| The Effects of Landmarks and Training on 3D Surface Anthropometric Reliability and Hip Joint Center Prediction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-11 | |
| Wen-Ko Chiou; Bi-Hui Chen; Wei-Ying Chou | |||
| Deforming 3D scanned data is an important and necessary procedure for the
development of dynamic three-dimensional (3D) scanned anthropometry. The
inaccuracies in joint center will cause error in deformation. Bell et al.
developed the equations to predict hip joint center (HJC) based on
anthropometric measurement of inter-anterior superior iliac spine distance
(IAD). However, no previous study has reported on the reliability of IAD
measurements in 3D scanned data, and therefore the effect on HJC estimates
needs to be determined. Four measurers (2 trained/ 2 untrained) were recruited
into this study to collect measurements of IAD in 3D scanned data under two
situations (with/ without landmarks). The intra-class correlation (ICC) and
technical error of measurement (TEM) were used to assess the reliability of the
measurements. Results showed the untrained group had the lowest reliability and
validity of IAD measurement in the without landmarks situation, and the error
of HJC prediction in this situation was significantly higher than in the other
situations (p<0.001). Both of training and use of landmarks improved the
validity of measurement and HJC prediction; compared with training alone,
attaching landmarks can significantly improve the reliability of measurement. Keywords: Reliability; Hip joint center; Three-dimensional body scanner; Trained;
Landmarks | |||
| An Automatic Method for Computerized Head and Facial Anthropometry | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 12-21 | |
| Jing-Jing Fang; Sheng-Yi Fang | |||
| Facial anthropometry plays an important role in ergonomic applications. Most
ergonomically-designed products depend on stable and accurate human body
measurement data. Head and facial anthropometric dimensions provide detailed
information on head and facial surfaces to develop well-fitting, comfortable
and functionally-effective facial masks, helmets or customized products.
Accurate head and facial anthropometry also allows orthognathic surgeons and
orthodontists to plan optimal treatments for patients. Our research uses an
automatic, geometry-based facial feature extraction method to identify head and
facial features, which can be used to develop a highly-accurate feature-based
head model. In total, we have automatically located 17 digital length
measurements and 5 digital tape measurements on the head and face. Compared to
manual length-measurement, the average error, maximum error and standard
deviations are 1.70mm, 5.63mm and 1.47mm, respectively, for intra-measurement,
and 2.07mm, 5.63mm and 1.44mm, respectively, for inter-measurement. Compared to
manual tape-measurement, the average maximum error and standard deviations are
1.52mm, 3.00mm and 0.96mm, respectively, for intra-measurement, and 2.74mm,
5.30mm and 1.79mm, respectively, for inter-measurement. Nearly all of length
measurement data and tape measurement data meet the 5mm measuring error
standard. Keywords: anthropometry; head and face; feature-based | |||
| 3D Parametric Body Model Based on Chinese Female Anthropometric Analysis | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 22-29 | |
| Peng Sixiang; Chee Kooi Chan; W. H. Ip; Ameersing Luximon | |||
| This study shows a 3D parametric body model construction based on the
anthropometric analysis technique. Compared to the traditional anthropometric
surveys, the 3D body scanner provides with more accurate body dimension
information and not only traditional measurements but also new body shape
measurements. An anthropometric survey was completed to collect 3D body
information of Hong Kong female. A serious of 3D models was built upon these 3D
scan data. A number of body dimensions and body shape information were
extracted from the 3D models. Then body shape analysis were performed, such as
bust shape analysis, front and back proportion analysis, body cross section
comparison, correlation relationship between body dimensions and so on. Upon
the analysis of the body information, a parametric body model was built, which
was in a most common body shape of the Hong Kong female and able to change
critical body demotions according to the user's inputs. Keywords: 3D; parametric; body model | |||
| Anthropometric Measurement of the Feet of Chinese Children | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 30-36 | |
| Linghua Ran; Xin Zhang; Chuzhi Chao; Taijie Liu | |||
| This paper presents the results of a nationwide anthropometric survey
conducted on children in China. Foot length and foot breadth were measured from
20,000 children with age ranged from 4 to 17 years old by 3D foot scanner. Mean
values, standard deviations, and the 5th, 95th percentile for the two items
were estimated. The dimension difference between age and gender were discussed,
and the classification of foot shape was analyzed. It was found that the mean
values of the dimensions showed a gradual increase by age. The dimensions had
no significant difference between genders for the children from 4 to 12, but
the difference became significant for the children from 13 to 17. For both boys
and girls, the intermediate type foot has the greatest proportion. These data,
previously lacking in China, can benefit the children's products design. Keywords: Foot; anthropometric measurement; Chinese children | |||
| Human Dimensions of Chinese Minors | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 37-45 | |
| Xin Zhang; Yanyu Wang; Linghua Ran; Ailan Feng; Ketai He; Taijie Liu; Jianwei Niu | |||
| This paper presents the preliminary statistical results of the latest
national anthropometric survey of the minors in China mainland. About 20,000
minors (9666 males and 9699 females) were recruited from six geographical areas
in China. These subjects were divided into five age groups. Body weight plus
totally 134 static dimensions were selected for measurement. Non-contact
three-dimensional (3D) scanning technology was used in this survey while manual
measuring and two-dimensional (2D) imaging measurement were used as the
subsidiary methods. There is no significant difference on body height between
genders at the significance level of 0.05 when the subjects are less than 12
years old. The 5th, 50th and 95th percentile values for nineteen selected
dimensions were addressed. This work provides the first national wide
anthropometric database of the minors in China mainland and will inevitable
benefit the products design for the potential users. Keywords: Anthropometric; minors; three dimension; survey | |||
| Development of Sizing Systems for Chinese Minors | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 46-55 | |
| Xin Zhang; Yanyu Wang; Linghua Ran; Ailan Feng; Ketai He; Taijie Liu; Jianwei Niu | |||
| The purpose of this study is to develop sizing systems for Chinese minors.
This work is based on the most up-to-date and complete national-wide
anthropometric survey in China mainland. About 20,000 minors (9666 males and
9699 females) were recruited from six geographical areas in China. Body weight
plus totally 134 static dimensions were collected. Stature, the bust waist
girth difference (BWGD) and bust girth were finally identified through factor
analysis as the three most critical parameters out of thirteen frequently used
anthropometric dimensions in sizing systems. Three sizing systems were
established systematically by stature group and gender, i.e., both genders
shorter than 130 cm, male minors taller than 130 cm and female minors taller
than 130 cm. The accommodation rate of the developed sizing systems is 47.23%,
60.19% and 81.87%, respectively. The number of sizes in each system is 25, 25
and 19, respectively. The results provide valuable references for the garment
manikin design related with Chinese minors. Keywords: Anthropometric data; Sizing system; Chinese minors; Factor analysis | |||
| Motion Capture Experiments for Validating Optimization-Based Human Models | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 59-68 | |
| Aimee Cloutier; Robyn Boothby; Jingzhou (James) Yang | |||
| Optimization-based digital human model research has gained significant
momentum among various human models. Any task can be formulated to an
optimization problem, and the model can predict not only postures but also
motions. However, these optimization-based digital human models need validation
using experiments. The motion capture system is one of the ways to validate
predicted results. This paper summarizes the progress of motion capture
experiment efforts at the Human-Centric Design Research (HCDR) Laboratory at
Texas Tech University. An eight-camera motion capture system has been set up in
our research lab. Marker placement protocols have been developed where markers
are placed on the subjects to highlight bony landmarks and identify segments
between joints in line with previously identified guidelines and suggestions in
literature. A posture reconstruction algorithm has been developed to map joint
angles from motion capture experiments to digital human models. Various studies
have been conducted in the lab involving motion capture experiments for
jumping, standing and seated reach, and pregnant women's walking, sit to
standing, seated reach, and reach with external loads. The results showed that
the posture reconstruction algorithm is useful and accurate to transfer motion
capture experiment data to joint angles. Marker placement protocol is reliable
to capture all joints. The main task of the motion caption system is to
validate all optimization-based digital human models developed by other
research members at the HCDR Lab. Keywords: Digital human models; motion capture; validation | |||
| Posture Reconstruction Method for Mapping Joint Angles of Motion Capture Experiments to Simulation Models | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 69-78 | |
| Jared Gragg; Jingzhou (James) Yang; Robyn Boothby | |||
| Motion capture experiments are often used in coordination with digital human
modeling to offer insight into the simulation of real-world tasks or as a means
of validating existing simulations. However, there is a gap between the motion
capture experiments and the simulation models, because the motion capture
system is based on Cartesian space while the simulation models are based on
joint space. This paper bridges the gap and presents a methodology that enables
one to map joint angles of motion capture experiments to simulation models in
order to obtain the same posture. The posture reconstruction method is an
optimization-based approach where the cost function is a constant and
constraints include (1) the distances between simulation model joint centers
and the corresponding experimental subject joint centers are equal to zeros;
(2) all joint angles are within joint limits. Examples are used to demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed method. Keywords: digital human modeling; posture reconstruction; motion capture | |||
| Joint Torque Modeling of Knee Extension and Flexion | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 79-88 | |
| Fabian Guenzkofer; Florian Engstler; Heiner Bubb; Klaus Bengler | |||
| The purpose of this experiment is to obtain isometric knee extension and
flexion joint torque -- joint angle functions considering necessary
biomechanical aspects. In order to examine gender and age effects four
different subject groups (10 young males and females, 8 old males and females)
were used. Age and gender had a significant influence for both force
directions. Not only different maximum values but also different curve shapes
were identified for different age groups. Additionally the hip flexion angle
significantly influenced the joint torque production. Keywords: joint torque; age effects; strength; knee; force | |||
| Predicting Support Reaction Forces for Standing and Seated Tasks with Given Postures-A Preliminary Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 89-98 | |
| Brad Howard; Jingzhou (James) Yang | |||
| This paper proposes a systematic approach for predicting the support
reaction forces (SRFs) acting on a digital human model with a given posture. In
addition, a generic method has been developed to determine the accurate body
segment inertia properties (BSIPs) needed for subject-specific simulation.
Experiments based on motion capture are used to track the posture and to find
subject's link lengths. The prediction model calculates the support reaction
forces by using the zero moment point (ZMP) formulation. This study considers
two general postural cases: standing and seated. The standing tasks include
standing on two planes with arbitrary orientations. The seated tasks include
sitting on a seat where the seat pan is parallel to the floor and both feet are
on the floor. Keywords: Support reaction forces; digital human model; ZMP; posture | |||
| Schema for Motion Capture Data Management | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 99-108 | |
| Ali Keyvani; Henrik Johansson; Mikael Ericsson; Dan Lämkull; Roland Örtengren | |||
| A unified database platform capable of storing both motion captured data and
information about these motions (metadata) is described. The platform stores
large motion captured data in order to be used by different applications for
searching, comparing, analyzing and updating existing motions. The platform is
intended to be used to choose a realistic motion in simulation of production
lines. It is capable of supporting and handling different motion formats,
various skeleton types and distinctive body regions in a uniform data model.
Extended annotating system is also introduced to mark the captured data not
only in the time domain (temporal) but also on different body regions
(spatial). To utilize the platform, sample tests are performed to prove the
functionality. Several motion captured data is uploaded to the database while
MATLAB is used to access the data, ergonomically analyze the motions based on
OWAS standard, and add the results to the database by automatic tagging of the
postures. Keywords: Motion Capture Database; Virtual Production Systems; Digital Human Modeling;
Computerized Ergonomic Analysis | |||
| Simulating Ingress Motion for Heavy Earthmoving Equipment | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 109-118 | |
| HyunJung Kwon; Mahdiar Hariri; Rajan Bhatt; Jasbir Arora; Karim Abdel-Malek | |||
| Design of heavy earth moving equipment is based primarily on feedback from
the driver. Most design studies on ingress focus on the motion itself and rely
heavily on experimental data. This process requires physical construction of an
expensive mockup before any feedback can be obtained. Moreover, most research
and development on subject of ingress are limited to studies on passenger
vehicles. Although the design of heavy vehicles requires more consideration to
human safety and comfort, very little attention has been given to simulating
ingress movement on those vehicles. This paper describes the development of a
model to perform ingress motion for heavy equipment and its applications to
study the response of the operator for different cab designs using
Santos™, the digital human model developed at Virtual Soldier Research at
the University of Iowa. Keywords: Human Modeling; Ingress; Predictive Dynamics; Heavy Equipment | |||
| Contact Area Determination between a N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator and a Headform | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 119-128 | |
| Zhipeng Lei; Jingzhou (James) Yang | |||
| This study investigates two methods to determine the contact area between a
N95 filtering facepiece (NFF) respirator and a headform. Five size headforms
(large, medium, small, long/narrow and short/wide) wear a NFF respirator (3M
8210) respectively. A biofidelity finite element model of headform is built to
simulate its interaction with a NFF respirator. During the simulation, the
respirator contacts the headform. Two methods are presented in this paper for
determining contact areas: The first one is through the observation of contact
pressure distribution. The assumption is that the contact area is the fraction
of surface area with positive contact pressure. The second method is through
extracting the intersecting area between deformed surfaces of the headform and
NFF respirator. Finally, the experiment, which directly measures the dimensions
of contact area between prototypes of the headform and the NFF respirator,
validates the proposed methods. Keywords: Headform; respirator; finite element (FE) method; contact area | |||
| Ergonomics Evaluation of Three Operation Postures for Astronauts | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 129-138 | |
| Dongxu Li; Yan Zhao | |||
| Push/pull is very common and frequent activity for astronauts in the space
operation. For the sake of researching on the strength change of astronauts'
upper limbs during different operation postures, this paper major on performed
the simulation aviation operation experiment. The paper quantitatively
evaluates the absolute peak force, relative peak force of human single
left/right hand and strain energy of grip made by operating force in
comfortable, horizontal widest, and longitudinal widest span. The result here
demonstrates that absolute peak force, relative peak force, strain energy are
effective factors to estimate upper limbs strength, and the individual upper
limbs power is significantly effected by different postures. Keywords: astronaut; upper limb; absolute peak force; relative peak force; strain
energy | |||
| In Silicon Study of 3D Elbow Kinematics | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 139-142 | |
| Kang Li; Virak Tan | |||
| This study is to propose a novel technique to improve the accuracy of
estimating bone kinematics. This technique will use the radiographic
information of both soft tissue and hard tissue for the 2D-3D registration.
Non-rigid registration technique and rigid-body registration will work
seamlessly to guide the matching process to find the optimal bone pose. Such a
technique could improve and accelerate the matching process. Keywords: Elbow; Kinematics; Imaging | |||
| Implicit Human-Computer Interaction by Posture Recognition | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 143-150 | |
| Enrico Maier | |||
| The presented work introduces the evolution of the computer to an ubiquitous
attendant of the human. The related incessantly opportunity to interact with
the computer and the explicit character of current user interfaces leads to the
distraction of the human from his actual tasks. Accordingly, the authors of
this work suggest the design and the research of new and implicit interaction
forms, which support the human while the processing of his tasks. In this work,
a concept for the implicit human-computer interaction by the recognition of
prejudicial postures will presented. The detection and feedback of prejudicial
postures by mobile computers like smartphones shall warn the human of unhealthy
postures in everyday life and on work and prevent him from sanitary after
effects. Keywords: human-computer interaction; implicit interaction; mobile interaction;
ubiquitous computing | |||
| Optimization-Based Posture Prediction for Analysis of Box Lifting Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 151-160 | |
| Tim Marler; Lindsey Knake; Ross Johnson | |||
| New methods for optimization-based posture prediction with external forces
are presented and tested. The proposed approach incorporates prediction of 113
degrees of freedom including global position and orientation of the body as
well as foot position, while considering balance. Postures and joint torques
are successfully predicted and compared to motion-capture data and
literature-based data respectively. This approach is applied to a box-lifting
task and provides a robust tool for studying human performance and for
preventing injuries. Keywords: Posture prediction; optimization; box lifting; joint torque | |||
| Planar Vertical Jumping Simulation-A Pilot Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 161-170 | |
| Burak Ozsoy; Jingzhou (James) Yang | |||
| Vertical jumping is one of the fundamental motions among other jumping types
in sport biomechanics. Two important criteria in sport biomechanics are
critical to all athletes: Injury and performance. In literature two major
approaches have been investigated: experiment-based methods and
optimization-based methods. Experiment-based methods are time consuming and
tedious. Optimization-based methods for musculoskeletal models are
computationally expensive because their models include all muscles and explicit
integration of equation of motion. In this pilot study, a direct
optimization-based method for a skeletal model was proposed in sagittal plane,
where this formulation was based on joint space that was only considered the
resultant results of muscles (joint torques) instead of individual muscles to
reduce computational time. The cost function included increasing the center of
mass velocity at take-off and increasing the center of mass position at
take-off. Constraints included joint limits, torque limits, initial posture,
ground contact, initial angular velocity and acceleration, zero-ground reaction
forces, and moment at take-off. This optimization problem was solved by a
commercial optimization solver SNOPT and the CPU time was 227 seconds on a
regular PC (Intel® Core® 2 duo CPU, 3.16 GHZ and 3.25 GB RAM).
Preliminary results highly correlated results from the literature. This simple
planar simulation is the first step to understand the cause and effect for
vertical jumping with or without arm swing. Keywords: Vertical jumping; planar model; injury; performance; arm swing | |||
| StabilitySole: Embedded Sensor Insole for Balance and Gait Monitoring | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 171-177 | |
| Peyton Paulick; Hamid Djalilian; Mark Bachman | |||
| Our group has developed an easy-to-use pressure-sensing insole equipped with
accelerometers to evaluate a patient's postural control and balance ability in
a non-obtrusive manner. Pressure sensors and MEMS accelerometers are embedded
in a shoe insole and display balance information on an easy-to-use graphical
user interface. The importance of balance and gait monitoring is applicable to
a variety of fields such as: evaluation of neurological disorders, early
disease detection in children, new medication monitoring, and elderly fall
risk. With this technology patients can use the insole in a home setting to
monitor their balancing ability and relay data to their physician wirelessly
for proper evaluation eliminating the need for additional in-office visits. Keywords: Balance monitoring; gait monitoring; insole; embedded technology; graphical
user interface; pressure sensing; MEMS accelerometer | |||
| The Upper Extremity Loading during Typing Using One, Two and Three Fingers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 178-185 | |
| Jin Qin; Matthieu Trudeau; Jack Tigh Dennerlein | |||
| This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of fingers used during
typing on the biomechanical loading on the upper extremity. Six subjects typed
in phone numbers using their right hand on a stand-alone numeric keypad in
three conditions: (1) typing using the index finger; (2) typing using the index
and the middle fingers; (3) typing using the index, middle and ring fingers.
Typing with three fingers decreased wrist posture deviation, decreased angular
velocity at the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints, and decreased peak to peak
torques at the wrist and shoulder joints compared to single finger typing,
while no difference was found between one and two finger typing. These results
demonstrated that different computer keyboarding styles affect the
biomechanical loading on the upper extremity. Keywords: Typing; Upper extremity; Kinematics; Kinetics | |||
| Automatic Face Feature Points Extraction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 186-194 | |
| Dominik Rupprecht; Sebastian Hesse; Rainer Blum | |||
| In this paper we present results of finding a way to automatically equip a
three-dimensional avatar with a model of a user's individual head. For the
generation of the head model certain so-called face feature points must be
extracted from a face picture of the user. A survey of several state-of-the-art
techniques and the results of an approach for the extraction process are given
for the points of the middle of each iris, the nasal wings and the mouth
corners. Keywords: Avatar; Face Feature Points; Integral Projection; Circle Detection;
E-Commerce | |||
| 3D Human Motion Capturing Based Only on Acceleration and Angular Rate Measurement for Low Extremities | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 195-203 | |
| Christoph Schiefer; Thomas Kraus; Elke Ochsmann; Ingo Hermanns; Rolf P. Ellegast | |||
| Human motion capturing is used in ergonomics for ambulatory assessment of
physical workloads in field. This is necessary to investigate the risk of
work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Since more than fifteen years the IFA
is developing and using the motion and force capture system CUELA, which is
designed for whole-shift recordings and analysis of work-related postural and
mechanical loads. A modified CUELA system was developed based on 3D inertial
measurement units to replace all mechanical components in the present system.
The unit consists of accelerometer and gyroscopes, measuring acceleration and
angular rate in three dimensions. The orientation determination based on
angular rate has the risk of integration errors due to sensor drift of the
gyroscope. We introduced "zero points" to compensate gyroscope drift and
reinitialize orientation computation. In a first evaluation step the movements
of lower extremities are analyzed and compared to the optical motion tracking
system Vicon. Keywords: ambulatory workload assessment; inertial tracking device; motion capturing;
CUELA; ergonomic field analysis | |||
| Application of Human Modeling in Multi-crew Cockpit Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 204-209 | |
| Xiaohui Sun; Feng Gao; Xiugan Yuan; Jingquan Zhao | |||
| Based on the need of multi-crew cockpit ergonomic design, we set up a
parameterized digital human model. By virtually controlling digital human model
to devices of cockpit, the potential conflicts in the process of multi-crew
coordination were identified. The solutions on device layout were proposed.
This method beforehand took human factors into account in the multi-crew
cockpit design. Design efficiency was improved greatly. Keywords: Human modeling; Cockpit design; Crew Coordination | |||
| A Biomechanical Approach for Evaluating Motion Related Discomfort: Illustration by an Application to Pedal Clutching Movement | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 210-219 | |
| Xuguang Wang; Romain Pannetier; Nagananda Krishna Burra; Julien Numa | |||
| In this paper, a motion related discomfort modelling approach based on the
concept of "less constraint movement" has been proposed and illustrated by a
case study of clutching pedal movements. Using a multi-adjustable car mock-up,
6 existing pedal configurations were tested by 20 subjects (5 young and 5 older
males, 5 young and older females) and compared with those freely adjusted pedal
positions, called 'less constraint' configurations. From questionnaire and
motion analysis of the experimental data, it was observed that pedal resistance
had a dominant effect on discomfort perception. The pedal position adjustment
seemed to mainly reduce the discomfort at the beginning of travel. The
ergonomic criterion for pedal design should therefore take into account two
main factors: 1/ pedal resistance, 2/ a good trade-off between pedal position
at the beginning of travel and its end position. The movements corresponding to
less constraint configurations will be used as reference data for defining
ergonomic criterion. In particular, The focus should be put on the hip, knee
and ankle joint torques at the end of travel and the joint angles at the
beginning and end of pedal travel. Keywords: Discomfort; Clutch pedal; Biomechanics; Ergonomics; Task-oriented movement | |||
| Footbed Influences on Posture and Perceived Feel | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 220-227 | |
| Thilina W. Weerasinghe; Ravindra S. Goonetilleke | |||
| Past studies have evaluated body postures when wearing high-heeled shoes.
However, the effects of the various parameters that give the footbed its shape
have not been investigated. This study determined the perceived feel and the
associated postures with the different types of footbed shapes at two heel
heights of 50 and 75 mm. Results show that a 10 degree wedge angle at 50 mm and
an 18 degree wedge angle at 75 mm have the highest perceived feel during
standing. The corresponding postures were significantly different from the
others tested, suggesting that a well-designed footbed is a necessary condition
to feel comfortable and to maintain good posture. Keywords: Posture; Footbed; Comfort; High-heels; Footwear | |||
| Postural Observation of Shoulder Flexion during Asymmetric Lifting Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 228-230 | |
| Xu Xu; Chien-Chi Chang; Gert S. Faber; Idsart Kingma; Jack Tigh Dennerlein | |||
| This study was to evaluate the observation error of the shoulder flexion
angle during an asymmetric lifting task. The results indicated the average
absolute estimate error was 14.7 degrees and the correlation coefficient
between the measured and estimated shoulder flexion was 0.91. The observation
error may be due to the arm abduction. Keywords: Shoulder flexion; Posture observation; Side-view; Lifting tasks | |||
| An Alternative Formulation for Determining Weights of Joint Displacement Objective Function in Seated Posture Prediction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 231-242 | |
| Qiuling Zou; Qinghong Zhang; Jingzhou (James) Yang; Robyn Boothby; Jared Gragg; Aimee Cloutier | |||
| The human posture prediction model is one of the most important and
fundamental components in digital human models. The direct optimization-based
method has recently gained more attention due to its ability to give greater
insights, compared to other approaches, as how and why humans assume a certain
pose. However, one longstanding problem of this method is how to determine the
cost function weights in the optimization formulation. This paper presents an
alternative formulation based on our previous inverse optimization approach.
The cost function contains two components. The first is the weighted summation
of the difference between experimental joint angles and neutral posture, and
the second is the weighted summation of the difference between predicted joint
angles and the neutral posture. The final objective function is then the
difference of these two components. Constraints include (1) normalized weights
within limits; (2) an inner optimization problem to solve for the joint angles,
where joint displacement is the objective function; (3) the end-effector
reaches the target point; and (4) the joint angles are within their limits.
Furthermore, weight limits and linear weight constraints determined through
observation are implemented. A 24 degree of freedom (DOF) human upper body
model is used to study the formulation. An in-house motion capture system is
used to obtain the realistic posture. Four different percentiles of subjects
are selected and a total of 18 target points are designed for this experiment.
The results show that using the new objective function in this alternative
formulation can greatly improve the accuracy of the predicted posture. Keywords: Posture prediction; direct optimization-based posture prediction; digital
human | |||
| Videogames and Elders: A New Path in LCT? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 245-254 | |
| Nicola D'Aquaro; Dario Maggiorini; Giacomo Mancuso; Laura Anna Ripamonti | |||
| The current demographic ageing in Europe is the result of a relevant
economic, social, and medical development. Nevertheless, this is also leading
to an increase in the demand for Long Term Care (LTC) by seniors. One viable
way to offer qualified cares at home, while at the same time containing costs,
is to exploit digital technologies as enablers of a constant interaction with
assisting personnel. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a design
methodology to put the basis for deploying, step by step, a "virtual hospital
at home" based on an Ambient Intelligence (AmI). The envisaged system will
integrate consumer-grade devices for videogames consoles which, thanks to their
user-friendly interfaces and smooth learning curve, will contribute in
minimizing the interference in the elder's private life. Keywords: Ambient Intelligence (AmI); context awareness; videogames; healthcare; LTC
(Long Term Care); usability | |||
| Research on Digital Human Model Used in Human Factor Simulation and Evaluation of Load Carriage Equipment | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 255-262 | |
| Dayong Dong; Lijing Wang; Xiugan Yuan; Shan Fu | |||
| Data structure of the digital human model has been constructed for
particularity demand of human factor evaluation of the load carriage system
equipments. Anthropometry data of different percentage was obtained through
regression calculation; Range of Motion (ROM) data of the different joints,
data of upper limb reach zone and accessibility data of human body surface were
also obtained by experiments. Reach zone envelop was constructed based on the
experiment data. Different types of view cones have been constructed on the
basis of related standard data to meet the use of human factor evaluation. Keywords: Load carriage equipment; Simulation; Human factors; Digital Human model | |||
| Multimodal, Touchless Interaction in Spatial Augmented Reality Environments | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 263-271 | |
| Monika Elepfandt; Marcelina Sünderhauf | |||
| Spatial augmented reality environments are increasing in many domains.
However, from a user-centred perspective we still do not know how to interact
with them properly. Thus, there is a need for new interaction concepts. In this
paper we discuss certain aspects which are special for the interaction in
spatial augmented reality environments. We conclude that the most promising
form of interaction will be multimodal and touchless. Additionally it should be
taken into account that the user is interacting in a 3D space. Therefore
different ways of interaction might be more appropriate for different spaces
around the user instead of only one. We give a short review of advantages and
disadvantages of touchless and multimodal input devices and then outline
spatial aspects of perception and interaction in 3D space. Keywords: spatial augmented reality; touchless interaction; multimodal interaction;
multimodality; interaction in 3D space | |||
| Introducing ema (Editor for Manual Work Activities) -- A New Tool for Enhancing Accuracy and Efficiency of Human Simulations in Digital Production Planning | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 272-281 | |
| Lars Fritzsche; Ricardo Jendrusch; Wolfgang Leidholdt; Sebastian Bauer; Thomas Jäckel; Attila Pirger | |||
| The aging workforce is a risk factor for manufacturing industries that
contain many jobs with high physical workloads. Thus, ergonomic risk factors
have to be avoided in early phases of production planning. This paper
introduces a new tool for simulating manual work activities with 3D human
models, the so-called ema. For the most part, the ema software is based on a
unique modular approach including a number of complex operations that were
theoretically developed and empirically validated by means of motion capturing
technologies. Using these modules for defining the digital work process enables
the production planner to compile human simulations more accurately and much
quicker compared to any of the existing modeling tools. Features of the ema.
software implementation, such as ergonomic evaluation and MTM-time analyses,
and the workflow for practical application are presented. Keywords: Human Modeling; Production Planning; Ergonomics; Efficiency | |||
| Accelerated Real-Time Reconstruction of 3D Deformable Objects from Multi-view Video Channels | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 282-291 | |
| Holger Graf; Leon Hazke; Svenja Kahn; Cornelius Malerczyk | |||
| In this paper we present a new framework for an accelerated 3D
reconstruction of deformable objects within a multi-view setup. It is based on
a new memory management and an enhanced algorithm pipeline of the well known
Image-Based Visual Hull (IBVH) algorithm that enables efficient and fast
reconstruction results and opens up new perspectives for the scalability of
time consuming computations within larger camera environments. As a result, a
significant increase of frame rates for the volumetric reconstruction of
deformable objects can be achieved using an optimized CUDA-based implementation
on NVIDIA's Fermi-GPUs. Keywords: Image based 3D reconstruction; GPU; CUDA; Real-Time reconstruction;
Image-Based Visual Hull | |||
| Second Life as a Platform for Creating Intelligent Virtual Agents | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 292-301 | |
| Larry F. Hodges; Amy Catherine Ulinski; Toni Bloodworth; Austen L. Hayes; John Mark Smotherman; Brandon Kerr | |||
| Intelligent virtual agents (IVAs) are animated characters that interact with
humans and with each other using natural modalities such as speech and
gestures. Creation of successful IVA applications is challenging since
development requires integration of a broad range of specialized tools and
skills. We present a discussion of the advantages and technical challenges of
using the Second Life programming environment as an accessible platform for
undergraduates to develop an Intelligent Virtual Agent and the environment that
the IVA inhibits. Keywords: Intelligent Virtual Agents; Virtual Worlds; Animation; Avatars; Virtual
Characters | |||
| A Framework for Automatic Simulated Accessibility Assessment in Virtual Environments | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 302-311 | |
| Nikolaos Kaklanis; Panagiotis Moschonas; Konstantinos Moustakas; Dimitrios Tzovaras | |||
| The present paper introduces a framework that enforces the accessibility of
products and services by enabling automatic simulated accessibility assessment
at all the stages of the development. The proposed framework is based on a new
virtual user modelling technique describing in detail all the physical
parameters of a user with disability(ies). The proposed user modelling
methodology generates a dynamic and parameterizable virtual user model that is
used by a simulation framework to assess the accessibility of virtual
prototypes. Experimental results illustrate the use of the proposed framework
in a realistic application scenario. Keywords: accessibility evaluation; user modelling; task modelling; simulation;
UsiXML; virtual user | |||
| Cloth Modeling and Simulation: A Literature Survey | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 312-320 | |
| James Long; Katherine Burns; Jingzhou (James) Yang | |||
| Cloth modeling and simulation has gained significant momentum in recent
years due to advances in computational hardware and software. Cloth plays an
important role not only in daily life, but also in special scenarios such as
firefighter's cloth and space suits. There are special requirements such as
protection capability of the human body and mobility after the firefighters or
astronauts wear the special cloth. Traditional assessment of cloth is to have
prototypes first and have experiments by subjective rating. This is time
consuming and expensive. Virtual cloth modeling and simulation provides a means
to demonstrate and assess its performance before cloth is made. This paper
attempts to give a literature review to summarize the state-of-the-art of cloth
modeling and simulation. Keywords: Cloth modeling and simulation; finite element method; comfort | |||
| Preliminary Study on Dynamic Foot Model | | BIBA | Full-Text | 321-327 | |
| Ameersing Luximon; Yan Luximon | |||
| It is generally accepted that improper footwear design causes injuries and illnesses. Existing literature indicated that mostly static footwear fit has been studied to some extent, even though we are well aware that dynamic footwear fit is different. In addition to static fit, illnesses and injuries will occur due to dynamic pressure, friction, and foot movement beyond the normal range of motion. This study proposes a method for dynamic foot shape computation. The dynamic foot is generated by using multi-dimensional transformation of the 3D static foot based on the angular values of the foot movement. This provides a simple algorithm to deform the foot to create dynamic 3D foot shape. Result of this study is essential to build a model for dynamic fit computation. | |||
| Three-Dimensional Grading of Virtual Garment with Design Signature Curves | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 328-336 | |
| Roger Ng | |||
| The key difference between tailoring and mass production is the use of a
single size versus a size chart that contains difference sizes. In practice,
the garment pattern of a reference size is made for the confirmation of style
and sizing during the product development process. Then, garment patterns of
other sizes are derived by this reference size using a technique of grading. In
the flat-patterning techniques, there are three types of grading: rectangular
(Cartesian coordinate), radio (polar coordinate) and line (localized Cartesian
coordinate). All these methods suffer from the limitation of the increase of
deformation as the sizes increase. In this article, I shall present a
three-dimensional method of grading, which can maintain the styling and comfort
characteristics of the wearers at different sizes. This is achieved by the
concept of Design Signature Curve. After I present the concept, I shall also
present an example as the verification. Keywords: 3-D Grading; Design Signature Curve; Design; Fitting; Apparel | |||
| A Model of Shortcut Usage in Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 337-346 | |
| Stefan Schaffer; Robert Schleicher; Sebastian Möller | |||
| Users of multimodal systems have to choose between different interaction
strategies. Thereby the number of interaction steps to solve a task can vary
across the available modalities. In this work we introduce such a task and
present empirical data that shows that strategy selection of users is affected
by modality specific shortcuts. The system under investigation offered touch
screen and speech as input modalities. We introduce a first version of an ACT-R
model that uses the architectures-inherent mechanisms production compilation
and utility learning to identify modality-specific shortcuts. A simple task
analysis is implemented in declarative memory. The model reasonably accurate
matches the human data. In our further work we will try to get a better fit by
extending the model with further influence factors of modality selection like
speech recognition errors. Further the model will be refined concerning the
cognitive processes of speech production and touch screen interaction. Keywords: Multimodal HCI; User Modeling; Automated Usability Evaluation | |||
| Multimodal User Interfaces in IPS² | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 347-356 | |
| Ulrike Schmuntzsch; Matthias Rötting | |||
| The field of Industrial Product-Service Systems (IPS2) faces various
challenges. Goal of the recently started project is the multimodal design of
interaction specific warnings and instructions in IPS2 for human operators with
relation to their interactions. This approach should help to prevent mistakes
of human operators whilst interaction and it should account for the support and
optimization of work process in the heterogeneous area of IPS2. Here we discuss
how such a project can be realized step-by-step. Keywords: Multimodal user interfaces; interaction specific warnings; user generated
instructions; IPS2 | |||
| The Application of the Human Model in the Thermal Comfort Assessment of Fighter Plane's Cockpit | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 357-366 | |
| Haifeng Shen; Xiugan Yuan | |||
| Thermal comfort is an important content concerned by aircraft designing and
using department. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a main numerical
simulation method used in this field. A human model of a pilot is built
according to its geometrical and thermal features in order to simulate the air
flow and heat transfer in a fighter plane's cockpit. The velocity and
temperature fields are obtained by using a numerical simulation flat involving
the human model above. Meanwhile, an experiment was carried out to prove the
effectiveness of numerical simulation. The comparison between calculation
results and experiment results shows that the calculation error of velocity and
temperature is 15% and 6% respectively, which proves that the human model can
be used for numerical simulation and satisfy the requirement of simulation
precision. Furthermore, some thermal comfort assessment criteria such as the
mean skin temperature and the core temperature of the body are obtained by
putting calculation result above into the Human Thermal Regulation System
(HTRS) model. Keywords: cockpit; CFD; human model; thermal comfort; assessment | |||
| Mass Customization Methodology for Footwear Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 367-375 | |
| Yifan Zhang; Ameersing Luximon; Xiao Ma; Xiaoling Guo; Ming Zhang | |||
| Nowadays consumers are sophisticated and want better quality personalized
products at lower prices. In order to satisfy consumers, footwear companies
have to predict consumers' trends and produce huge varieties of designs using
mass production technologies. This results in wastage and high inventory cost.
Recently mass customization methodologies have been proposed. Mass
customization enables the design and production of an almost custom made
product at almost mass production costs. This can be achieved by reducing the
wastage and inventory cost. The products are designed specifically for the
consumer, eventually improving consumer satisfaction and the companies' market
share. Many researchers have discussed the framework of mass customization;
however, there is limited study on the system details, especially for footwear
design. The main purpose of this research is to propose a methodology for the
mass customization of footwear -- both style and fit customization. Keywords: Footwear design; Mass customization; Custom footwear; Style customization;
Fit customization; Computer-Aided design (CAD) technology | |||
| Incorporating Motion Data and Cognitive Models in IPS² | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 379-386 | |
| Michael Beckmann; Jeronimo Dzaack | |||
| In the SFB/TR29 a focus lies on human factors and their integration into
Industrial Product-Service Systems (IPS2). These innovative systems are complex
and dynamic. Human operators need to be able to perform a multitude of complex
tasks in such socio-technical systems, providing a challenge to the operators
because of the high complexity. Therefore automatic assistance systems are
necessary for the overall reliability and effectiveness of such a system. This
article describes a theoretical approach for simulating human behavior with
cognitive models. The performed actions are recognized with motion capturing in
combination with machine learning. By evaluating the perceived action and
reality a description for the situation can be automatically generated in real
time. This can be used for e.g. providing the human operator with real time
contextual feedback. Keywords: Cognitive User Models; Error Prevention; Human-Machine Interaction; Machine
Learning; Gesture Recognition | |||
| Study on Synthetic Evaluation of Human Performance in Manually Controlled Spacecraft Rendezvous and Docking Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 387-393 | |
| Ting Jiang; Chunhui Wang; Zhiqiang Tian; Yongzhong Xu; Zheng Wang | |||
| Manual-Control Rendezvous and Docking (MCRVD) is a complex and demanding
task which requires astronauts to control the direction of six-freedom of the
spacecraft accurately by hand. Its performance has a close relationship among
the design of the spacecraft HCI, the control ability of the astronaut, and the
matching effect of the two factors above. In this paper, human performance for
these tasks was measured and a mathematical model to evaluate MCRVD performance
quantitatively was proposed. First, 3500 experiments were designed on a ground
simulated RVD system to examine characteristics and regulations of MCRVD
performance indexes, such as control deviation, fuel consumption etc.
Twenty-five male volunteers aged 25-35 participated in the experiment. Analysis
predicts that the performance indexes of MCRVD show the characteristics and
laws of stages. The process of MCRVD can be divided into three stages: tracking
control (about more than 20m distance), accurate control (less than 20m
distance) and docking stage (0m). The performance indexes of tracking and
accurate control show the relevance of characteristics, and the precision index
of docking reflects the difficulty of control the direction of the spacecraft.
For that reason, several statistics techniques, such as the factor analysis
method, the entropy analysis method etc, are utilized to analyze the weight
coefficient of each performance index. After that we presented a novel
multi-hierarchy integrated evaluation method, which includes four hierarchies:
the performance of the tracking control, the performance of the accurate
control, the precision of docking and the result of docking. Finally we
utilized this method to analyze the human performance in MCRVD, which verifies
the validity of our method. Keywords: Manual-control Rendezvous and Docking; Human Performance; evaluation method | |||
| Dynamic Power Tool Operation Model: Experienced Users vs. Novice Users | | BIBA | Full-Text | 394-398 | |
| Jia-Hua Lin; Raymond W. McGorry; Chien-Chi Chang | |||
| Previous study demonstrated that a single-degree-of-freedom mechanical model can represent a human power tool operator subjective to impulsive torque reactions. Using only novice tool users, it was shown that the mechanical capabilities to respond to tool torque reaction depended on workstation location and orientation, and varied among users (Lin, Radwin, & Richard, 2000). It was hypothesized that the mechanical model elements among experienced tool operators may be different from novice users. A laboratory study was carried out to measure the equivalent mechanical parameters among the novice and experienced tools users. The results demonstrate the difference between the two groups. Those may represent the strategy developed by the experienced users to minimize the impacts from the impulsive torque reactions. | |||
| An Empirical Study of Disassembling Using an Augmented Vision System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 399-408 | |
| Barbara Odenthal; Marcel Ph. Mayer; Wolfgang Kabuß; Bernhard Kausch; Christopher M. Schlick | |||
| Within the Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for
High-Wage Countries" of RWTH Aachen University a numerical control unit and its
ergonomic human-machine interface are developed for a robotized production
unit. In order to cope with novel systems, the human operator will have to meet
new challenges regarding the work requirements. Therefore, based on a first
prototype of an augmented vision system (AVS) assisting the human operator in
error detection the system is enhanced in order to deal with the task of error
correction. Laboratory tests have been performed to find a preferable solution
to support the human operator in disassembling of the erroneous object in order
to correct the detected error in cooperation with the robot. Significant
effects of the supporting mode regarding human assembly time will be presented. Keywords: Augmented Reality; Disassembly; Cognitive Automation | |||
| Polymorphic Cumulative Learning in Integrated Cognitive Architectures for Analysis of Pilot-Aircraft Dynamic Environment | | BIBA | Full-Text | 409-416 | |
| Yin Tangwen; Shan Fu | |||
| A Polymorphic Cumulative Learning (PCL) Conception was proposed in order to make it feasible for Digital Pilots (DP) in trying to have the capability to incorporate various forms of learning mechanisms as abundant as human do. An integrated cognitive architecture for analysis of pilot-aircraft dynamic environment (ICA-APADE) which will facilitate aircraft design and evaluation is devised as a framework to make the analysis and implementation of the PCL conception more concrete and practical. | |||
| A Context-Aware Adaptation System for Spatial Augmented Reality | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 417-425 | |
| Anne Wegerich; Matthias Rötting | |||
| From an HCI point of view Augmented Reality (AR) displays have a very
specific characteristic. The shown information consists of a virtual and a
nearly uncontrollable and cluttering real part. Thus, AR visualizations can be
ambiguous, imprecise, or difficult to understand. To avoid this, the presented
project shows a systematic method for adapting AR visualizations to the user's
needs and perceptual properties. Therefore, we firstly reused and extended
established 2D visualization models with AR specific visualization parameters
and secondly incorporated known AR specific perception facts to set up an AR
smart home control system in a kitchen. The control system involves spatial AR
displays (sAR) and makes use of context information like current user tasks or
the user's position. The goal is to provide a generic approach of displaying
unambiguous AR information at the right time and location without overwhelming
the user. Keywords: Spatial Augmented Reality; Information Visualization; Perception;
Evaluation; Context-Awareness; Smart Kitchen Displays | |||
| Using Physiological Parameters to Evaluate Operator's Workload in Manual Controlled Rendezvous and Docking (RVD) | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 426-435 | |
| Bin Wu; Fang Hou; Zhi Yao; Jianwei Niu; Weifen Huang | |||
| How to train the astronauts for complicated operation in spaceflight such as
manually controlled rendezvous and docking (RVD) is a common and important
question. In this paper, two training methods named Routine method and
Confusing method were proposed from astronaut training experience. Two-factor
experiment was conducted. The factors are training method and operation
difficulty level. Sixteen male subjects participated in this experiment. Eight
participants were trained with Routine method and the other eight trained with
Confusing method. Physiological parameters, such as respiratory rate, body
temperature, heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), were adopted as
the dependent variables to evaluate operator's workload. Results show that
there are significant differences on body temperature, respiratory rate, cubic
root of high frequency component (HF) of HRV, normalized low frequency
component (LFNu) of HRV, and mean heart rate (HR) (p values are 0.010, 0.000,
0.042, 0.009 and 0.000, respectively) between training methods, while other
physiological parameters show no significant difference. Furthermore, only
significant difference on body temperature (p value is 0.010) was found between
different operation difficulty levels. Therefore, suitable training methods
deserve thorough investigation since they have significant effects on the
physiological workload of the operators. In conclusion, this work provides
insight into the effect of some influencing factors to workload during the RVD
procedure, and will benefit the astronaut training in future. Keywords: Rendezvous and Docking (RVD); Training method; Difficulty level;
Physiological parameter; Work load | |||
| Task Complexity Related Training Effects on Operation Error of Spaceflight Emergency Task | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 436-445 | |
| Yijing Zhang; Bin Wu; Xiang Zhang; Wang Quanpeng; Min Liu | |||
| This paper aims to investigate the training effects on the operation errors
of Chinese operators when they conduct spaceflight emergent tasks with
different complexity. Twenty-eight operators participated in one training
experiment and took nine tasks which were divided into three complexity levels
based on complexity measures. Six operation errors were recognized based on one
engineering classification method. The results showed that training can reduce
the errors significantly in practice trails. Different effects were also found
on operation errors of tasks with varying complexity. Training did not exert
significant influence on some error types, such as time estimation error, which
might rely more on the inherent cognitive ability. In test trails, training
differentially reduced errors on the high-complexity tasks, but showed no
effect on the other tasks. The results implied that future training programs
should be designed based on the complexity of tasks and the cognitive
characteristics of astronauts. Keywords: Training effect; Operation error; Task complexity; Emergency tasks; Error
classification | |||
| The Research of Crew Workload Evaluation Based on Digital Human Model | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 446-450 | |
| Yiyuan Zheng; Shan Fu | |||
| The present paper presented the requirements of a digital human model used
in the research of human factors in flight deck design and the methods to
assess the workload, and established one model to evaluate the crew workload
based on certain task. Keywords: Digital Human Model; Human factors; Fuzzy Model Identification | |||
| A Simulation Environment for Analysis and Optimization of Driver Models | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 453-462 | |
| Ola Benderius; Gustav Markkula; Krister Wolff; Mattias Wahde | |||
| A simulation environment for evaluation and optimization of driver models is
introduced and described. The simulation environment features models of
vehicles and drivers, as well as a representation of the traffic environment
(roads, buildings etc.). In addition, an optimization framework based on
stochastic optimization algorithms has been implemented as an integral part of
the simulation environment. Given observed (time series) data of driver
behavior and, possibly, vehicle dynamics, the optimization framework can be
used for inferring driver model parameters. The simulation environment has been
evaluated in two scenarios, one involving emergency braking and one involving a
double lane change. Keywords: driver models; optimization; vehicle simulation; emergency braking; double
lane change | |||
| Learning the Relevant Percepts of Modular Hierarchical Bayesian Driver Models Using a Bayesian Information Criterion | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 463-472 | |
| Mark Eilers; Claus Möbus | |||
| Modeling drivers' behavior is essential for the rapid prototyping of
error-compensating assistance systems. Various authors proposed
control-theoretic and production-system models. Based on psychological studies
various perceptual measures (angles, distances, time-to-x-measures) have been
proposed for such models. These proposals are partly contradictory and depend
on special experimental settings. A general computational vision theory of
driving behavior is still pending. We propose the selection of drivers'
percepts according to their statistical relevance. In this paper we present a
new machine-learning method based on a variant of the Bayesian Information
Criterion (BIC) using a parent-child-monitor to obtain minimal sets of percepts
which are relevant for drivers' actions in arbitrary scenarios or maneuvers. Keywords: Probabilistic Driver model; Bayesian Autonomous Driver model;
Mixture-of-Behavior model; Bayesian Real-Time-Control; Machine-Learning;
Bayesian Information Criterion; Hierarchical Bayesian Models | |||
| Impact and Modeling of Driver Behavior Due to Cooperative Assistance Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 473-482 | |
| Florian Laquai; Markus Duschl; Gerhard Rigoll | |||
| Current developments in Car2X communication technology provide the basis for
novel driver assistance systems. To assess the impact of such a system on a
group of cars approaching a non moving traffic jam, the driver behavior
resulting from a system which supports anticipatory driving is modeled and used
in a sub-microscopic traffic simulation. By equipping various percentages of a
simulated group of cars with the model, the effect of the system on maximum
deceleration and fuel consumption can be assessed. Finally the problems
resulting from switching between different driver models are discussed. Keywords: Driver modeling; Deceleration; Traffic simulation; Anticipatory driving | |||
| Predicting the Focus of Attention and Deficits in Situation Awareness with a Modular Hierarchical Bayesian Driver Model | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 483-492 | |
| Claus Möbus; Mark Eilers; Hilke Garbe | |||
| Situation Awareness (SA) is defined as the perception of elements in the
environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their
meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future [1]. Lacking SA
or having inadequate SA has been identified as one of the primary factors in
accidents attributed to human error [2]. In this paper we present a
probabilistic machine-learning-based approach for the real-time prediction of
the focus of attention and deficits of SA using a Bayesian driver model as a
driving monitor. This Bayesian driving monitor generates expectations
conditional on the actions of the driver which are treated as evidence in the
Bayesian driver model. Keywords: Focus of attention; deficits in situation awareness; Bayesian autonomous
driver model; Bayesian driving monitor; modular hierarchical Bayesian driver
model; learning of action-relevant percepts | |||
| The Two-Point Visual Control Model of Steering -- New Empirical Evidence | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 493-502 | |
| Hendrik Neumann; Barbara Deml | |||
| Formal models of human steering behavior can enhance our understanding of
perceptual and cognitive processes involved in lateral control. One such model
is the two-point visual control model of steering proposed by Salvucci and Gray
[8]. An experiment was conducted to test one of its central assumptions, namely
that people use information coming from only two locations, a near region about
8m in front of the car and a far region 0,9s down the road, for lane keeping.
42 subjects completed a simulated driving task; road visibility was either
unrestricted or reduced according to the assumptions of the two-point model.
Additionally, the subjects could either freely choose where to look or had to
fixate a target located in the far region. Analysis of steering precision data
showed that reduced visibility did not reduce steering precision, thus lending
support to the near/far region assumption of the two-point model. Keywords: Driver Modeling; Lane Keeping; Near/Far Point; Two-Point Visual Control
Model of Steering | |||
| Automation Effects on Driver's Behaviour When Integrating a PADAS and a Distraction Classifier | | BIBA | Full-Text | 503-512 | |
| Fabio Tango; Luca Minin; Raghav Aras; Olivier Pietquin | |||
| The FP7 EU project ISi-PADAS aims at conceiving an intelligent system, called PADAS, to support drivers, which intervenes continuously from warning up to automatic braking in the whole longitudinal control of the vehicle. However, such supporting systems can have some unwanted side-effect: due to the presence of automation in the driving task, less attention and reaction are needed by the drivers to intervene in the longitudinal control of the vehicle. Such a paper aims at investigating the effects of the level of automation on drivers, in particular on their Situation Awareness, when the user is supported by a specific PADAS application, integrated with a driver's distraction classifier. | |||
| What Is Human? How the Analysis of Brain Dynamics Can Help to Improve and Validate Driver Models | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 513-522 | |
| Sebastian Welke; Janna Protzak; Matthias Rötting; Thomas Jürgensohn | |||
| To model realistic driver behavior, research interest is growing to develop
new approaches that deal with the integration of cognitive processing steps in
order to tune the modeled behavior to be more human-like. But what means
human-like in this context? This paper deals with the question: How brain
dynamics can help to get insights into the internal processes preceding
intended driver behavior? Features extracted from electroencephalography (EEG)
data can serve as an indicator of such neural activities. This approach will be
illustrated by two experiments, dealing with simple button presses and more
complex realistic steering maneuvers in an obstacle avoidance task. We found
the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) in both experiments preceding button
presses (~200ms) and steering maneuvers (~190ms) as a valid neuronal
characteristic for motor preparation processes. This data indicates, that a
time range about 200ms should be considered between decide and action
components to describe driver models more human-like. Keywords: EEG; LRP; realistic driver modeling Note: Best Paper Award | |||
| Less Driving While Driving? An Approach for the Estimation of Effects of Future Vehicle Automation Systems on Driver Behavior | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 523-532 | |
| Bertram Wortelen; Andreas Lüdtke | |||
| We present a concept for the automatic estimation of the effect of newly
introduced in-vehicle systems on driver's gaze behavior by means of executable
cognitive driver models. Structure and properties of the complete system are
shown. Particular attention is paid to the underlying model of visual attention
which is integrated in the cognitive architecture CASCaS. Different
alternatives for the operationalization of human expectancy as one influencing
factor of visual attention are presented and discussed. Principal applicability
of the model is demonstrated on a laboratory four-instrument visual scanning
task. First results are briefly discussed. Future steps are outlined. Keywords: Cognitive Driver Model; CASCaS; Visual Scanning; In-Vehicle System
Evaluation | |||