings and for the study of organisations in CSCW are offered. Keywords: Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Applications and Expert
Systems (I.2.1); Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1):
Financial; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems
(H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User
Interfaces (H.5.2); Design, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory;
conversation analysis, intelligent systems, organisations, social interaction,
technology | |||
| Ensuring Privacy in Presence Awareness: An Automated Verification Approach | | BIBAK | PDF | 59-68 | |
| Patrice Godefroidy; James D. Herbsleb; Lalita Jategaonkar Jagadeesany; Du Li | |||
| Providing information about other users and their activities is a central
function of many collaborative applications. The data that provide this
"presence awareness" are usually automatically generated and highly dynamic.
For example, services such as AOL Instant Messenger allow users to observe the
status of one another and to initiate and participate in chat sessions. As such
services become more powerful, privacy and security issues regarding access to
sensitive user data become critical. Two key software engineering challenges
arise in this context: Policies regarding access to data in collaborative
applications have subtle complexities, and must be easily modifiable during a
collaboration.
Users must be able to have a high degree of confidence that the implementations of these policies are correct. In this paper, we propose a framework that uses an automated verification approach to ensure that such systems conform to complex policies. Our approach takes advantage of VeriSoft, a recent tool for systematically testing implementations of concurrent systems, and is applicable to a wide variety of specification and development platforms for collaborative applications. we illustrate the key features of our framework by applying it to the development of a presence awareness system. Keywords: computer-supported cooperative work, coordination, presence awareness,
privacy, security, verification | |||
| Data Management Support for Asynchronous Groupware | | BIBAK | PDF | 69-78 | |
| Nuno Preguica; J. Legatheaux Martins; Henrique Domingos; Sergio Duarte | |||
| In asynchronous collaborative applications, users usually collaborate
accessing and modifying shared information independently. We have designed and
implemented a replicated object store to support such applications in
distributed environments that include mobile computers. Unlike most data
management systems, awareness support is integrated in the system. To improve
the chance for new contributions, the system provides high data availability.
The development of applications is supported by an object framework that
decomposes objects in several components, each one managing a different aspect
of object "execution". New data types may be created relying on pre-defined
components to handle concurrent updates, awareness information, etc. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation
(H.4.1): Groupware; Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication
Networks - Network Architecture and Design (C.2.1): Wireless communication;
Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project
and People Management (K.6.1): Systems development; Design, Management,
Performance, Theory; asynchronous groupware, awareness, development support,
mobile computing, object framework | |||
| Interaction and Outeraction: Instant Messaging in Action | | BIBAK | PDF | 79-88 | |
| Bonnie A. Nardi; Steve Whittaker; Erin Bradner | |||
| We discuss findings from an ethnographic study of instant messaging (IM) in
the workplace and its implications for media theory. We describe how instant
messaging supports a variety of informal communication tasks. We document the
affordances of IM that support flexible, expressive communication. We describe
some unexpected uses of IM that highlight aspects of communication which are
not part of current media theorizing. They pertain to communicative processes
people use to connect with each other and to manage communication, rather than
to information exchange. We call these processes "outeraction". We discuss how
outeractional aspects of communication affect media choice and patterns of
media use. Keywords: Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2);
Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications
Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and
Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Design, Management, Performance,
Theory; computer-mediated communication, informal communication, instant
messaging, media theory, outeraction | |||
| Providing Presence Cues to Telephone Users | | BIBAK | PDF | 89-96 | |
| Allen E. Milewski; Thomas M. Smith | |||
| A significant problem with telephone communication is that callers do not
have enough awareness about the Personal Presence of people they want to call.
The result can be unwanted, interrupting calls. The live addressbook is an
application that helps users make more informed telephone calls and
teleconferences, from anywhere, via their wireless PDA or desktop browser.
Unlike other network-based address books, which maintain static information,
the live addressbook can display dynamic information about where the recipient
currently is (i.e., reach number), and how available he/she currently is for
calls. The system accomplishes this by applying to telephony the "Buddy List"
concepts made popular in Instant Messaging applications. User trials assess the
applicability of Personal Presence information in a telephone context. Keywords: awareness, mobility, presence, telecommunication | |||
| Conversation Trees and Threaded Chats | | BIBAK | PDF | 97-105 | |
| Marc Smith; J. J. Cadiz; Byron Burkhalter | |||
| Chat programs and instant messaging services are increasingly popular among
Internet users. However, basic issues with the interfaces and data structures
of most forms of chat limit their utility for use in formal interactions (like
group meetings) and decision-making tasks. In this paper, we discuss Threaded
Text Chat, a program designed to address some of the deficiencies of current
chat programs. Standard forms of chat introduce ambiguity into interaction in a
number of ways, most profoundly by rupturing connections between turns and
replies. Threaded Chat presents a solution to this problem by supporting the
basic turn-taking structure of human conversation. While the solution
introduces interface design challenges of its own, usability studies show that
users' patterns of interaction in Threaded Chat are equally effective, but
different (and possibly more efficient) than standard chat programs. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User
Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications -
Communications Applications (H.4.3); Computer Systems Organization
-Computer-Communication Networks - General (C.2.0); Information Systems -Models
and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Experimentation, Human
Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; chat programs, computer
mediated communication, conversation, human computer human interaction,
persistent conversation, synchronous communication, turn-taking | |||
| Developing Adaptive Groupware Applications using a Mobile Component Framework | | BIBAK | PDF | 107-116 | |
| Radu Litiu; Atul Parakash | |||
| A need exists to develop groupware systems that adapt to available resources
and support user mobility. This paper presents DACIA, a system that provides
mechanisms for building such groupware applications. Using DACIA, components of
a groupware application can be moved to different hosts during execution, while
maintaining communication connectivity with groupware services and other users.
DACIA provides mechanisms that simplify building groupware for domains where
users are mobile. New collaboration features can be also more easily
implemented. DACIA is also applicable to non-mobile environments. We show its
applicability to building groupware applications that can be reconfigured at
run-time to adapt to changing user demands and resource constraints, for
example, by relocating services or introducing new services. This paper
describes the architecture of DACIA and its use in building adaptable groupware
systems. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation
(H.4.1): Groupware; Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication
Networks - Network Architecture and Design (C.2.1): Wireless communication;
Design, Management, Performance, Theory | |||
| Composable Collaboration Infrastructures Based on Programming Patterns | | BIBA | PDF | 117-126 | |
| Vassil Roussev; Prasun Dewan; Vibhor Jain | |||
| In general, collaboration infrastructures have supported sharing of an object based on its logical structure. However, current implementations assume an implicit binding between this logical structure and particular system-defined abstractions. We present a new composable design based on programming patterns that eliminates this binding, thereby increasing the range of supported objects and supporting extensibility. | |||
| Designing Presentations for On-Demand Viewing | | BIBAK | PDF | 127-134 | |
| Liwei He; Jonathan Grudin; Anoop Gupta | |||
| Increasingly often, presentations are given before a live audience, while
simultaneously being viewed remotely and recorded for subsequent viewing
on-demand over the Web. How should video presentations be designed for web
access? How is video accessed and used online? Does optimal design for live and
on-demand audiences conflict? We examined detailed behavior patterns of more
than 9000 on-demand users of a large corpus of professionally prepared
presentations. We find that as many people access these talks on-demand as
attend live. Online access patterns differ markedly from live attendance.
People watch less overall and skip to different parts of a talk. Speakers
designing presentations for viewing on-demand should emphasize key points early
in the talk and early within each slide, use slide titles that reveal the talk
structure and are meaningful outside the flow of the talk. In some cases the
recommendations conflict with optimal design for live audiences. The results
also provide guidance in developing tools for on-demand multimedia authoring
and use. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia
Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Information Systems
-Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Information
Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2);
Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2);
Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; digital
library, streaming media, video on-demand | |||
| Distance Learning through Distributed Collaborative Video Viewing | | BIBAK | PDF | 135-144 | |
| J. J. Cadiz; Anand Balachandran; Elizabeth Sanocki; Anoop Gupta; Jonathan Grudin; Gavin Jancke | |||
| Previous research on Tutored Video Instruction (TVI) shows that learning is
enhanced when small groups of students watch and discuss lecture videos
together. Using specialized, high-end videoconferencing systems, these improved
results have been shown to apply even when the students are in different
locations (Distributed TVI, or DTVI). In this paper, we explore two issues in
making DTVI-like scenarios widely supported at low cost. First, we explore
design of a system that allows distributed individuals to collectively watch
video using shared VCR controls such as play, pause, seek, stop. We show how
such a system can be built on top of existing commercial technologies. Second,
we explore the impact of four alternative discussion channels on student
learning and interaction behavior. The four channels-text chat,
audioconferencing, videoconferencing, and face-to-face-have differing
infrastructure requirements and costs. Our lab studies show that while text
chat does not work, there is no significant difference in discussion behavior
and learning between audioconferencing and videoconferencing. While lab studies
have their limitations and long-term field studies need to be done, the
preliminary results point to a low-cost way for a DTVI-like model to be
deployed widely in the very near future. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia
Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Information Systems
-Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces
(H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Computing Milieux -Computers and Education -
Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1): Distance learning; Information Systems
-Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3):
Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing; Design, Human
Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; distance learning,
distributed tutored video instruction (DTVI), tutored video instruction (TVI),
videoconferencing | |||
| Algebra Jam: Supporting Teamwork and Managing Roles in a Collaborative Learning Environment | | BIBAK | PDF | 145-154 | |
| Mark K. Singley; Monindar Singh; Peter Fairweather; Robert Farrell; Steven Swerling | |||
| We are building a collaborative learning environment that supports teams of
students as they collaborate synchronously and remotely to solve situated,
multi-step problems involving algebraic modeling. Our system, named Algebra
Jam, provides a set of tools to help students overcome two of the most serious
impediments to successful collaboration: establishing common ground and
maintaining group focus. These tools include tethered and untethered modes of
operation including discrepancy notification, a goal-oriented team blackboard,
object-oriented chat with collabicons, reification of problem solving roles,
and the optional inclusion of a tutor agent as a virtual team participant. The
tutor agent not only offers help and feedback on problem solving actions but
also accumulates evidence about individual and group problem solving
performance in a Bayesian inference network. The system is envisioned as a
testbed for developing theories of teaming. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Computing Milieux -Computers and Education -
Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1): Collaborative learning; Information Systems
-Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3);
Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project
and People Management (K.6.1): Management techniques; Design, Human Factors,
Management, Performance, Theory; collabicons, object-oriented chat, role
reification, team blackboard, team modeling, team tutoring systems | |||
| GestureMan: A Mobile Robot that Embodies a Remote Instructor's Actions | | BIBAK | PDF | 155-162 | |
| Hideaki Kuzuoka; Shinya Oyama; Keiichi Yamazaki; Kenji Suzuki; Mamoru Mitsuishi | |||
| When designing systems that support remote instruction on physical tasks,
one must consider four requirements: 1) participants should be able to use
non-verbal expressions, 2) they must be able to take an appropriate body
arrangement to see and show gestures, 3) the instructor should be able to
monitor operators and objects, 4) they must be able to organize the arrangement
of bodies and tools and gestural expression sequentially and interactively.
GestureMan was developed to satisfy these four requirements by using a mobile
robot that embodies a remote instructors actions. The mobile robot mounts a
camera and a remote control laser pointer on it. Based on the experiments with
the system we discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the current
implementation. Also, some implications to improve the system are described. Keywords: Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Robotics (I.2.9);
Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education
(K.3.1): Distance learning; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and
Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported
cooperative work; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation
- Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI);
Design, Experimentation, Management, Performance, Theory; CSCW, embodiment,
mobile robot, remote instruction, video mediated communication | |||
| Shared Walk Environment using Locomotion Interfaces | | BIBAK | PDF | 163-170 | |
| Hiroaki Yano; Haruo Noma; Hiroo Iwata; Tsutomu Miyasato | |||
| By sharing data regarding the sensations experienced by individuals, as well
as by sharing their knowledge, we are readily able to communicate with each
other, and there are possibilities to further evolve this communication method.
The different sensations experienced during voluntary walking and enforced
walking give us different feelings. Also, the number of individuals involved
can create a different feeling when walking. Networked computer-assisted
walking can support and enhance these different experiences. In this paper, we
introduce another walking style, the shared power-assisted voluntary walk,
which is realized by a prototype networked locomotion system. This system can
be used in tele-rehabilitation, which allows remote patients to share the
sensation of walking. Also, it can be used to teach a group of patients
rehabilitative walking. We developed two locomotion interfaces and connected
them via a network. We developed enforced and semi-voluntary walking training
systems using the shared walk environment and evaluated them with a series of
experiments. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia
Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities;
Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and
Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; Information Systems -Information Interfaces
and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3):
Computer-supported cooperative work; Computing Methodologies -Pattern
Recognition - Design Methodology (I.5.2): Classifier design and evaluation;
Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Social Issues (K.4.2): Assistive
technologies for persons with disabilities; Design, Human Factors, Measurement,
Management, Performance, Theory; locomotion interface, rehabilitation, shared
environment, virtual reality | |||
| Copies Convergence in a Distributed Real-Time Collaborative Environment | | BIBAK | PDF | 171-180 | |
| Nicolas Vidot; Michelle Cart; Jean Ferrie; Maher Suleiman | |||
| In real-time collaborative systems, replicated objects, shared by users, are
subject to concurrency constraints. In order to satisfy these, various
algorithms, qualified as optimistic, [3, 5, 13, 17, 14, 15, 18], have been
proposed that exploit the semantic properties of operations to serialize
concurrent operations and achieve copy convergence of replicated objects. Their
drawback is that they either require a condition on user's operations which is
hard to verify when possible to ensure, or they need undoing then redoing
operations in some situations. The main purpose of this paper is to present two
new algorithms that overcome these drawbacks. They are based upon the
implementation of a continuous global order which enables that condition to be
released, and simplifies the operation integration process. In the second
algorithm, thanks to deferred broadcast of operations to other sites, this
process becomes even more simplified. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Software -Operating
Systems - Organization and Design (D.4.7): Real-time systems and embedded
systems; Software -Operating Systems - Organization and Design (D.4.7):
Distributed systems; Algorithms, Design, Measurement, Management, Performance,
Theory | |||
| Consistency in Replicated Continuous Interactive Media | | BIBAK | PDF | 181-190 | |
| Martin Mauve | |||
| In this paper we investigate how consistency can be ensured for replicated
continuous interactive media, i.e., replicated media which change their state
in reaction to user initiated operations as well as because of the passing of
time. Typical examples for this media class are networked computer games and
distributed VR applications. Existing approaches to reach consistency for
replicated discrete interactive media are briefly outlined and it is shown that
these fail in the continuous domain. In order to allow a thorough discussion of
the problem, a formal definition of the term consistency in the continuous
domain is given. Based on this definition we show that an important tradeoff
relationship exists between the responsiveness of the medium and the appearance
of short-term inconsistencies. Until now this tradeoff was not taken into
consideration for consistency in the continuous domain, thereby severely
limiting the consistency related fidelity for a large number of applications.
We show that for those applications the fidelity can be significantly raised by
voluntarily decreasing the responsiveness of the medium. This concept is called
local lag. It enables the distribution of continuous interactive media that are
more vulnerable to short-term inconsistencies than, e.g., battlefield
simulations. We prove that the concept of local lag is valid by describing how
local lag was successfully used to ensure consistency in a 3D telecooperation
application. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia
Information Systems (H.5.1); Software -Operating Systems - Organization and
Design (D.4.7): Interactive systems; Information Systems -Information
Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3):
Computer-supported cooperative work; Mathematics of Computing -Discrete
Mathematics - General (G.2.0); Algorithms, Design, Management, Performance,
Reliability, Theory; consistency, replicated continuous interactive media | |||
| Undo Any Operation at Any Time in Group Editors | | BIBAK | PDF | 191-200 | |
| Chengzheng Sun | |||
| The ability to undo operations is an indispensable feature of real-time
group editors, but supporting group undo is a difficult problem. None of the
existing solutions for group undo is able to support undoing any operation at
any time with guaranteed success. In this paper, we contribute a novel group
undo solution with such a capability. The basic idea is to interpret an undo
command as a concurrent inverse operation by means of operational
transformation, so that an operation is always undoable regardless of its undo
context. By separating undo policy from undo mechanism, multiple undo modes,
such as single-step undo, chronological undo, and selective undo, can be
supported in the same collaborative editing session. In addition, solutions to
known undo puzzles are also provided. A web-based group text editor using the
proposed undo solution has been implemented and is accessible at:
http://reduce.qpsf.edu.au. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Software -Software Engineering - Testing and
Debugging (D.2.5); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications -
Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Algorithms, Design, Measurement,
Management, Performance, Theory; distributed computing, group editors, group
undo, groupware, operational transformation | |||
| Going Wireless: Behavior & Practice of New Mobile Phone Users | | BIBAK | PDF | 201-210 | |
| Leysia Palen; Marilyn Salzman; Ed Youngs | |||
| We report on the results of a study in which 19 new mobile phone users were
closely tracked for the first six weeks after service acquisition. Results show
that new users tend to rapidly modify their perceptions of social
appropriateness around mobile phone use, that actual nature of use frequently
differs from what users initially predict, and that comprehension of
service-oriented technologies can be problematic. We describe instances and
features of mobile telephony practice. When in use, mobile phones occupy
multiple social spaces simultaneously, spaces with norms that sometimes
conflict: the physical space of the mobile phone user and the virtual space of
the conversation. Keywords: cellular, communicative practice, digital telephony, mobile, qualitative
research, wireless communication, wireless communications | |||
| FieldWise: A Mobile Knowledge Management Architecture | | BIBAK | PDF | 211-220 | |
| Henrik Fagrell; Kerstin Forsberg; Johan Sanneblad | |||
| The paper presents results of a research project that has aimed at
developing a knowledge management architecture for mobile work domains. The
architecture developed, called FieldWise, was based on fieldwork in two
organisations and feedback from users of prototype systems. This paper
describes the empirically grounded requirements of FieldWise, how these have
been realised in the architecture, and how the architecture has been
implemented in the news journalism domain. FieldWise adds to the field of CSCW
by offering an empirically grounded architecture with a set of novel features
that have not been previously reported in the literature. Keywords: Computer Systems Organization -Computer System Implementation -
Microcomputers (C.5.3): Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital
assistants); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation -
Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Information Systems -Database
Management - General (H.2.0); Design, Management, Performance, Theory;
hand-held devices, knowledge management, mobile CSCW, organisational memory | |||
| WebSplitter: A Unified XML Framework for Multi-Device Collaborative Web Browsing | | BIBAK | PDF | 221-230 | |
| Richard Han; Veronique Perret; Mahmoud Naghshineh | |||
| WebSplitter symbolizes the union of pervasive multi-device computing and
collaborative multi-user computing. WebSplitter provides a unified XML
framework that enables multi-device and multi-user Web browsing. WebSplitter
splits a requested Web page and delivers the appropriate partial view of each
page to each user, or more accurately to each user's set of devices. Multiple
users can participate in the same browsing session, as in traditional
conferencing groupware. Depending on the access privileges of the user to the
different components of content on each page, WebSplitter generates a
personalized partial view. WebSplitter further splits the partial view among
the devices available to each user, e.g. laptop, wireless PDA, projection
display, stereo speakers, orchestrating a composite presentation across the
devices. A wireless PDA can browse while remotely controlling the multimedia
capabilities of nearby devices. The architecture consists of an XML metadata
policy file defining access privileges to XML tags on a Web page, a middleware
proxy that splits XML Web content to create partial views, and a client-side
component, e.g. applet, enabling user login and reception of pushed browsing
data. Service discovery finds and registers proxies, browsing sessions, and
device capabilities. We demonstrate the feasibility of splitting the different
tags in an XML Web page to different end users browsers, and of pushing updates
from the browsing session to heterogeneous devices, including a laptop and a
PDA. Keywords: PDA, SML, XML, co-browsing, collaboration, groupware, middleware,
multi-device, partial view, pervasive, proxy, remote control, service
discovery, wireless | |||
| Expertise Recommender: A Flexible Recommendation System and Architecture | | BIBAK | PDF | 231-240 | |
| David W. McDonald; Mark S. Ackerman | |||
| Locating the expertise necessary to solve difficult problems is a nuanced
social and collaborative problem. In organizations, some people assist others
in locating expertise by making referrals. People who make referrals fill key
organizational roles that have been identified by CSCW and affiliated research.
Expertise locating systems are not designed to replace people who fill these
key organizational roles. Instead, expertise locating systems attempt to
decrease workload and support people who have no other options. Recommendation
systems are collaborative software that can be applied to expertise locating.
This work describes a general recommendation architecture that is grounded in a
field study of expertise locating. Our expertise recommendation system details
the work necessary to fit expertise recommendation to a work setting. The
architecture and implementation begin to tease apart the technical aspects of
providing good recommendations from social and collaborative concerns. Keywords: CSCW, collaborative filtering, computer-supported cooperative work, expert
locators, expertise finding, expertise location, information seeking,
recommendation systems | |||
| Explaining Collaborative Filtering Recommendations | | BIBAK | PDF | 241-250 | |
| Jonathan L. Herlocker; Joseph A. Konstan; John Riedl | |||
| Automated collaborative filtering (ACF) systems predict a person's affinity
for items or information by connecting that person's recorded interests with
the recorded interests of a community of people and sharing ratings between
like-minded persons. However, current recommender systems are black boxes,
providing no transparency into the working of the recommendation. Explanations
provide that transparency, exposing the reasoning and data behind a
recommendation. In this paper, we address explanation interfaces for ACF
systems - how they should be implemented and why they should be implemented. To
explore how, we present a model for explanations based on the user's conceptual
model of the recommendation process. We then present experimental results
demonstrating what components of an explanation are the most compelling. To
address why, we present experimental evidence that shows that providing
explanations can improve the acceptance of ACF systems. We also describe some
initial explorations into measuring how explanations can improve the filtering
performance of users. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search
and Retrieval (H.3.3): Information filtering; Information Systems -Information
Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3):
Collaborative computing; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and
Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Design, Human Factors,
Measurement, Management, Performance, Reliability, Theory; GroupLens,
MoviesLens, collaborative filtering, explanations, recommender systems | |||
| Interpersonal Trust and Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Communication | | BIBAK | PDF | 251-260 | |
| Steve Greenspan; David Goldberg; David Weimer; Andrea Basso | |||
| Communication and commerce by web or phone creates benefits and challenges
for both buyer and seller. Websites provide convenience and visualization;
telephones provide voice and real-time interaction. To combine key elements of
these experiences, we developed PhoneChannel. Using PhoneChannel, a PC user
while talking on the telephone can display visuals on the other person's
television. How do these different media affect the consumer experience? In a
recent laboratory study, prospective homebuyers selected houses of interest
using web, telephone, or PhoneChannel. Using the telephone or PhoneChannel led
to higher trust; but using web or PhoneChannel led to higher ratings on
convenience, enjoyment, and 'good method' scales. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications
Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and
Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Information Systems
-Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Experimentation,
Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; WWW, consumers,
conversation, telephony, television | |||
| Recognizing and Supporting Roles in CSCW | | BIBAK | PDF | 261-268 | |
| Mark Guzdial; Jochen Rick; Bolot Kerimbaev | |||
| In this paper, we describe our experience with the long-term, widespread use
of CoWeb, an asynchronous collaborative tool that is mostly used to complement
existing face-to-face groups (such as classes). The CoWeb is an open-ended tool
that does not enforce or explicitly support specific roles or usage, yet
several well-defined uses and roles have emerged over time. In our design
methodology, we recognize these roles and refine our collaboration environment
to better support them. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Computing
Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People
Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems
-Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces
(H.5.3): Web-based interaction; Information Systems -Information Storage and
Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Design,
Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; CSCL, CoWeb, Wiki, design
methodology, long-term, roles, website | |||
| Coping with Errors: The Importance of Process Data in Robust Sociotechnical Systems | | BIBAK | PDF | 269-278 | |
| Michael B. Twidale; Paul F. Marty | |||
| This paper presents an analysis of written and electronic records that
document the collaborative process of packing museum artifacts in preparation
for a move. The majority of data recorded detailed the process of packing,
while only a small amount of the data concerned which artifacts were packed in
which boxes. Museum staff members were able to use these process data to solve
the numerous errors that occurred during packing. We explore the design
implications for collaborative systems which focus on supporting error recovery
rather than error prevention. Keywords: error analysis, problem solving, process data, workflow, workplace study | |||
| How Can Cooperative Work Tools Support Dynamic Group Process? Bridging the Specificity Frontier | | BIBAK | PDF | 279-288 | |
| Abraham Bernstein | |||
| In the past, most collaboration support systems have focused on either
automating fixed work processes or simply supporting communication in ad-hoc
processes. This results in systems that are usually inflexible and difficult to
change or that provide no specific support to help users decide what to do
next. This paper describes a new kind of tool that bridges the gap between
these two approaches by flexibly supporting processes at many points along the
spectrum: from highly specified to highly unspecified. The development of this
approach was strongly based on social science theory about collaborative work. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Information Systems -Information Systems
Applications - General (H.4.0); Design, Management, Performance, Theory;
dynamic/improvisational change, mixed-initiative systems, process specificity,
process support system | |||
| Supporting Collaborative Interpretation in Distributed Groupware | | BIBAK | PDF | 289-298 | |
| Donald Cox; Saul Greenberg | |||
| Collaborative interpretation occurs when a group interprets and transforms a
diverse set of information fragments into a coherent set of meaningful
descriptions. This activity is characterized by emergence, where the
participants' shared understanding develops gradually as they interact with
each other and the source material. Our goal is to support collaborative
interpretation by small, distributed groups. To achieve this, we first observed
how face-to-face groups perform collaborative interpretation in a particular
work context. We then synthesized design principles from two relevant areas:
the key behaviors of people engaged in activities where emergence occurs, and
how distributed groups work together over visual surfaces. We built and
evaluated a system that supports a specific collaborative interpretation task.
This system provides a large workspace and several objects that encourages
emergence in interpretation. People manipulate cards that contain the raw
information fragments. They reduce complexity by placing duplicate cards into
piles. They suggest groupings as they manipulate the spatial layout of cards
and piles. They enrich spatial layouts through notes, text and freehand
annotations. They record their understanding of their final groupings as
reports containing coherent descriptions. Keywords: Design, Management, Performance, Theory; collaborative interpretation,
emergence, meeting support tools, real-time distributed groupware | |||
| Structured Online Interactions: Improving the Decision-Making of Small Discussion Groups | | BIBAK | PDF | 299-308 | |
| Shelly Farnham; Harry R. Chesley; Debbie E. McGhee; Reena Kawal; Jennifer Landau | |||
| A quantitative research experiment was used to examine whether a group's
computer-mediated decision-making could be improved by providing a scripted
structure to the groups text chat discussion. The study compared a regular chat
discussion to a scripted chat discussion using Lead Line, a program that allows
people to add a layer of pre-authored structure to regular text chat. We found
that groups were more likely to come to consensus in structured chat
discussions. In addition, groups applied the structure they learned to
subsequent regular chat sessions. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Types of Systems
(H.4.2): Decision support; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and
Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported
cooperative work; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications -
Communications Applications (H.4.3); Design, Experimentation, Human Factors,
Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; chat, computer supported
collaborative work, computer-mediated communication, group decision-making,
structured chat | |||
| Using Web Annotations for Asynchronous Collaboration Around Documents | | BIBAK | PDF | 309-318 | |
| J. J. Cadiz; Anoop Gupta; Jonathan Grudin | |||
| Digital web-accessible annotations are a compelling medium for personal
comments and shared discussions around documents. Only recently supported by
widely used products, "in-context" digital annotation is a relatively
unexamined phenomenon. This paper presents a case study of annotations created
by members of a large development team using Microsoft Office
2000-approximately 450 people created 9,000 shared annotations on about 1,250
documents over 10 months. We present quantitative data on use, supported by
interviews with users, identifying strengths and weaknesses of the existing
capabilities and possibilities for improvement. Keywords: World Wide Web, annotation, asynchronous collaboration, computer mediated
communication, distributed work, world wide web | |||
| Distance, Dependencies, and Delay in a Global Collaboration | | BIBAK | PDF | 319-328 | |
| James D. Herbsleb; Audris Mockus; Thomas A. Finholt; Rebecca E. Grinter | |||
| Collaborations over distance must contend with the loss of the rich, subtle
interactions that co-located teams use to coordinate their work. Previous
research has suggested that one consequence of this loss is that cross-site
work will take longer than comparable single-site work. We use both survey data
and data from the change management system to measure the extent of delay in a
multi-site software development organization. We also measure site
interdependence, differences in same-site and cross-site communication
patterns, and analyze the relationship of these variables to delay. Our results
show a significant relationship between delay in cross-site work and the degree
to which remote colleagues are perceived to help out when workloads are heavy.
This result is particularly troubling in light of the finding that workers
generally believed they were as helpful to their remote colleagues as to their
local colleagues. We discuss implications of our findings for collaboration
technology for distributed organizations. Keywords: awareness, delay, global collaboration, informal communication,
interdependence, software development, speed | |||
| Collaboration with Lean Media: How Open-Source Software Succeeds | | BIBAK | PDF | 329-338 | |
| Yutaka Yamauchi; Makoto Yokozawa; Takeshi Shinohara; Toru Ishida | |||
| Open-source software, usually created by volunteer programmers dispersed
worldwide, now competes with that developed by software firms. This achievement
is particularly impressive as open-source programmers rarely meet. They rely
heavily on electronic media, which preclude the benefits of face-to-face
contact that programmers enjoy within firms. In this paper, we describe
findings that address this paradox based on observation, interviews and
quantitative analyses of two open-source projects. The findings suggest that
spontaneous work coordinated afterward is effective, rational organizational
culture helps achieve agreement among members and communications media
moderately support spontaneous work. These findings can imply a new model of
dispersed collaboration. Keywords: Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and
Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Information Systems
-Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Software -Software
Engineering - General (D.2.0); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and
Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development;
Design, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; CVS, cooperative work,
distributed work, electronic media, innovation, open-source, software
engineering | |||
| How does Radical Collocation Help a Team Succeed? | | BIBAK | PDF | 339-346 | |
| Stephanie Teasley; Lisa Covi; M. S. Krishnan; Judith S. Olson | |||
| Companies are experimenting with putting teams into warrooms, hoping for
some productivity enhancement. We conducted a field study of six such teams,
tracking their activity, attitudes, use of technology and productivity. Teams
in these warrooms showed a doubling of productivity. Why? Among other things,
teams had easy access to each other for both coordination of their work and for
learning, and the work artifacts they posted on the walls remained visible to
all. These results imply that if we are to truly support remote teams, we
should provide constant awareness and easy transitions in and out of
spontaneous meetings. Keywords: Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems -
Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Information Systems
-Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces
(H.5.3); Software -Software Engineering - Management (D.2.9): Productivity;
Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2);
Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces
(H.5.2); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory;
collocation, metrics, productivity, rapid software development, team rooms,
warrooms | |||
| CSCW 2000 Video Program | | BIB | PDF | 347 | |
| Andreas Girgensohn; Alison Lee | |||
| MUSICFX: An Arbiter of Group Preferences for Computer Supported Collaborative Workouts | | BIB | PDF | 348 | |
| Joseph E. McCarthy; Theodore D. Anagnost | |||
| Talking in Circles: A Spatially-Grounded Social Environment | | BIB | PDF | 349 | |
| Roy A. Rodenstein; Judith S. Donath | |||
| StickyChats: Remote Conversations Over Digital Documents | | BIB | PDF | 350 | |
| Elizabeth Churchill; Jonathan Trevor; Sara Bly; Les Nelson | |||
| Sun SharedShell Tool | | BIB | PDF | 351 | |
| Nicole Yankelovich; James "Bo" Begole; John C. Tang | |||
| User Experience of CLIVE/mbanx Solution | | BIB | PDF | 352 | |
| Shahrokh Daijavad; Tong-Haing Fin; Tom Frauenhofer; Tetsu Fujisaki; Alison Lee; Maroun Touma; Catherine G. Wolf | |||
| Enabling Distributed Collaborative Science | | BIB | PDF | 353 | |
| Tom Hudson; Diane Sonnenwald; Kelly Maglaughlin; Mary Whitton; Ronald Bergquist | |||
| GestureMan: A Mobile Robot that Embodies a Remote Instructor's Actions | | BIB | PDF | 354 | |
| Hideaki Kuzuoka; Shinya Oyama; Keiichi Yamazaki; Akiko Yamazaki; Mamoru Mitsuishi; Kenji Suzuki | |||
| Supporting Real-Time Collaboration Over Wide Area Networks | | BIB | 355 | |
| Hye-Chung (Monica) Kum; Prasun Dewan | |||
| Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community | | BIB | 357 | |
| Robert D. Putnam | |||
| IT2: An Information Technology Initiative for the Twenty-First Century -- NSF Plans for Implementation | | BIB | 359 | |
| Ruzena Bajcsy | |||
| Got a Minute? How Technology Affects the Economy of AttentionInstant Messaging: Products Meet Workplace Users | | BIB | 361363 | |
| Warren Thorngate; John C. Tang; Austina de Bonte; Mary Beth Raven; Ellen Isaacs | |||
| Research at Internet Speed: Is it Necessary? | | BIB | 363 | |
| Irene Greif | |||
| The Children's Challenge: New Technologies to Support Co-Located and Distributed Collaboration | | BIB | 363 | |
| Allison Druin; Steve Benford; Amy Bruckman; Kori Inkpen; Shelia O'Rouke | |||
| Beyond Bowling Together | | BIB | 363 | |
| Paul Resnick; Tora Bikson; Elizabeth Mynatt; Robert Puttnam; Lee Sproull; Barry Wellman | |||