| Static and Dynamic Human Shape Modeling | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-12 | |
| Zhiqing Cheng; Kathleen M. Robinette | |||
| Recent developments in static human shape modeling based on range scan data
and dynamic human shape modeling from video imagery are reviewed. The topics
discussed include shape description, surface registration, hole filling, shape
characterization, and shape reconstruction for static modeling and pose
identification, skeleton modeling, shape deformation, motion tracking, dynamic
shape capture and reconstruction, and animation for dynamic modeling. A new
method for human shape modeling is introduced. Keywords: Human body; shape modeling; pose; animation | |||
| An Advanced Modality of Visualization and Interaction with Virtual Models of the Human Body | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 13-18 | |
| Lucio Tommaso De Paolis; Marco Pulimeno; Giovanni Aloisio | |||
| The developed system is the first prototype of a virtual interface designed
to avoid contact with the computer so that the surgeon is able to visualize
models of the patient's organs more effectively during surgical procedure. In
particular, the surgeon will be able to rotate, to translate and to zoom in on
3D models of the patient's organs simply by moving his finger in free space; in
addition, it is possible to choose to visualize all of the organs or only some
of them. All of the interactions with the models happen in real-time using the
virtual interface which appears as a touch-screen suspended in free space in a
position chosen by the user when the application is started up. Finger
movements are detected by means of an optical tracking system and are used to
simulate touch with the interface and to interact by pressing the buttons
present on the virtual screen. Keywords: User Interface; Image Processing; Tracking System | |||
| 3D Body Scanning's Contribution to the Use of Apparel as an Identity Construction Tool | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 19-28 | |
| Marie-Eve Faust; Serge Carrier | |||
| Humans use apparel as an artifact to construct their identities and present
it to the outside world. Beyond textiles and clothing style, garment fit
contributes to this image presentation. This research, conducted on the Hong
Kong market shows that women view 3D body scanning technology positively and
that it therefore could prove an effective and efficient tool, both from a
consumer's and from a seller's point of view, in facilitating the body image
creation. Keywords: Body image; 3D body scan; apparel; fashion | |||
| Facial Shape Analysis and Sizing System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 29-35 | |
| Afzal Godil | |||
| The understanding of shape and size of the human head and faces is vital for
design of facial wear products, such as respirators, helmets, eyeglasses and
for ergonomic studies. 3D scanning is used to create 3D databases of thousands
of humans from different demographics backgrounds. 3D scans have been used for
design and analysis of facial wear products, but have not been very effectively
utilized for sizing system. The 3D scans of human bodies contain over hundreds
of thousand grid points. To be used effectively for analysis and design, these
human heads require a compact shape representation. We have developed compact
shape representations of head and facial shapes. We propose a sizing system
based on cluster analysis along with compact shape representations to come up
with different sizes for different facial wear products, such as respirators,
helmets, eyeglasses, etc. Keywords: Anthropometry; shape descriptor; cluster analysis; PCA | |||
| Facial Gender Classification Using LUT-Based Sub-images and DIE | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 36-45 | |
| Jong-Bae Jeon; Sang-Hyeon Jin; Dong-Ju Kim; Kwang-Seok Hong | |||
| This paper presents a gender classification method using LUT-based
sub-images and DIE (Difference Image Entropy). The proposed method consists of
three major steps; extraction of facial sub-images, construction of a LUT
(Look-Up table), and calculation of DIE. Firstly, extraction of sub-images of
the face, right eye, and mouth from face images is conducted using Haar-like
features and AdaBoost proposed by Viola and Jones. Secondly, sub-images are
converted using LUT. LUT-based sub-regions are constructed by calculation of
one pixel and near pixels. Finally, sub-images are classified male or female
using DIE. The DIE value is computed with histogram levels of a grayscale
difference image which has peak positions from -255 to +255, to prevent
information sweeping. The performance evaluation is conducted using five
standard databases, i.e., PAL, BioID, FERET, PIC, and Caltech facial databases.
The experimental results show good performance in comparison with earlier
methods. Keywords: Gender Classification; Difference Image Entropy | |||
| Anthropometric Measurement of the Hands of Chinese Children | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 46-54 | |
| Linghua Ran; Xin Zhang; Chuzhi Chao; Taijie Liu; Tingting Dong | |||
| This paper presents the results of a nationwide anthropometric survey
conducted on children in China. Eight hand anthropometric dimensions were
measured from 20,000 children with age ranged from 4 to 17 years old. Mean
values, standard deviations, and the 5th, 95th percentile for each dimension
were estimated. The dimension difference between age, gender and difference
between Chinese and Japanese were analyzed. It was found that the mean values
of the dimensions showed a gradual increase by age. The dimensions had no
significant difference between genders for the children from 4 to 12, but the
difference became significant for the children from 13 to 17. Comparison
between Chinese and Japanese children showed that Chinese children tended to
have relatively longer and broader hands than Japanese children. These data,
previously lacking in China, can benefit the children's products design. Keywords: Hand; anthropometric measurement; Chinese children | |||
| Comparisons of 3D Shape Clustering with Different Face Area Definitions | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 55-63 | |
| Jianwei Niu; Zhizhong Li; Song Xu | |||
| The importance of fit for face-related wearing products has introduced the
necessity for better definition of face area. In this paper, three definitions
of face area are compared on the context of Three dimensional (3D) face shape
similarity based clustering. The first method defines the face area by spanning
from the whole head grid surface by the front π/2 wedge angle along a line
going through the centroid and pointing to the top of the head. The second
method defines the face area as the grid surface enclosed by several
anthropometric landmark points (sellion, both zygions, and menton) on the
facial surface. The zonal surface where the respirator interferes with the
wear's face is taken as the third alternative definition for the comparative
study. By utilizing the block-distance measure, each face was converted into a
compact block-distance vector. Then, k-means clustering was performed on the
vectors. 376 3D face data sets were tested in this study. One-way ANOVA on the
block distance based vectors was conducted to evaluate the influence on
clustering results by utilizing different face area definitions. No difference
was found at the significant level of 0.05. However, the cluster membership
shows great difference between different definitions. This emphasizes the value
of the selection of face area in 3D face shape-similarity-based clustering. Keywords: 3D anthropometry; face area; shape comparison; clustering | |||
| Block Division for 3D Head Shape Clustering | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 64-71 | |
| Jianwei Niu; Zhizhong Li; Song Xu | |||
| In our previous Three Dimensional (3D) anthropometric shape clustering
study, block-division technique is adopted. The objective of this study was to
examine the sensitivity of clustering results on block-division. Such a
block-division technique means to divide each 3D surface into a predefined
number of blocks. Then by using a block-distance measure, each surface is
converted into a block-distance based vector. Finally, k-means clustering is
performed on the vectors to segment a population into several groups. Totally
447 3D head samples have been analyzed in the case study. The influence of
block division number on clustering was evaluated by using One-way ANOVA. No
significant difference was found between the three block division alternatives.
This means the adopted method is robust to block division. Keywords: Three dimensional anthropometry; block-division; clustering; sizing | |||
| Joint Coupling for Human Shoulder Complex | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 72-81 | |
| Jingzhou Yang; Xuemei Feng; Joo H. Kim; Yujiang Xiang; Sudhakar Rajulu | |||
| In this paper, we present an inverse kinamtics method to determining human
shoulder joint motion coupling relationship based on experimental data in the
literature. The joint coupling relationship is available in the literature, but
it is an Euler-angle-based relationship. This work focuses on transferring
Euler-angle-based coupling equations into a relationship based on the
Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) method. We use analytical inverse kinematics to achieve
the transferring. Euler angles are obtained for static positions with intervals
of 15 degrees, and the elevation angle of the arm varied between 0 and 120
degrees. For a specific posture, we can choose points on clavicle, scapula, and
humerus and represent the end-effector positions based on Euler angles or DH
method. For both systems, the end-effectors have the same Cartesian positions.
Solving these equations related to end-effector positions yields DH joint
angles for that posture. The new joint motion coupling relationship is obtained
by polynomial and cosine fitting of the DH joint angles for all different
postures. Keywords: Human shoulder; joint motion coupling; joint limit coupling; shoulder
rhythm; Euler angles; DH method | |||
| Development of a Kinematic Hand Model for Study and Design of Hose Installation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 85-94 | |
| Thomas J. Armstrong; Christopher Best; Sungchan Bae; Jaewon Choi; D. Christian Grieshaber; Daewoo Park; Charles Woolley; Wei Zhou | |||
| Kinematic hand models can be used to predict where workers will place their
fingers on work objects and the space required by the hand. Hand postures can
be used to predict hand strength. Kinematic models also can be used to predict
tissue stresses and to study work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Study and
design of manual hose installation is an important application for kinematic
hand models. Hoses are widely used in many mechanical systems such as autos,
aircraft and home appliance, which are all mass-produced on assembly lines.
Studies of automobile assembly jobs show that hose installations are one of the
most physically demanding jobs that workers perform. Hoses are a good starting
point for kinematic model development because they can be characterized as
simple cylinders. Keywords: Hands; kinematic model; manufacturing | |||
| Generation of Percentile Values for Human Joint Torque Characteristics | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 95-104 | |
| Florian Engstler; Heiner Bubb | |||
| This pilot study presents an approach to generate percentile values for
joint torque characteristics of digital human models. Detailed angle specific
joint torque measurements of few subjects are set in relation to extensive
measurements of external maximum forces including percentile values based on
many subjects by using muti-body simulation. Results indicate the applicability
of the approach but do not generate results of high validity due to some
sources of errors along the process. More experiments solving these issues and
generating valid results are being planned. Keywords: DHM; joint force; percentile | |||
| Adaptive Motion Pattern Recognition: Implementing Playful Learning through Embodied Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 105-114 | |
| Anja Hashagen; Christian Zabel; Heidi Schelhowe; Saeed Zare | |||
| The concept of embodiment plays an emergent role in
Human-Computer-Interaction. Accordingly, we conceptualized, implemented, and
evaluated an adaptive motion pattern recognition system for an educational
installation called Der Schwarm. We implemented three algorithms and compared
correctness and processing speed. Der Schwarm aims to encourage children to
learn about technology and interprets free body movements. The motion pattern
recognition system fosters embodied playful learning, as an evaluation with
children shows. Keywords: Motion Pattern Recognition; Playful Learning; Embodied Interaction; Children
Education; HCI; Virtual Environments | |||
| A Multi-functional Visualization System for Motion Captured Human Body Based on Virtual Reality Technology | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 115-122 | |
| Qichang He; Lifeng Zhang; Xiumin Fan; Yong Hu | |||
| This study is to develop a multi-functional visualization system (KINE) for
motion captured Human Body based on Virtual Reality (VR) technology, which
reconstruct the skeleton rigid model motion in the 3D virtual environment. The
KINE is based on VR general application development platform named VRFlier,
which provide an innovative human-machine interaction. This paper focuses on
the methods of human rigid modeling and motion reconstruction. The human rigid
modeling is based on Rigid Body Assumption (RBA) theory and using Virtual
Marker (VM) to position the arthrosis of linked body segment. The motion
reconstruction is implemented through coordination transformation of Local
Coordination System (LCS) defined by VM. KINE is applied in the research
project "Mechanical Virtual Human of China", the results show that this
software tool can help conveniently analyze the data collected by motion
captured system. Keywords: Virtual Reality; Human Skeleton Rigid Model; Measuring Rigid Body (MRB);
Virtual Marker (VM); Motion Visualization | |||
| Augmented Practice Mirror: A Self-learning Support System of Physical Motion with Real-Time Comparison to Teacher's Model | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 123-131 | |
| Itaru Kuramoto; Yoshikazu Inagaki; Yu Shibuya; Yoshihiro Tsujino | |||
| An effective way to learn some physical motions such as dancing, playing
sports, making traditional crafts, and so on, is to mimic teacher's motion. In
this style of learning, it is important for the learner to recognize the
difference between the teacher's motion and his/her one. We propose Augmented
Practice Mirror (APM) learning support system. APM shows the mirror image of
learner's motion overlapped teacher's one, and the difference between them.
These three images are shown simultaneously on a large screen as virtual mirror
in real time. As a result of the experimental evaluations, it was found that
APM was better in recognizing the difference between the participant's motion
and the teacher's one than two common methods, and that the hybrid interface of
voice recognition and gesture was better than the single interface of voice
recognition or gesture for operating APM. Keywords: mirror interface; gesture; physical motion tracking; learning support; human
model; voice recognition; augmented reality Note: Best Paper Award | |||
| Video-Based Human Motion Estimation System | | BIBA | Full-Text | 132-139 | |
| Mariofanna G. Milanova; Leonardo Bocchi | |||
| This paper presents the system designed to estimate body silhouette representation from sequences of images. The accuracy of human motion estimation can be improved by increasing the complexity of any of the three fundamental building blocks: the measured data, the prior model, or the optimization method. The vast majority of existing literature on human motion estimation has focused on just one of these building blocks: improving the methods for optimization, also called inference. In contrast, our approach seeks to explore the hypothesis that the other two building blocks are critical components, using extremely high accuracy measured data and shape of body motion priors, so that the objective function is more precise and less noisy, resulting in an easier solution. Our main goal is to develop a new module for extracting accuracy measured data from video imagery. | |||
| Virtual Human Hand: Grasping and Simulation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 140-149 | |
| Esteban Peña Pitarch; Jingzhou Yang; Karim Abdel-Malek | |||
| The human hand is the most complete tool, able to adapt to different
surfaces and shapes and touch and grasp. It is a direct connection between the
exterior world and the brain. I. Kant (German philosopher) defined how the hand
is an extension of the brain. In this paper we present and develop a new
algorithm for grasp any object in a virtual environment (VE). The objective is
to present a novel theory for grasping in the VE any object with the virtual
human (VH). The novel concepts for this application are the autonomous grasp,
implementation of several types of grasp, and a new algorithm for grasp. Keywords: Autonomous grasp; virtual environment; virtual human hand | |||
| Harmonic Gait under Primitive DOF for Biped Robot | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 150-159 | |
| Shigeki Sugiyama | |||
| Here argues about an effective and an energy less-consuming walking for a
humanoid type of robot. There are many humanoid types of robots in the world
that can walk, run, dance, and get up, etc. Those are mostly used and enjoyed
in the field of entertainment for kids' pleasures. For any other usages,
humanoid types of robots are not practical enough in a daily life usage or in
factory usages or in any others. Because the robotics movements are not smooth
enough and not effective enough for doing things in them, that is to say, the
stable biped walking and the energy optimization biped walking (series of those
walking figures) could not meet the necessary conditions for the expected
usages or for other purposes. So here introduces a new idea of humanoid type of
harmonic gait, which makes a robot move more effectively and an energy
less-consuming walking. Keywords: harmonic gait; less-consuming walking | |||
| Problems Encountered in Seated Arm Reach Posture Reconstruction: Need for a More Realistic Spine and Upper Limb Kinematic Model | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 160-169 | |
| Xuguang Wang | |||
| In this paper, we will present the main problems encountered for
reconstructing in-vehicle reach postures. Among the 2176 successfully captured
movements, about 7.4% of them were considered as "bad quality" with a high
residual error between reconstructed and measured marker positions. They mainly
correspond to the far targets and in the direction that one has to elevate the
arm. The results of the present study strongly suggest that a more realistic
kinematic model of the upper body including the shoulder complex, pelvis and
spine is required. In addition, the natural coordination between joint axes
should also be used for compensating the lack of information in case of
under-constraint situation and for correcting the uncertainty of surface
markers positions. Keywords: Reach; Digital human; Motion reconstruction; Motion capture; Discomfort | |||
| Intelligent Motion Tracking by Combining Specialized Algorithms | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 170-179 | |
| Matthias Weber | |||
| Motion Capture is a widely accepted approach to capture natural human
motion, usually utilizing markers to track certain anthropological points on
the participant's body. Unfortunately, these markers do not carry any
identification information. Furthermore, marker data can be noisy. To address
these problems this work suggests a hybrid approach, i.e. an approach using
several experts to solve easier, less complex subproblems. Currently, the
presented hybrid approach is built upon three methods, two for identification
and one for tracking purposes. For identification of an initial posture, a
PCA-based technique for aligning a skeleton model as well as a tree-based
optimization comparing anthropometric and tracking data are introduced. To
complement the hybrid computation pipeline a neural network algorithm based on
self-organizing maps tracks the markers on subsequent frames. Keywords: Motion Capture; Marker Identification; Neural Networks | |||
| Ambient Compass: One Approach to Model Spatial Relations | | BIBA | Full-Text | 183-191 | |
| Petr Aksenov; Geert Vanderhulst; Kris Luyten; Karin Coninx | |||
| The knowledge of spatial arrangements of objects is an important component for the design of migratable user interfaces that target pervasive environments. Objects in these environments are often moving around individually, which leads to a highly dynamic and unpredictable environment. Due to its nature, spatial information cannot be described exhaustively, and uncertainty and imprecision need to be taken into account during both the design phase and at runtime. We present an approach to model dynamic spatial information, providing it with the ability to interpret to some extent uncertain and imprecise knowledge. We then integrate this type of spatial-awareness into ReWiRe, a framework for designing interactive pervasive environments, in order to improve its user-interface distribution techniques. | |||
| A Comprehension Based Cognitive Model of Situation Awareness | | BIBA | Full-Text | 192-201 | |
| Martin R. K. Baumann; Josef F. Krems | |||
| For safe driving it is an inevitable precondition that the driver possesses a correct mental representation of the current traffic situation, the situation model. This mental representation not only involves a representation of objects and situational features relevant to the driver's behaviour, but also the driver's expectations about the future development of the traffic situation. A concept that describes the processes and the factors influencing them is situation awareness (SA) [1]. Until now the cognitive mechanisms underlying situation awareness have been far from properly understood. In this paper we propose a process model of situation awareness that views the construction of the situation model as a comprehension process comparable to discourse comprehension. Two experiments will be presented briefly that address some predictions derived from this model. The last section of the paper describes a current project that aims at implementing this model in the cognitive architecture ACT-R. | |||
| A Probabilistic Approach for Modeling Human Behavior in Smart Environments | | BIBA | Full-Text | 202-210 | |
| Christoph Burghardt; Thomas Kirste | |||
| In order to act intelligently, a smart environment needs to have a notion about its users. Hidden Markov models are especially suited to recognize for example the state of a meeting in a smart meeting room, as they can cope with the noisy and intermittent sensor values. However, modeling the user behavior as an HMM is challenging, because of the high degrees of freedom the users have when acting in such a smart environment. Therefore, we compare two methods that ease the automatic generation of HMM and express the human behavior. | |||
| PERMUTATION: A Corpus-Based Approach for Modeling Personality and Multimodal Expression of Affects in Virtual Characters | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 211-220 | |
| Céline Clavel; Jean-Claude Martin | |||
| In order to improve the consistency of their affective multimodal behaviors,
interactive virtual agents might benefit from a model of personality inspired
from psychology. In this paper, we revisit the different approaches considered
in personality psychology. We show that previous efforts to endow virtual
agents with personality made only a limited use of these approaches. Finally,
we introduce our PERMUTATION corpus-based framework. Keywords: virtual agents; multimodality; emotion; personality | |||
| Workload Assessment in Field Using the Ambulatory CUELA System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 221-226 | |
| Rolf P. Ellegast; Ingo Hermanns; Christoph Schiefer | |||
| Ambulatory assessment of physical workloads in field is necessary to
investigate the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Since
more than ten years the BGIA is developing and using the motion and force
capture system CUELA (computer-assisted recording and long-term analysis of
musculoskeletal load), which is designed for whole-shift recordings and
analysis of work-related postural and mechanical loads in ergonomic field
analysis. This article gives an overview of the actual state of development and
some applications of the system. Keywords: ambulatory workload assessment; inertial tracking device; motion capturing;
CUELA; ergonomic field analysis | |||
| Computational Nonlinear Dynamics Model of Percept Switching with Ambiguous Stimuli | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 227-236 | |
| Norbert Fürstenau | |||
| Simulation results of bistable perception due to ambiguous visual stimuli
are presented which are obtained with a nonlinear dynamics model using delayed
perception-attention-memory coupling. Percept reversals are induced by
attention fatigue with an attention bias which balances the relative percept
duration. Periodic stimulus simulations as a function of stimulus off-time
yields the reversal rate variation in surprisingly good quantitative agreement
with classical experimental results reported in the literature [1] when
selecting a fatigue time constant of 1-2 s. Coupling of the bias to the
perception state introduces memory effects which are quantified through the
Hurst parameter H, exhibiting significant long range correlations (H > 0.5)
in agreement with recent experimental results [2]. Percept transition times of
150-200 ms and mean percept dwell times of 3-5 s as reported in the literature,
are correctly predicted if a feedback delay of 40 ms is assumed as mentioned in
the literature (e.g. [21]). Keywords: cognitive bistability; modelling; nonlinear dynamics; perception; attention;
Hurst parameter | |||
| A Computational Implementation of a Human Attention Guiding Mechanism in MIDAS v5 | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 237-246 | |
| Brian F. Gore; Becky L. Hooey; Christopher D. Wickens; Shelly Scott-Nash | |||
| In complex human-machine systems, the human operator is often required to
intervene to detect and solve problems. Given this increased reliance on the
human in these critical human-machine systems, there is an increasing need to
validly predict how operators allocate their visual attention. This paper
describes the information-seeking (attention-guiding) model within the
Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) v5 software -- a
predictive model that uses the Salience, Effort, Expectancy and Value (SEEV) of
an area of interest to guide a person's attention. The paper highlights the
differences between using a probabilistic fixation approach and the SEEV
approach in MIDAS to drive attention. Keywords: Human Performance Modeling; Modeling Attention; MIDAS v5; SEEV | |||
| Towards a Computational Model of Perception and Action in Human Computer Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 247-256 | |
| Pascal Haazebroek; Bernhard Hommel | |||
| The evaluation and design of user interfaces may be facilitated by using
performance models based on cognitive architectures. A recent trend in Human
Computer Interaction is the increased focus on perceptual and motor-related
aspects of the interaction. With respect to this focus, we present the
foundations of HiTEC, a new cognitive architecture based on recent findings of
interactions between perception and action in the domain of cognitive
psychology. This approach is contrasted with existing architectures. Keywords: Cognitive Architecture; Perception; Action; HCI; action effect learning;
PDP; connectionism | |||
| The Five Commandments of Activity-Aware Ubiquitous Computing Applications | | BIBA | Full-Text | 257-264 | |
| Nasim Mahmud; Jo Vermeulen; Kris Luyten; Karin Coninx | |||
| Recent work demonstrates the potential for extracting patterns from users' behavior as detected by sensors. Since there is currently no generalized framework for reasoning about activity-aware applications, designers can only rely on the existing systems for guidance. However, these systems often use a custom, domain-specific definition of activity pattern. Consequently the guidelines designers can extract from individual systems are limited to the specific application domains of those applications. In this paper, we introduce five high-level guidelines or commandments for designing activity-aware applications. By considering the issues we outlined in this paper, designers will be able to avoid common mistakes inherent in designing activity-aware applications. | |||
| What the Eyes Reveal: Measuring the Cognitive Workload of Teams | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 265-274 | |
| Sandra P. Marshall | |||
| This paper describes the measurement of cognitive workload using the
Networked Evaluation System (NES). NES is a unique network of coordinated
eye-tracking systems that allows monitoring of groups of decision makers
working together in a single environment. Two implementations are described.
The first is a military application with teams of officers working together on
a simulated joint relief mission, and the second is a fatigue study with teams
of individuals working together in a simulated lunar search and recovery
mission. Keywords: eye tracking; pupil dilation; cognitive workload; team assessment | |||
| User Behavior Mining for On-Line GUI Adaptation | | BIBA | Full-Text | 275-284 | |
| Wei Pan; Yiqiang Chen; Junfa Liu | |||
| On-Line Graphics User Interface (GUI) Adaptation technology, which can predict and highlight user's next operation in menu based graphics interface, is the key problem in next generation pervasive human computer interaction, especially for remote control device like Wiimote assisting TV interaction. In this paper, a hierarchical Markov model is proposed for mining and predicting user's behavior from Wiimote control sequence. The modal can be on-line updated and highlight the next possible operation and then improve the system's usability. We setup our experiments on asking several volunteers to manipulate one real education web site and its embedded media player. The results shows our modal can make their interaction with GUI more convenient when using Wii for remote control. | |||
| Modeling Human Actors in an Intelligent Automated Warehouse | | BIBA | Full-Text | 285-294 | |
| Davy Preuveneers; Yolande Berbers | |||
| Warehouse automation has progressed at a rapid pace over the last decade. While the tendency has been to implement fully automated solutions, most warehouses today exist as a mixture of manually operated and fully automated material handling sections. In such a hybrid warehouse, men and machines move around goods in between sections in order to retrieve, transport and stack goods according to their nature and quantity. The biggest challenge in hybrid warehouses is to optimize the alignment of manual and automatic processes in order to improve the flow of materials between storage areas and distribution centers. Integrating individuals as human actors in an automation solution is not straightforward due to unpredictable human behavior. In this paper, we will investigate how we can model the characteristics of human actors within an automation solution and how software systems can unify human actors with automated business processes to coordinate both as first class entities for logistics activities within a hybrid warehouse. | |||
| Bridging the Gap between HCI and DHM: The Modeling of Spatial Awareness within a Cognitive Architecture | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 295-304 | |
| Bryan Robbins; Daniel W. Carruth; Alexander Morais | |||
| In multiple investigations of human performance on natural tasks in
three-dimensional (3D) environments, we have found that a sense of space is
necessary for accurate modeling of human perception and motor planning. In
previous work, we developed ACT-R/DHM, a modification of the ACT-R cognitive
architecture with specific extensions for integration with 3D environments.
ACT-R/DHM could leverage existing extensions from the ACT-R community that
implement the spatial sense, but current research seems to indicate that an
"egocentric-first" approach is most appropriate. We describe the implementation
of a custom spatial module in ACT-R/DHM, which allows for the consideration of
spatial locations by adding a single ACT-R module that performs a very small
set of operations on existing location information. We demonstrate the use of
the 3D, egocentric-first spatial module to simulate a machine interaction task. Keywords: Digital Human Modeling; Human Performance Modeling; Spatial Cognition;
Cognitive Modeling; Cognio simulatetive Architecture; ACT-R/DHM; ACT-R | |||
| Behavior-Sensitive User Interfaces for Smart Environments | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 305-314 | |
| Veit Schwartze; Sebastian Feuerstack; Sahin Albayrak | |||
| In smart environments interactive assistants can support the user's daily
life by being ubiquitously available through any interaction device that is
connected to the network. Focusing on graphical interaction, user interfaces
are required to be flexible enough to be adapted to the actual context of the
user. In this paper we describe an approach, which enables flexible user
interface layout adaptations based on the current context of use (e.g. by
changing the size of elements to visually highlight the important elements used
in a specific situation). In a case study of the "4-star Cooking assistant"
application we prove the capability of our system to dynamically adapt a
graphical user interface to the current context of use. Keywords: Layouting; model-based user interface development; adaptation; constraint
generation; context-of-use; smart environments; human-computer interaction | |||
| Non-intrusive Personalized Mental Workload Evaluation for Exercise Intensity Measure | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 315-322 | |
| N. Luke Thomas; Yingzi Du; Tron Artavatkun; Jin-Hua She | |||
| Non-intrusive measures of mental workload signals are desirable, because
they minimize artificially introduced noise, and can be more accurate. A new
approach for non-intrusive personalized mental workload evaluation is
presented. Our research results show that human mental workload is unique to
each person, non-stationary, and not zero-state. Keywords: Personalized mental workload evaluation; exercise intensity measurement;
biometrics | |||
| Incorporating Cognitive Aspects in Digital Human Modeling | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 323-332 | |
| Peter Thorvald; Dan Högberg; Keith Case | |||
| To build software which, at the press of a button, can tell you what
cognition related hazards there are within an environment or a task, is
probably well into the future if it is possible at all. However, incorporating
existing tools such as task analysis tools, interface design guidelines and
information about general cognitive limitations in humans, could allow for
greater evaluative options for cognitive ergonomics. The paper will discuss
previous approaches on the subject and suggest adding design and evaluative
guiding in DHM that will help a user with little to no knowledge of cognitive
science, design and evaluate a human-product interaction scenario. Keywords: Digital human modelling; cognition; context; situatedness; ecological
interface design; system ergonomics | |||
| Workload-Based Assessment of a User Interface Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 333-342 | |
| Patrice D. Tremoulet; Patrick L. Craven; Susan Harkness Regli; Saki Wilcox; Joyce Barton; Kathleen Stibler; Adam Gifford; Marianne Clark | |||
| Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Laboratories (LM ATL) has designed and
developed a tool called Sensor-based Mental Assessment in Real Time (SMART),
which uses physiological data to help evaluate human-computer interfaces (HCI).
SMART non-intrusively collects and displays objective measures of cognitive
workload, visual engagement, distraction and drowsiness while participants
interact with HCIs or HCI prototypes. This paper describes a concept validation
experiment (CVE) conducted to 1) demonstrate the feasibility of using SMART
during user interface evaluations and 2) validate the EEG-based cognitive
workload values derived from the SMART system by comparing them to three other
measures of cognitive workload (NASA TLX, expert ratings, and expected workload
values generated with Design Interactive's Multimodal Information Decision
Support tool). Results from the CVE indicate that SMART represents a valuable
tool that provides human factors engineers with a non-invasive,
non-interrupting, objective method of evaluating cognitive workload. Keywords: Cognitive workload; human computer interaction; human factors; usability;
evaluation; user interface design | |||
| A Simple Simulation Predicting Driver Behavior, Attitudes and Errors | | BIBA | Full-Text | 345-354 | |
| Aladino Amantini; Pietro Carlo Cacciabue | |||
| This paper presents the simulation tool called SSDRIVE (Simple Simulation of Driver performance). Following a brief description of the theoretical background and basic algorithms that describe the performance of drivers, the paper presents two case studies of DVE interactions, predicting dynamic situations according to different driver attitudes, in similar traffic conditions. In this way the potential ability of the simulation tool to consider behaviors and errors at different levels of complexity is demonstrated. | |||
| Nautical PSI -- Virtual Nautical Officers as Test Drivers in Ship Bridge Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 355-364 | |
| Ulrike Brüggemann; Stefan Strohschneider | |||
| Ship bridges are control centers that operate and manage the ship as a
complex socio-technical system. At the University of Jena we have established a
project that aims to understand and to explain the nautical officers' behavior.
This work is embedded within a broader project network that seeks to develop a
ship bridge that is more standardized, more integrated and better adapted to
human performance. Our way to achieve these goals involves anthropologic
fieldwork and the construction of a computer simulation called Nautical PSI
that models the nautical officers' psychological processes on the theoretical
foundation of the PSI theory. This virtual nautical officer can be used as test
driver for virtual bridges during to the design process. Keywords: Human / machine interaction; human performance modeling; PSI theory; ship
board bridge design | |||
| Determining Cockpit Dimensions and Associative Dimensions between Components in Cockpit of Ultralight Plane for Taiwanese | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 365-374 | |
| Dengchuan Cai; Lan-Ling Huang; Tesheng Liu; Manlai You | |||
| The cockpit dimensions of ultralight plane were determined by suing body and
subjective dimensions of Taiwanese. The side view of the cockpit was a
trapezoid. The length of the top and bottom sides were 707 and 1773mm, its
height was 1280mm. The front view of the cockpit was a rectangle a width of
856mm. The length from SRP to the back and bottom side of the cockpit were 588
and 104-260mm, respectively. The length, width, and height from SRP forward,
sideward, and downward to the elevator center were 380-568, 246-319, and
168-254mm. The length, width, and height from SRP forward, sideward, and
downward to the throttle center were 356-555mm, 255-328, 179-264mm,
respectively. The length from SRP to the rudder pedals was 712-885mm and its
angle was 48°. The depth and width of the seat were 238-360 and 396mm,
respectively. The height and angle of the seatback was 554 and 91-121°. Keywords: cockpit dimensions; ultralight plane; anthropometry; controls | |||
| Multilevel Analysis of Human Performance Models in Safety-Critical Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 375-383 | |
| Jeronimo Dzaack; Leon Urbas | |||
| Safety-critical systems are technical systems whose failure may cause injury
or death to human beings. Tools used in the design and evaluation of
safety-critical systems are redundancy and formal methods to ensure a proper
operating behavior. To integrate human factors into the engineering-process of
safety-critical systems it is necessary to take into account cognitive aspects
of human beings while interacting with these systems. Formal human performance
models can be applied to support the design and evaluation. These cognitive
models interact with the technical system and provide a wide range of objective
data (e.g., execution times). But using human performance models requires
validating their behavior and internal structure in advance. Especially in the
context of safety-critical systems this is an important issue. In this
contribution the possibilities of multilevel analysis of human performance
models are shown and discussed. Selected tools are introduced and related to a
derived taxonomy of multilevel analysis. Keywords: cognitive architectures; multilevel analysis; human performance models;
tools; human factor; evaluation and design; safety-critical systems | |||
| Development of a Driver Model in Powered Wheelchair Operation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 384-393 | |
| Takuma Ito; Takenobu Inoue; Motoki Shino; Minoru Kamata | |||
| This paper describes the development of a driver model in a powered
wheelchair operation. Existing methods have known problems such as straining
the user. This is because improving wheelchairs adjustment requires too many
trails and errors. Thus, we proposed solutions using computer simulation in
this study. Computer simulation for the improvement of wheelchair adjustment
needs three models: surroundings, driver and vehicle. Surroundings and vehicle
models based on existing researches can be made, but not driver models for the
computer simulation. To construct the model, we extracted the operation
characteristics using a powered wheelchair simulator. From these results, we
constructed the driver model as the first order preview driver model. In
addition, a computer simulation was proposed for adjusting a powered
wheelchair. Keywords: Driver model; Powered wheelchair; Simulator; Operation characteristics | |||
| A Model of Integrated Operator-System Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 394-402 | |
| Steven J. Landry; Amit V. Lagu | |||
| A model for the separation assurance and collision avoidance in air traffic
has been developed. The objective of the model is to provide qualitative and
quantitative predictions of system behavior with respect to separation
assurance and collision avoidance. No such model exists, complicating efforts
to understand the impact of adding automation to the current system. The model
integrates two concepts. First, the system models at the scope of the
human-integrated system, instead of the level of the operator. This follows
from the work of Duane McRuer, who found that only at the system level was the
human as a control system modelable. Secondly, the system considers the
separation assurance and collision avoidance problem as a control problem,
where agent (automated and human) actions work to control the system from
entering undesirable states. This broadly follows the methodology of system
safety. Under this methodology, safety is determined by the ability of the
agents in the system to impart control to prevent the system from reaching an
unsafe state. The model defines system states, the events and conditions that
cause transitions between states, and the control that agents in the system can
impart to control those transitions. Keywords: human performance modeling; aviation; safety; air traffic control | |||
| Modeling Pilot and Driver Behavior for Human Error Simulation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 403-412 | |
| Andreas Lüdtke; Lars Weber; Jan-Patrick Osterloh; Bertram Wortelen | |||
| In order to reduce human errors in the interaction with in safety critical
assistance systems it is crucial to consequently include the characteristics of
the human operator already in the early phases of the design process. In this
paper we present a cognitive architecture for simulating man-machine
interaction in the aeronautics and automotive domain. Though both domains have
their own characteristics we think that it is possible to apply the same core
architecture to support pilot as well driver centered design of assistance
systems. This text shows how phenomena relevant in the automobile or aviation
environment can be integrated in the same cognitive architecture. Keywords: Human Error Simulation; Cognitive Architecture; Pilots; Drivers | |||
| Further Steps towards Driver Modeling According to the Bayesian Programming Approach | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 413-422 | |
| Claus Möbus; Mark Eilers | |||
| The Human Centered Design (HCD) of Partial Autonomous Driver Assistance
Systems (PADAS) requires Digital Human Models (DHMs) of human control
strategies for simulating traffic scenarios. We describe first results to model
lateral and longitudinal control behavior of drivers with simple dynamic
Bayesian sensory-motor models according to the Bayesian Programming (BP) approach: Bayesian Autonomous Driver (BAD) models. BAD models are learnt from multivariate time series of driving episodes generated by single or groups of users. The variables of the time series describe phenomena and processes of perception, cognition, and action control of drivers. BAD models reconstruct the joint probability distribution (JPD) of those variables by a composition of conditional probability distributions (CPDs). The real-time control of virtual vehicles is achieved by inferring the appropriate actions under the evidence of sensory percepts with the help of the reconstructed JPD. Keywords: digital human response models; driver models; Bayesian autonomous driver
models; learning of human control strategies; probabilistic Bayesian lateral
and longitudinal control; graphical modeling; human behavior learning and
transfer; Bayesian Programming | |||
| Probabilistic and Empirical Grounded Modeling of Agents in (Partial) Cooperative Traffic Scenarios | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 423-432 | |
| Claus Möbus; Mark Eilers; Hilke Garbe; Malte Zilinski | |||
| The Human Centered Design (HCD) of Partial Autonomous Driver Assistance
Systems (PADAS) requires Digital Human Models (DHMs) of human control
strategies for simulations of traffic scenarios. The scenarios can be regarded
as problem situations with one or more (partial) cooperative problem solvers.
According to their roles models can be descriptive or normative. We present new
model architectures and applications and discuss the suitability of dynamic
Bayesian networks as control models of traffic agents: Bayesian Autonomous
Driver (BAD) models. Descriptive BAD models can be used for simulating human
agents in conventional traffic scenarios with Between-Vehicle-Cooperation (BVC)
and in new scenarios with In-Vehicle-Cooperation (IVC). Normative BAD models
representing error free behavior of ideal human drivers (e.g. driving
instructors) may be used in these new IVC scenarios as a first Bayesian
approximation or prototype of a PADAS. Keywords: digital human response models; probabilistic driver models; Bayesian
autonomous driver models; learning of human control strategies; graphical
modeling; human behavior learning and transfer; distributed cognition;
mixture-of-experts model; visual attention allocation; partial cooperative
problem solvers; partial autonomous assistance system; Bayesian assistance
system; shared space; probabilistic detection of anomalies; driver assistance
systems; traffic agents; dynamic Bayesian networks; hidden Markov models;
between-vehicle-cooperation; within-vehicle-cooperation | |||
| A Contribution to Integrated Driver Modeling: A Coherent Framework for Modeling Both Non-routine and Routine Elements of the Driving Task | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 433-442 | |
| Andreas Mihalyi; Barbara Deml; Thomas Augustin | |||
| This paper is concerned with computational driver modeling, whereby a
particular focus is placed on mapping both non-routine and routine elements of
the driving task in a theoretically coherent framework. The approach is based
on Salvucci's [1] driver model and thus, the cognitive architecture ACT-R [2]
is used for modeling non-routine matters; for routine activities, such as the
longitudinal and the lateral control of the vehicle, a fuzzy logic approach is
suggested. In order to demonstrate the applicability of this procedure, an
empirical evaluation study is carried out and the steering behavior of a
computational driver model is compared to that of human drivers. Keywords: Fuzzy logic; cognitive architecture; ACT-R; driver modeling | |||
| The New BMW iDrive -- Applied Processes and Methods to Assure High Usability | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 443-452 | |
| Bernhard Niedermaier; Stephan Durach; Lutz Eckstein; Andreas Keinath | |||
| With iDrive the BMW Group introduced in 2001 a revolutionary HMI concept,
which was firstly able to cope with the constantly increasing number of
functions in the automobile. It was designed to optimally support drivers in
their various tasks while driving. The basic iDrive concept can be described as
separating driving functions from comfort functions as well as separating
displays from controls. This basic concept together with a highly mounted
display ensures that controls can be reached with no need looking at them and
that the central display is easy and quick to access. The trendsetting iDrive
idea has been widely adopted in the automotive industry. The following article
outlines the iterative design and evaluation process that led to the new
generation iDrive introduced in 2008 with the new BMW 7 Series. The basic
challenge was to come up with an evolution of the iDrive concept by improving
it without loosing the revolutionary approach to automotive HMI design. Keywords: BMW; iDrive; HMI; automotive; usability | |||
| Method to Evaluate Driver's Workload in Real Road Context | | BIBA | Full-Text | 453-462 | |
| Annie Pauzié | |||
| Innovative technology implemented in the vehicle can induce improvement in road safety, as long as its acceptability and its adequacy are checked, taking into account the diversified driver's population needs and functional abilities through a Human Centred Design process. Relevant methodology has to be developed in this purpose. Evaluation of the driver's mental workload is an important parameter, complementary to objective ones such as control of the vehicle and driver's visual strategies. This paper reports on 3 real road experiments run for the assessment of mobile phone and guidance/navigation systems usability. Evaluation has been based upon a method of subjective evaluation of the driver's mental workload: the Driving Activity Load Index (DALI). Use of the DALI allowed identifying which aspects of the system had to be improved, for an improved acceptability and usability by the drivers. | |||
| Intelligent Agents for Training On-Board Fire Fighting | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 463-472 | |
| Karel van den Bosch; Maaike Harbers; Annerieke Heuvelink; Willem A. van Doesburg | |||
| Simulation-based training in complex decision making often requires ample
personnel for playing various roles (e.g. team mates, adversaries). Using
intelligent agents may diminish the need for staff. However, to achieve
goal-directed training, events in the simulation as well as the behavior of key
players must be carefully controlled. We propose to do that by using a director
agent (DA). A DA can be seen as a supervisor, capable of instructing agents and
steering the simulation. We explain and illustrate the concept in the context
of training in on-board fire fighting. Keywords: Virtual Training; Intelligent Agents; Simulation; Director Agent; Scenario
Based Training | |||
| Eprescribing Initiatives and Knowledge Acquisition in Ambulatory Care | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 475-482 | |
| Ashley J. Benedict; Jesse C. Crosson; Akshatha Pandith; Robert Hannemann; Lynn A. Nuti; Vincent G. Duffy | |||
| Electronic prescribing [eprescribing] is where prescriptions are generated
through an automated data-entry process utilizing special software and a
network linked to pharmacies. National and state initiatives are intended but
are not yet very effective in educating and encouraging healthcare providers to
use eprescribing. This study included interviews with 102 healthcare providers
from 52 locations (California, Indiana, New Hampshire, and Ohio) to determine
the providers' knowledge of eprescribing initiatives as well as how they
acquired knowledge about these systems. Providers in New Hampshire had the most
knowledge of eprescribing systems and their state initiative. Among nonusers,
only two facilities were familiar with the national initiatives. Nonusers
comprised 71% of the interviews. Eprescribing information was acquired through
journals, conferences, pharmacies, other providers and in some cases when
receiving care as a patient. Keywords: eprescribing; initiatives; knowledge acquisition | |||
| Using 3D Head and Respirator Shapes to Analyze Respirator Fit | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 483-491 | |
| Kathryn M. Butler | |||
| A computational approach to analyzing respirator fit is demonstrated using
geometries generated by laser scanning, mechanical drawings, and CAD files.
Three fit-related problems that can be solved using computational tools are
demonstrated: 1) The study of an outward leak of breathing gases into a
near-flammable environment. 2) The study of a flow field inside a
half-facepiece respirator. 3) The characterization of the relationship of
respirator design and head shape to fit and comfort. Keywords: Respirator fit; digital human modeling; 3D laser scanning; finite element
method | |||
| Hyperkalemia vs. Ischemia Effects in Fast or Unstable Pacing: A Cardiac Simulation Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 492-501 | |
| Ioanna Chouvarda; Nicos Maglaveras | |||
| The relation between potassium concentration elevation and action potential
duration decrease is well established. While hyperkalemia is present in
ischemia, the latter is also followed by other ionic changes, such as acidosis.
In this work, hyperkalemic and ischemic changes in relation with various
activation patterns in an inhomogeneous tissue were in focus and effort was
paid to investigate spatial patterns and draw quantitative conclusions about
their effects. A series of simulations were performed with different
combinations of short stimulus periods and increased extracellular potassium
concentrations. The effect of these perturbations on the cellular and overall
tissue activation and wave propagation characteristics was investigated. Keywords: Ischemia; Potassium elevation; Luo-Rudy model; pacing; heterogeneous tissue | |||
| Learning from Risk Assessment in Radiotherapy | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 502-511 | |
| Enda F. Fallon; Liam Chadwick; Wil J. van der Putten | |||
| The lessons learned from completing a risk assessment of a radiotherapy
information system in a public hospital are presented. A systems engineering
perspective with respect to the risk assessment was adopted. Standard
engineering tools modified for application in healthcare environments were
applied, e.g. HFMEA™. It was found that there was a complete absence of
the application of systems engineering at the development stage of the
radiotherapy system, however aspects of quality systems, i.e. process
improvement, were present at the operating stage. Team work played a
significant role in the successful operation of the system. However, in
contrast to most engineering systems, team composition was highly heterogeneous
as roles were clearly defined by professional qualification. There were strong
boundaries between the radiotherapy team and other teams in the hospital. This
was reflected by their lack of concern regarding the availability of patient
information beyond their own department. Keywords: Radiotherapy; Risk Assessment; Health Information Technology; Systems
Engineering | |||
| Simulation-Based Discomfort Prediction of the Lower Limb Handicapped with Prosthesis in the Climbing Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 512-520 | |
| Yan Fu; Shiqi Li; Mingqiang Yin; Yueqing Bian | |||
| This paper generalizes a discomfort model for climbing tasks of the
handicapped with prosthesis limb. The model is integrated, by ICT technology,
into the simulated task scenario to indicate to what extent the climbing task
causes discomfort and to analyze the direct cause of discomfort at the
micro-motion level. Furthermore, it can predict the potential harm and
accidents in the climbing tasks by calculating the accumulated biomechanical
results of joints posture displacement and torque. Meanwhile the research
focuses on the analysis on each movement of around the prosthesis socket, which
will provide analysis tool for the design of prosthesis from the point of
comfort. Keywords: discomfort modeling; prosthesis socket; motion analysis; climbing tasks | |||
| Application of Human Modelling in Health Care Industry | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 521-530 | |
| Lars Hanson; Dan Högberg; Daniel Lundström; Maria Wårell | |||
| Digital human modelling (DHM) is commonly utilised for vehicle and workplace
design in the automotive industry. More rarely are the tools applied in the
health care industry, albeit having similar objectives for cost-efficiency and
user-centred design processes. The paper illustrates how a DHM tool is modified
and utilised to evaluate a bathing system design from caretakers' and
caregivers' ergonomics point of view. Anthropometry, joint range of motion,
description and appearance of the manikin was customised to meet the
requirements in a health care setting. Furthermore, a preferred bathing posture
was defined. A suggested DHM working process scenario illustrates that DHM
tools can be customised, applied and useful in health care product design.
Except technical customisations of the DHM tool, the development of a working
process and work organisation around the tool is proposed for an effective and
efficient use of digital human modelling. Keywords: Digital Human Modelling; Elderly; Ergonomics; Health Care; Human Factors | |||
| A Simulation Approach to Understand the Viability of RFID Technology in Reducing Medication Dispensing Errors | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 531-539 | |
| Esther Jun; Jonathan Lee; Xiaobo Shi | |||
| RFID technology has the potential to reduce medication dispensing errors in
hospitals. To determine possible uses for tracking medication within a
hospital, we interviewed a pharmacist with knowledge of such processes. Due to
cost considerations, the most viable place to use RFID technology is to track
medication upon leaving the pharmacy, which can help reduce lost or misplaced
medication and ensure that the right medication is given to the right patient.
A simulation model that compares the benefits with and without RFID is also
discussed. Keywords: Medication dispensing errors; healthcare IT; RFID; simulation | |||
| Towards a Visual Representation of the Effects of Reduced Muscle Strength in Older Adults: New Insights and Applications for Design and Healthcare | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 540-549 | |
| David Loudon; Alastair S. Macdonald | |||
| This paper details the evaluation of human modelling software, which
provides visual access to dynamic biomechanical data on older adult mobility to
a new audience of professionals and lay people without training in
biomechanics. An overview of the process of creating the visualisation software
is provided, including a discussion of the benefits over existing approaches.
The qualitative evaluation method, which included a series of interviews and
focus groups held with older adults, and healthcare and design professionals,
is discussed together with key findings. The findings are illustrated with
examples of new dialogues about specific mobility issues impacting on
healthcare and design planning which were facilitated by the data
visualisations. Keywords: Virtual human software; data visualization; older adult mobility | |||
| A Novel Approach to CT Scans' Interpretation via Incorporation into a VR Human Model | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 550-559 | |
| Sophia Sakellariou; Vassilis Charissis; Ben M. Ward; David Chanock; Paul Anderson | |||
| This paper presents a novel approach for interpretation of
Computerised-Tomography (CT) scans. The proposed system entails an automated
transfer of selected CT scans onto a default Virtual Reality human model.
Contemporary training requirements often are proven to be time-consuming for
the clinical facilities which have to split unevenly their operational time
between radiological examinations and the Radiologists' training. Adhering to
the contemporary training requirements we employed a plethora of VR and
Human-Computer Interaction techniques in order to enable the trainees to
familiarise themselves with the interpretation of such data and their actual,
spatial correlation inside the human body. Overall the paper presents the
challenges involved in the development of this method and examines the
potential as well the drawbacks for deployment of such system in large scale
teaching audience. Finally the paper discusses the results of an initial
user-trial, which involved twelve trainee doctors, and offers a tentative plan
of future work which aspires to customise the software for different learning
levels. Keywords: HCI; CT scans; VR Human Model; Medical Training | |||
| The Performance of BCMA-Aided Healthcare Service: Implementation Factors and Results | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 560-568 | |
| Renran Tian; Vincent G. Duffy; Carol Birk; Steve R. Abel; Kyle Hultgren | |||
| Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) system has been adopted by
healthcare providers. Besides its benefits in reducing medication errors, cost
and time, various side effects and new medication errors have been reported;
however, the nature of the new problems has not been studied systematically.
Although there are many studies focusing on IT implementation, very few studies
addressing technology acceptance have been done in healthcare context. Due to
the complex and dynamic features of the healthcare system, it is necessary to
study how new technology acceptance models can be applied in this field. In
this study, a model related to BCMA implementation will be constructed to
enable the prediction and control of medication error reduction and side
effects generation. To achieve that, the relationship between different
implementation measures will be studied, and then predictive variables will be
selected to construct the model for different measures. Keywords: BCMA; Healthcare; New Technology Acceptance; Medication Error | |||
| On Improving Provider Decision Making with Enhanced Computerized Clinical Reminders | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 569-577 | |
| Sze-jung Wu; Mark R. Lehto; Yuehwern Yih; Jason J. Saleem; Bradley N. Doebbeling | |||
| A computerized clinical reminder (CCR) system is a type of decision support
tool to remind healthcare providers of recommended actions. In our prior study,
we found a linear correlation between resolution time and adherence rate. This
correlation implies a potentially biased clinical decision making. This study
aimed to redesign the Veterans Affairs (VA) CCR system in order to improve
providers' situation awareness and decision quality. The CCR redesign
incorporated a knowledge-based risk factor repository and a prioritization
mechanism. Both CCR designs were prototyped and tested by 16 physicians in a
controlled lab in the Indianapolis VA Medical Center. The results showed that
80% of the subjects changed their prioritization decisions after being
introduced to the modified design. Moreover, with the modified design, the
correlation between resolution time and adherence rate was no longer found. The
redesign improved the subjects' situation awareness and assisted them in making
more informed decisions. Keywords: Computerized clinical reminders; decision support system; situation
awareness | |||
| Facial Shape Variation of U.S. Respirator Users | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 578-587 | |
| Ziqing Zhuang; Dennis E. Slice; Stacey Benson; Douglas Landsittel; Dennis J. Viscusi | |||
| The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted
a head-and-face anthropometric survey of diverse, civilian respirator users. Of
the 3,997 subjects measured using traditional anthropometric techniques,
surface scans and 26 three-dimensional (3-D) landmark locations were collected
for 953 subjects. The objective of this study was to analyze the size and shape
variation of the survey participants using 3-D Generalized Procrustes Analysis
(GPA) in order to quantify those facial features that may be relevant to
respirator fit using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The first four
principal components (PC) account for 49% of the total sample variation. The
first PC indicates that overall size is an important component of facial
variability. The second PC accounts for long and narrow or short and wide
faces. Longer narrow orbits versus shorter wider orbits can be described by
PC3, and PC4 represents variation in the degree of ortho/prognathism with
positively scoring individuals having longer, wider, and more projecting lower
jaws than negatively scoring individuals. Further study will investigate the
correlation between respirator fit and these PCs. Keywords: anthropometry; geometric morphometrics; respirators | |||
| Method for Movement and Gesture Assessment (MMGA) in Ergonomics | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 591-598 | |
| Giuseppe Andreoni; Marco Mazzola; Oriana Ciani; Marta Zambetti; Maximiliano Romero; Fiammetta Costa; Ezio Preatoni | |||
| We present a technique for the ergonomic assessment of motor tasks and
postures. It is based on movement analysis and it integrates the perceived
discomfort scores for joints motions and the time involvement of the different
body districts. It was tested on 8 subjects performing reaching movements. The
experimental protocol was designed to have an a priori expected comfort
ranking, namely, higher values in presence of more uncomfortable tasks. The
validation of the Method for Movement and Gesture Assessment (MMGA) in the
ergonomic evaluation of a reaching task gave promising results and showed the
effectiveness of the index. Possible applications of the method might be the
integration into CAD tools and human motion simulation to provide an early
comparative evaluation of the ergonomics of the prototyping process and
workplace redesign in industry. Keywords: Proactive Ergonomics; Ergonomic Index; Movement and Posture Analysis;
Occupational Biomechanics; Assessment technique; Joint discomfort | |||
| Complexity of Sizing for Space Suit Applications | | BIBA | Full-Text | 599-607 | |
| Elizabeth Benson; Sudhakar Rajulu | |||
| The 'fit' of a garment is often considered to be a subjective measure of garment quality. However, some experts attest that a complaint of poor garment fit is a symptom of inadequate or excessive ease, the space between the garment and the wearer. Fit has traditionally been hard to quantify, and space suits are an extreme example, where fit is difficult to measure but crucial for safety and operability. A proper space suit fit is particularly challenging because of NASA's desire to fit an incredibly diverse population (males and females from the 1st to 99th percentile) while developing a minimum number of space suit sizes. Because so few sizes are available, the available space suits must be optimized so that each fits a large segment of the population without compromising the fit of any one wearer. | |||
| Impact of Force Feedback on Computer Aided Ergonomic Analyses | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 608-613 | |
| H. Onan Demirel; Vincent G. Duffy | |||
| The objective of this study is to test the correlation between a Physical
Task and a Digital Task through integrated sensory feedback mechanism in
Virtual Build Methodology. The research question posed regards whether the
pressure feedback mechanism in Virtual Build Methodology proposes high fidelity
for push-pull tasks. There are many research studies that have been done on
DHM, MOCAP, VR and Haptic interfaces individually, but integrating those with a
tactile feedback mechanism is still challenging. While being increasingly used,
the Virtual Build Methodology has not been studied regarding its human
integration through a multi-sensory feedback system. It may seem intuitive, but
disregarded many times, that the tactile feedback mechanism is essential for
product design and development practices. This study aims to fill this gap by
introducing a pressure based sensory feedback system to provide a higher
fidelity in virtual product design practices. Keywords: Computer Aided Engineering (CAE); Ergonomics; Virtual Build Methodology
(VBM); Digital Human Modeling (DHM); Motion Capture (MoCap); Haptics; Force
Feedback; Product Design; Healthcare Engineering | |||
| A Methodology for Modeling the Influence of Construction Machinery Operators on Productivity and Fuel Consumption | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 614-623 | |
| Reno Filla | |||
| This paper is concerned with modeling the actions of a human operator of
construction machinery and integrating this operator model into a large,
complex simulation model of the complete machine and its environment. Because
human operators to a large degree affect how the machine is run, adaptive
operator models are a necessity when the simulation goal is quantification and
optimization of productivity and energy efficiency. Interview studies and test
series have been performed to determine how professionals operate wheel
loaders. Two models using different approaches were realized and integrated
into a multi-domain model for dynamic simulation. The results are satisfactory
and the methodology is easily usable for other, similar situations. Keywords: dynamic simulation; operator model; driver model | |||
| Human Head 3D Dimensions Measurement for the Design of Helmets | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 624-631 | |
| Fenfei Guo; Lijing Wang; Dayong Dong | |||
| With the helmet systems becoming increasingly complex, head 3D dimensions
are needed for the higher precision, but the traditional anthropometry could
not meet the design accuracy. In this paper, a non-contact method of head 3D
dimensions measurement was presented to improve the design accuracy of helmets.
The boundary 3D coordinate data of head slice was extracted from DICOM images
based on the MRI technology. The mathematical model of head slice was described
through 2D and 3D coordinate systems. Then we adopted the Fourier transform to
fit the boundary of slice and obtained a parameter model with a series of
Fourier coefficients. The standard headforms was constructed based on the
characteristic slices and nine standard headforms were divided by Head
Breadth-length Index and Head Height-length Index in order to preserve
analogous facial characteristics. The head 3D data measured by this approach
had been applied to the design of helmets. Keywords: Head; 3D; Standard headform; Slice; Boundary | |||
| Realistic Elbow Flesh Deformation Based on Anthropometrical Data for Ergonomics Modeling | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 632-641 | |
| Setia Hermawati; Russell Marshall | |||
| The human model for ergonomic simulation has improved in terms of its
reliability and appearance and yet there seems to be less attention paid to
create a realistic and accurate flesh deformation around the joint. This study,
a part of ongoing research, proposes a combination of manual and automatic (3D
body scanner) measurements to create a database for flesh deformation
prediction i.e. flesh deformation area and cross section changes, around the
elbow joint. The database consists of two race groups i.e., Caucasian and Asian
(23 subjects, 11 males and 12 females), which were carefully chosen to
represent a variety of height and body type. The prediction results for both
flesh deformation area and cross section changes are discussed as well as their
relevance for the next stage of the study. Keywords: Flesh deformation modeling; 3D body scanner; ergonomics | |||
| Database-Driven Grasp Synthesis and Ergonomic Assessment for Handheld Product Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 642-652 | |
| Keisuke Kawaguchi; Yui Endo; Satoshi Kanai | |||
| Recently, simulation-based ergonomic assessments for handheld products, such
as mobile phones, have seen a growing interest and have been increasingly
studied. In these studies, the combination of 3D product models and "digital
hands", which are a parametric 3D models of human hands, have been used. One of
the keys to the ergonomic assessment using the digital hand is the "grasp
synthesis" where plausible grasp postures for the product model have to be
generated. In this paper, we propose a new database-driven grasp synthesis
method considering the geometric constraints of grasping handheld products. The
proposed method can generate more plausible grasp postures for handheld
products in easier interactions than those of previous ones. Keywords: digital hand; joint range of motion; grasp synthesis | |||
| Within and Between-Subject Reliability Using Classic Jack for Ergonomic Assessments | | BIBA | Full-Text | 653-660 | |
| Brian McInnes; Allison Stephens; Jim Potvin | |||
| As the use of computer-aided ergonomic tools become more prominent in performing ergonomic evaluations early in the design phase, the drive to improve upon the validity, reliability, and accuracy of the technology will increase. Posturing a digital human (DH) in a virtual environment proves to be a challenging task. There are a very large number of possible positions in which the DH can be positioned for any given task, and the position that the DH is postured into may differ depending on the experiences of the user. This may lead to different conclusions regarding the acceptability of an operation. | |||
| Human Head Modeling and Personal Head Protective Equipment: A Literature Review | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 661-670 | |
| Jingzhou (James) Yang; Jichang Dai; Ziqing Zhuang | |||
| Human head is the most important but fragile part of human body. In order to
design the head-gear and study the sophisticated capabilities of human head,
the head models have been developing for decades. There are two types of human
head models: digital headform and finite element model (biomechanical head
model). The complexity of head structure makes these attempts very difficult
until the invention of the high-speed computers and the modern medical devices
like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Head
modeling also has widely potential use in the design process of personal head
and face protective equipment (PHFPE). Hazards of processes or environment,
chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants are encountered
daily for workers. Those hazards are capable of causing injury or illness
through absorption, inhalation, or physical contact. PHFPE includes helmets,
masks, eye protection and hearing protection. This study attempts to review
different kinds of head models and PHFPE, such as respirators, helmets and
goggles. It mainly focuses on the historical developments. Keywords: Headform; biomechanical model; respirators; helmets; goggles | |||
| HADRIAN: Fitting Trials by Digital Human Modelling | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 673-680 | |
| Keith Case; Russell Marshall; Dan Högberg; Steve J. Summerskill; Diane Gyi; Ruth E. Sims | |||
| Anthropometric data are often described in terms of percentiles and too
often digital human models are synthesised from such data using a single
percentile value for all body dimensions. The poor correlation between body
dimensions means that products may be evaluated against models of humans that
do not exist. Alternative digital approaches try to minimise this difficulty
using pre-defined families of manikins to represent human diversity, whereas in
the real world carefully selected real people take part in 'fitting trials'.
HADRIAN is a digital human modeling system which uses discrete data sets for
individuals rather than statistical populations. A task description language is
used to execute the evaluative capabilities of the underlying SAMMIE human
modelling system as though a 'real' fitting trial was being conducted. The
approach is described with a focus on the elderly and disabled and their
potential exclusion from public transport systems. Keywords: Digital Human Modelling; User Trials; SAMMIE; HADRIAN | |||
| The Pluses and Minuses of Obtaining Measurements from Digital Scans | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 681-690 | |
| Ravindra S. Goonetilleke; Channa P. Witana; Jianhui Zhao; Shuping Xiong | |||
| Digital scanners are commonplace and are used in many different applications
to obtain three-dimensional shapes and linear and circumferential measurements.
Even though scanners can be highly accurate, measurements obtained from
scanners can vary depending on how an object is scanned, aligned and processed.
In this study, we examined the effect of three different alignment methods of
foot scans and their effects on ten different measurements. Variations among
methods in capturing foot length are relatively small relative to arch length.
The foot girths can be quite sensitive to the registration process depending on
the complexity of the algorithms used. As expected, linear and girth
measurements based on anatomical landmarks will always be independent of any
registration process and are thus good ways to obtain repeatable measurements. Keywords: Scanning; foot; measurement; registration; alignment; brannock; width; girth | |||
| Auto-calibration of a Laser 3D Color Digitization System | | BIBA | Full-Text | 691-699 | |
| Xiaojie Li; Bao-zhen Ge; Dan Zhao; Qing-guo Tian; K. David Young | |||
| A typical 3D color digitization system is composed of 3D sensors to obtain 3D information, and color sensors to obtain color information. Sensor calibration plays a key role in determining the correctness and accuracy of the 3D color digitization data. In order to carry out the calibration quickly and accurately, this paper introduces an automated calibration process which utilizes 3D dynamic precision fiducials, with which calibration dot pairs are extracted automatically, and as the corresponding data are processed via a calibration algorithm. This automated was experimentally verified to be fast and effective. Both the 3D information and color information are extracted such that the 3D sensors and the color sensors are calibrated with one automated calibration process. We believe it is the first such calibration process for a 3D color digitization system. | |||
| Virtual Task Simulation for Inclusive Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 700-709 | |
| Russell Marshall; Keith Case; Steve J. Summerskill; Ruth E. Sims; Diane Gyi; Peter Davis | |||
| Human modelling tools provide a means to perform virtual task evaluations
upon designs within the computer environment. The ability to evaluate the
accommodation of a design early on in the design process before physical
prototypes can be built has many advantages. These advantages are particularly
relevant in supporting people in attempting to design products that are
inclusive and accessible. HADRIAN is a new tool developed to provide
accessible, and applicable data on people with a broad range of size, age, and
ability together with a means of optimising virtual task evaluations. This
paper describes the use of HADRIAN in performing a task evaluation, focusing on
the underlying methodology that aims to achieve a virtual simulation that
mimics a real world user trial. Keywords: Human modelling; simulation; inclusive design; ergonomics | |||
| Data Mining of Image Segments Data with Reduced Neurofuzzy System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 710-716 | |
| Deok Hee Nam; Edward Asikele | |||
| The target detection from raw images is a primary task in the image
processing. Simultaneously, in order to perform the target detection in the
image processing, a large number of variables or factors including unnecessary
factors may be involved. This paper presents the pattern recognition through
the image scaling based upon the characteristics of various images using the
reduced dimension from the original characteristic dimension of the images.
Using the less number of dimensions comparing to the original characteristic
dimensions, the processing procedures can be simplified and able to overcome
the restrictions of the systematic problems. To estimate the performance of the
system, neurofuzzy systems with multivariate analysis including factor
analysis, principal component analysis, and Fuzzy C-means clustering analysis,
are applied. Using the proposed algorithm, the analyses of various image data
can be compared. Keywords: data mining; image processing; image scaling; pattern recognition; system
reduction; target detection | |||
| The Impact of Change in Software on Satisfaction: Evaluation Using Critical Incident Technique (CIT) | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 717-726 | |
| Akshatha Pandith; Mark Lehto; Vincent G. Duffy | |||
| This paper describes an exploratory study that analyzes the impact of change
in software on users by utilizing the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). A
total of 102 critical incidents were collected from the survey. 77 participants
reported both satisfactory and unsatisfactory experiences; 22 reported only
satisfactory experiences; and 3 reported only unsatisfactory experiences.
Analysis of satisfactory or unsatisfactory experiences revealed several factors
such as expectations of users and mismatch in the behavior between the actual
and anticipated system by the users, which can be attributed to automation
surprise. The important findings of this study are the agglomeration of user
feedback such as, avoiding the changes themselves in the first place, focusing
on the factors of change viz. amount of change, speed of change, and finally,
to provide better help support, which can be used in the design process when
there is a change in software. Keywords: Critical Incident Technique; Change in software; Impact of change;
Information overload; Automation surprise | |||
| Validation of the HADRIAN System Using an ATM Evaluation Case Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 727-736 | |
| Steve J. Summerskill; Russell Marshall; Keith Case; Diane E. Gyi; Ruth E. Sims; Peter Davis | |||
| The HADRIAN human modelling system is under development as part of the EPSRC
funded AUNT-SUE project. The HADRIAN system aims to foster a 'design for all'
ethos by allowing ergonomists and designers to see the effects of different
kinds of disability on the physical capabilities of elderly and disabled
people. This system is based upon the long established SAMMIE system, and uses
data collected from 102 people, 79 of whom are registered as disabled, or have
age related mobility issues. The HADRIAN system allows three dimensional CAD
data of new products to be imported, with a subsequent automated analysis using
all of the 102 sample members. The following paper describes the process and
results gathered from a validation study using an ATM design as a case study.
The results indicated that fine tuning of the behavioural data built into
HADRIAN would improve the accuracy of an automated product analysis. Keywords: Human Modelling; design for all; ergonomics; validation | |||
| A 3D Method for Fit Assessment of a Sizing System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 737-743 | |
| Jiang Wu; Zhizhong Li; Jianwei Niu | |||
| A three-dimensional (3D) method for the evaluation of a sizing system via
objective fit assessment is introduced in this study. Taking the evaluation of
a helmet sizing system as an example, geometrical models of the human head
surfaces of a target population are generated based on 3D anthropometric
measurement at first. Then a helmet model for each size is prepared. For each
individual, a helmet model of his corresponding size is virtually worn on his
head with proper relative position and orientation. After that, objective fit
assessment criteria are calculated. Finally, Statistical analysis on these
criteria provides an objective evaluation of the sizing system. This method
affords a rapid, low-cost, and quantitative approach to carry out fit
assessment on a sizing system when critical fit is concerned. Keywords: fit assessment; sizing system; 3D modeling | |||
| Analyzing the Effects of a BCMA in Inter-Provider Communication, Coordination and Cooperation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 744-753 | |
| Gulcin Yucel; Bo Hoege; Vincent G. Duffy; Matthias Roetting | |||
| Many hospitals have implemented various kinds of information technologies.
Using information technology can improve communication and improve patient
safety. One of the information technologies is the application of bar code
medication administration (BCMA). For achieving a successful implementation, a
semi-formal notation form is used to model and to evaluate the effects of a
BCMA system on communication-coordination-cooperation (C3) processes among
nurses, physicians and pharmacists. This model could support a successful
implementation of the BCMA system by identifying potential unintended and
supportive effects related to C3, and providing recommendations for a better
implementation. This article describes an approach for an analysis and
evaluation of a planned BCMA implementation. Keywords: healthcare; BCMA; C3; work process | |||
| Fuzzy Logic in Exploring Data Effects: A Way to Unveil Uncertainty in EEG Feedback | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 754-763 | |
| Fang Zheng; Bin Hu; Li Liu; Tingshao Zhu; Yongchang Li; Yanbing Qi | |||
| To unveil effects of data sets with uncertainty, we develop a method
applying fuzzy logic to determine data weights in fuzzy inference. Preferable
adjustments of initial weight assignment shall be obtained by comparison of
assumptions' truth grade values with practical effectiveness evaluation. We
apply this method in the process of implying patients' depressive mood for the
user case study of developing antidepressant multimedia therapy and evaluate
its veracity. According to users' feedback, iterative application of this
method may leads to further understanding of EEG data's effects in user
context. Keywords: fuzzy logic; EEG data | |||