topauthor: Mackinlay_J* : Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography Search

[1] Automatic generation of semantic icon encodings for visualizations Designing and understanding visualizations / Setlur, Vidya / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2014-04-26 v.1 p.541-550

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Authors use icon encodings to indicate the semantics of categorical information in visualizations. The default icon libraries found in visualization tools often do not match the semantics of the data. Users often manually search for or create icons that are more semantically meaningful. This process can hinder the flow of visual analysis, especially when the amount of data is large, leading to a suboptimal user experience. We propose a technique for automatically generating semantically relevant icon encodings for categorical dimensions of data points. The algorithm employs natural language processing in order to find relevant imagery from the Internet. We evaluate our approach on Mechanical Turk by generating large libraries of icons using Tableau Public workbooks that represent real analytical effort by people out in the world. Our results show that the automatic algorithm does nearly as well as the manually created icons, and particularly has higher user satisfaction for larger cardinalities of data.

[2] 3Book: a 3D electronic smart book Extending to multidimensional interfaces / Card, Stuart K. / Hong, Lichan / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Chi, Ed H. Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces 2004-05-25 p.303-307

Keywords: 3D UI, 3D books, eBooks, electronic publishing, sensemaking, spreading activation

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This paper describes the 3Book, a 3D interactive visualization of a codex book as a component for various digital library and sensemaking systems. The book is designed to hold large books and to support sensemaking operations by readers. The book includes methods in which the automatic semantic analysis of the book's content is used to dynamically tailor access.

[3] 3Book: a scalable 3D virtual book Late breaking result papers / Card, Stuart K. / Hong, Lichan / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Chi, Ed H. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2004-04-24 v.2 p.1095-1098

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This paper describes the 3Book, a 3D interactive visualization of a codex book as a component for digital library and information-intensive applications. The 3Book is able to represent books of almost unlimited length, allows users to read large format books, and has features to enhance reading and sensemaking.

[4] Wideband displays: mitigating multiple monitor seams Late breaking result papers / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Heer, Jeffrey Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2004-04-24 v.2 p.1521-1524

[5] City lights: contextual views in minimal space Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation / Zellweger, Polle T. / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Good, Lance / Stefik, Mark / Baudisch, Patrick Proceedings of ACM CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2003-04-05 v.2 p.838-839

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: City Lights are space-efficient fisheye techniques that provide contextual views along the borders of windows and subwindows that describe unseen objects in all directions. We present a family of techniques that use a range of graphical dimensions to depict varied information about unseen objects. City Lights can be used alone or in conjunction with scrollbars, 2D overview+detail, and interaction techniques such as zoomable user interfaces.

[6] Fluid annotations through open hypermedia: using and extending emerging web standards Hypermedia in the Small / Bouvin, Niels Olof / Zellweger, Polle T. / Grønbæk, Kaj / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on the World Wide Web 2002-05-07 p.160-171

Keywords: RDF, XLink, XPointer, annotations, Annotea, fluid documents, web augmentation with open hypermedia

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: The Fluid Documents project has developed various research prototypes that show that powerful annotation techniques based on animated typographical changes can help readers utilize annotations more effectively. Our recently-developed Fluid Open Hypermedia prototype supports the authoring and browsing of fluid annotations on third-party Web pages. This prototype is an extension of the Arakne Environment, an open hypermedia application that can augment Web pages with externally stored hypermedia structures. This paper describes how various Web standards, including DOM, CSS, XLink, XPointer, and RDF, can be used and extended to support fluid annotations.

[7] TrekTrack: A Round Wristwatch Interface for SMS Authoring Research Challenges and Novel Input / Kirkeby, Anders / Zacho, Rasmus / Mackinlay, Jock / Zellweger, Polle Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing 2001-09-30 p.292-298

Keywords: Mobile computing; round display; polar coordinate navigation; SMS; text entry; input devices; wheel interface; angular movement; radial movement

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: The user interface for text messaging via SMS has changed little since the technology was introduced on cell phones. Authoring text with a phone keypad is tedious and error-prone. Furthermore, the cell phone intrudes into other activities while hands hold it for authoring. In this paper we suggest a future alternative user interface for SMS messages based on a round wristwatch device. Two button-wheels are used to access a round hi-res color display. Text input is done with a round soft keyboard that maps intuitively to the button-wheels using the angular and radial movements of polar coordinates. Furthermore, a wristwatch device has an aesthetics that is less intrusive than a cell phone. Since the device is always deployed, authoring is easily interrupted to use the hands for other tasks. Informal user evaluation of a prototype implementation suggests that this novel round design provides an improved user experience for authoring SMS compared to cell phones.

[8] Posters and Demos Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2001-08-14 p.6

ACM Digital Library Link

Demos
	Compendium: A Hypertext Approach for Participatory, Real Time, Hybrid Knowledge Capture & Publishing
		+ Conklin, Jeff
		+ Selvin, Albert
		+ Shum, Simon Buckingham
		+ Sierhuis, Maarten
	Fluid Annotations on the Web with Open Hypermedia
		+ Bouvin, Niels Olof
		+ Zellweger, Polle T.
		+ Jehoj, Henning
		+ Mackinlay, Jock
	Visualizing guided tours with W3D
		+ Poulsen, Signe Herbers
		+ Fjord-Larsen, Mads
		+ Hansen, Frank Allan
		+ Christensen, Bent Guldbjerg
	Open 3D Spatial Hypermedia as Roomware Components for Interactive Workspaces
		+ Orbaek, Peter
		+ Christensen, Michael
		+ Mogensen, Preben
		+ Grønbæk, Kaj
	XCHIPS:The Cooperative Hypermedia Approach to Engineering and Operation of Virtual Enterprises
		+ Wang, Weigang
		+ Rubart, Jessica
		+ Jorg M.Haake, 		+ 
	Linking video:Beyond nodes,links and navigation
		+ Varvin, Gunhild
		+ Skjulstad, Synne
	Kipling s Heritage
		+ Calvi, Licia
	InfiniTe: Hypermedia-Supported Information Integration
		+ Anderson, Kenneth M.
		+ Sherba, Susanne A.
	Leiki -- a platform for personalized content targeting
		+ Pennanen, Petrus
		+ Alatalo, Toni
	The Adelard Safety Case Editor
		+ Emmet, Luke
	ConceptLab:An Information Structures Spatial Hypermedia Environment
		+ Simpson, Rosemary Michelle
	Using Continuous Metadata to aid Navigation of Ontological and Temporal Information Spaces
		+ Cruickshank, Don
		+ De Roure, David
		+ Hughes, Gareth
		+ Page, Kevin
		+ Millard, David
		+ Moreau, Luc
		+ Weal, Mark
	Jun-ART: A Component Library for Building Interactive Spatial Hypermedia Systems
		+ Nakakoji, Kumiyo
		+ Yamamoto, Yasuhiro
		+ Aoki, Atsushi
Posters
	Observations of a Science Team Becoming Hypertext-Aware
		+ Barkstrom, Bruce R.
		+ Welch, Charlene H.
	Link and Paratext in Hypertextual Narrative
		+ Mielniczuk, Luciana
		+ Palacios, Marcos
	Elastic JavaDoc
		+ Graversen, Kasper B.
	Appliance Independent User Interaction
		+ Karl M.Goschka, 		+ 
		+ Smeikal, Robert
	A common hypertext versioning scenario
		+ Whitehead, Jim
	Tempo:A Context-Sensitive Search Engine
		+ Thomaz, Edison, Jr.
	Literature Growth Patterns in the Field of Hypertext
		+ Ramaiah, Chennupati K.
		+ Eusope, Asmah
	Different Level Service for Hypermedia data on the Web
		+ Rhee, Yoon-Jung
		+ Hyun, Eun-Sil
		+ Kim, Tae-Woo
		+ Kim, Tai-Yun
	Fairness Service Mechanism for Busy Web Server
		+ Rhee, Yoon-Jung
		+ Kim, Jeong-Beom
		+ Choi, Chang-Won
		+ Kim, Tai-Yun
	A personalized hypermedia application for web-based tools
		+ Gena, Cristina
		+ Perna, Amedeo
		+ Cena, Federica
		+ Morisano, Roberta
	InfiniTe: Hypermedia-Supported Information Integration
		+ Anderson, Kenneth M.
		+ Sherba, Susanne A.
	Dynamic generation of personalized touristic information on the Web
		+ Ardissono, L.
		+ Goy, A.
		+ Petrone, G.
		+ Segnan, M.
		+ Torasso, P.
	Towards the OWLA methodology for development of Open, Web/Wireless and Adaptive hypermedia information systems
		+ Alatalo, Toni
		+ Siponen, Mikko T.
	Hypermedia in the Kimura System Using Spatial, Temporal, & Navigational Relationships to Support Multitasking, Background Awareness
		+ Hansen, Klaus Marius
		+ MacIntyre, Blair
		+ Mynatt, Elizabeth D.
		+ Tullio, Joe
		+ Voida, Steve

[9] Fluid annotations in an open world 1a -- Links and Navigation / Zellweger, Polle T. / Bouvin, Niels Olof / Jehoj, Henning / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2001-08-14 p.9-18

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Fluid Documents use animated typographical changes to provide a novel and appealing user experience for hypertext browsing and for viewing document annotations in context. This paper describes an effort to broaden the utility of Fluid Documents by using the open hypermedia Arakne Environment to layer fluid annotations and links on top of arbitrary HTML pages on the World Wide Web. Changes to both Fluid Documents and Arakne are required.

[10] The Impact of Fluid Documents on Reading and Browsing: An Observational Study WWW Navigation Aids / Zellweger, Polle T. / Regli, Susan Harkness / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Chang, Bay-Wei Proceedings of ACM CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2000-04-01 v.1 p.249-256

Keywords: Fluid user interfaces, Fluid documents, Focus+context, Hypertext navigation, On-line reading, Eye tracking, Studies of dynamic user interfaces

1077 KB

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: Fluid Documents incorporate additional information into a page by adjusting typography using interactive animation. One application is to support hypertext browsing by providing glosses for link anchors. This paper describes an observational study of the impact of Fluid Documents on reading and browsing. The study involved six conditions that differ along several dimensions, including the degree of typographic adjustment and the distance glosses are placed from anchors. Six subjects read and answered questions about two hypertext corpora while being monitored by an eyetracker. The eyetracking data revealed no substantial differences in eye behavior between conditions. Gloss placement was significant: subjects required less time to use nearby glosses. Finally, the reaction to the conditions was highly varied, with several conditions receiving both a best and worst rating on the subjective questionnaires. These results suggest implications for the design of dynamic reading environments.

[11] Fluid links for informed and incremental hypertext browsing Video demonstrations: tangible, dynamic, and accessible interfaces / Zellweger, Polle T. / Chang, Bay Wei / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of ACM CHI 99 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1999-05-15 v.2 p.7-8

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This paper and video present a novel user interface technique for hypertext, called fluid links, that has several advantages over current methods. Fluid links provide additional information at a link source, termed a gloss, to support readers in choosing among links and understanding the structure of a hypertext. Fluid links present glosses in a convenient location that does not obscure the content or layout of source material. The technique uses perceptually-based animation to provide a natural and lightweight feeling to readers. Fluid links provide a novel hypertext navigation paradigm that blurs the boundary between source and destination: computed glosses supply a "bring from" approach to hypertext, while multi-way links and nested glosses allow readers to skip through intermediate nodes while still attending to their original source context.

[12] A Negotiation Architecture for Fluid Documents Enabling Architectures / Chang, Bay-Wei / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Zellweger, Polle T. / Igarashi, Takeo Proceedings of the 1998 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1998-11-01 p.123-132

Keywords: Fluid user interfaces, Fluid documents, Negotiation architecture, Scaling, Zooming, Focus+context, Annotation

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: The information presented in a document often consists of primary content as well as supporting material such as explanatory notes, detailed derivations, illustrations, and the like. We introduce a class of user interface techniques for fluid documents that supports the reader's shift to supporting material while maintaining the context of the primary material. Our approach initially minimizes the intrusion of supporting material by presenting it as a small visual cue near the annotated primary material. When the user expresses interest in the annotation, it expands smoothly to a readable size. At the same time, the primary material makes space for the expanded annotation. The expanded supporting material must be given space to occupy, and it must be made salient with respect to the surrounding primary material. These two aspects, space and salience, are subject to a negotiation between the primary and supporting material. This paper presents the components of our fluid document techniques and describes the negotiation architecture for ensuring that the presentations of both primary and supporting material are honored.

[13] Fluid Links for Informed and Incremental Link Transitions Novel Systems and Interfaces / Zellweger, Polle T. / Chang, Bay-Wei / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext 1998-06-20 p.50-57

Keywords: Fluid UI, Fluid links, Hypertext navigation paradigms, Rhetoric of departure, Scent, User interface, Animation

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: We have developed a novel user interface technique for hypertext, called fluid links, that has several advantages over current methods. Fluid links provide additional information at a link source to support readers in choosing among links and understanding the structure of a hypertext. Fluid links present this information in a convenient location that does not obscure the content or layout of the source material. The technique uses perceptually-based animation to provide a natural and lightweight feeling to readers. In their richer forms, fluid links can provide a novel hypertext navigation paradigm that blurs the boundaries of hypertext nodes and can allow readers to fluidly control the focus on the material to support their current reading goals.

[14] Visualizing the Evolution of Web Ecologies Visualizing Dynamic Information / Chi, Ed H. / Pitkow, James / Mackinlay, Jock / Pirolli, Peter / Gossweiler, Rich / Card, Stuart K. Proceedings of ACM CHI 98 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1998-04-18 v.1 p.400-407

Keywords: World Wide Web, Visualization, Log file analysis, Temporal analysis, Information ecologies, Hypertext, Documents

color plate on pp. 644-645

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: Several visualizations have emerged which attempt to visualize all or part of the World Wide Web. Those visualizations, however, fail to present the dynamically changing ecology of users and documents on the Web. We present new techniques for Web Ecology and Evolution Visualization (WEEV). Disk Trees represent a discrete time slice of the Web ecology. A collection of Disk Trees forms a Time Tube, representing the evolution of the Web over longer periods of time. These visualizations are intended to aid authors and webmasters with the production and organization of content, assist Web surfers making sense of information, and help researchers understand the Web.

[15] EDITED BOOK Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces / Maybury, Mark T. / Wahlster, Wolfgang 1998 p.736 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

ISBN: 1-55860-444-8

Intelligent User Interfaces: An Introduction
I. MULTIMEDIA INPUT ANALYSIS
"Put-That-There": Voice and Gesture at the Graphics Interface
	+ Bolt, R. A.
Synergistic Use of Direct Manipulation and Natural Language
	+ Cohen, P. R.
	+ Dalrymple, M.
	+ Moran, D. B.
Natural Language with Integrated Deictic and Graphic Gestures
	+ Neal, J. G.
	+ Thielman, C. Y.
	+ Dobes, Z.
Integrating Simultaneous Input from Speech, Gaze, and Hand Gestures
	+ Koons, D. B.
	+ Sparrell, C. J.
	+ Thorisson, K. R.
The Use of Eye Movements in Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: What You Look at Is What You Get
	+ Jacob, R.
II. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION DESIGN
Automating the Generation of Coordinated Multimedia Explanations
	+ Feiner, S. K.
	+ McKeown, K. R.
Planning Multimedia Explanations Using Communicative Acts
	+ Maybury, M. T.
Plan-Based Integration of Natural Language and Graphics Generation
	+ Wahlster, W.
	+ Andre, E.
	+ Finkler, W.
Presentation Design Using an Integrated Knowledge Base
	+ Arens, Y.
	+ Miller, L.
	+ Sondheimer, N. K.
Automatic Generation of Technical Documentation
	+ Reiter, E.
	+ Mellish, C.
	+ Levine, J.
On the Knowledge Underlying Multimedia Presentations
	+ Arens, Y.
	+ Hovy, E.
	+ Vossers, M.
III. AUTOMATED GRAPHICS DESIGN
Automating the Design of Graphical Presentations of Relational Information
	+ Mackinlay, J. D.
Data Characterization for Intelligent Graphics Presentation
	+ Roth, S. F.
	+ Mattis, J.
A Task-Analytic Approach to the Automated Design of Graphic Presentations
	+ Casner, S. M.
Automated Generation of Intent-Based 3D Illustrations
	+ Seligmann, D.
	+ Feiner, S.
Interactive Graphic Design Using Automatic Presentation Knowledge
	+ Roth, S. F.
	+ Kolojejchick, J.
	+ Mattis, J.
IV. AUTOMATED LAYOUT
A Grid-Based Approach to Automating Display Layout
	+ Feiner, S. K.
Automatic Generation of Formatted Text
	+ Hovy, E.
	+ Arens, Y.
Constraint-Based Graphical Layout of Multimodal Presentations
	+ Graf, W. H.
An Empirical Study of Algorithms for Point-Feature Label Placement
	+ Christensen, J.
	+ Marks, J.
	+ Shieber, S.
Grammar-Based Articulation for Multimedia Document Design
	+ Weitzman, L.
	+ Wittenburg, K.
V. USER AND DISCOURSE MODELING
User Modeling via Stereotypes
	+ Rich, E.
Intelligent Interfaces as Agents
	+ Chin, D. N.
User and Discourse Models for Multimodal Communication
	+ Wahlster, W.
KN-AHS: An Adaptive Hypertext Client of the User Modeling System BGP-MS
	+ Kobsa, A.
	+ Muller, D.
	+ Nill, A.
Planning Text for Advisory Dialogues: Capturing Intentional and Rhetorical Information
	+ Moore, J. D.
	+ Paris, C. L.
Planning Interactive Explanations
	+ Cawsey, A.
Natural Language and Exploration of an Information Space: The ALFresco Interactive System
	+ Stock, O.
The Application of Natural Language Models to Intelligent Multimedia
	+ Burger, J. D.
	+ Marshall, R. J.
VI. MODEL-BASED INTERFACES
Steamer: An Interactive Inspectable Simulation-Based Training System
	+ Hollan, J. D.
	+ Hutchins, E. L.
	+ Weitzman, L. M.
A Knowledge-Based User Interface Management System
	+ Foley, J.
	+ Gibbs, C.
	+ Kim, W.
ITS: A Tool for Rapidly Developing Interactive Applications
	+ Wiecha, C.
	+ Bennett, W.
	+ Boies, S.
Beyond Interface Builders: Model-Based Interface Tools
	+ Szekely, P.
	+ Luo, P.
	+ Neches, R.
Model-Based Automated Generation of User Interfaces
	+ Puerta, A. R.
	+ Eriksson, H.
	+ Gennari, J. H.
Automatic Generation of a User Interface for Highly Interactive Business-Oriented Applications
	+ Vanderdonckt, J.
VII. AGENT INTERFACES
Agents That Reduce Work and Information Overload
	+ Maes, P.
Embedding Critics in Design Environments
	+ Fischer, G.
	+ Nakakoji, K.
	+ Ostwald, J.
Multimodal Interaction for Distributed Interactive Simulation
	+ Cohen, P.
	+ Johnston, M.
	+ McGee, D.
Speech Dialogue with Facial Displays: Multimodal Human-Computer Conversation
	+ Nagao, K.
	+ Takeuchi, A.
Animated Conversation: Rule-Based Generation of Facial Expression, Gesture and Spoken Intonation for Multiple Conversational Agents
	+ Cassell, J.
	+ Pelachaud, C.
	+ Badler, N.
VIII. EVALUATION
A Morphological Analysis of the Design Space of Input Devices
	+ Card, S. K.
	+ Mackinlay, J. D.
	+ Robertson, G. G.
Wizard of Oz Studies -- Why and How
	+ Dahlback, N.
	+ Jonsson, A.
	+ Ahrenberg, L.
User-Centered Modeling for Spoken Language and Multimodal Interfaces
	+ Oviatt, S. L.
PARADISE: A Framework for Evaluating Spoken Dialogue Agents
	+ Walker, M.
	+ Litman, D.
	+ Kamm, C.

[16] UIST'007: Where Will We Be Ten Years From Now? Panel / Jacob, Robert J. K. / Feiner, Steven K. / Foley, James D. / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Olsen, Dan R., Jr. Proceedings of the 1997 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1997-10-14 p.115-118

Keywords: User interface software and technology, Human-computer interaction, Future, Prediction, UIST'2007

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: The conference this year is the tenth anniversary of UIST. The keynote talk discusses the history of UIST over the last ten years; this panel looks into the future of the field over the next ten. Each of the panelists will describe a scenario for what life will be like when we meet for UIST'07, ten years from now. They will also have a chance to challenge or question each others' scenarios and to participate in open discussion with the audience.

[17] An Organic User Interface for Searching Citation Links Papers: Information Access / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Rao, Ramana / Card, Stuart K. Proceedings of ACM CHI'95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1995-05-07 v.1 p.67-73

Keywords: Information visualization, Search, Browsing, Access management, Information retrieval, Organic user interfaces, Data fusion, Hypertext, Citation graphs

Link to ACM SIGCHI Conference Paper

Summary: This paper describes Butterfly, an Information Visualizer application for accessing DIALOG's Science Citation databases across the Internet. Network information often involves slow access that conflicts with the use of highly-interactive information visualization. Butterfly addresses this problem, integrating search, browsing, and access management via four techniques: 1) visualization supports the assimilation of retrieved information and integrates search and browsing activity, 2) automatically-created "link-generating" queries assemble bibliographic records that contain reference information into citation graphs, 3) asynchronous query processes explore the resulting graphs for the user, and 4) process controllers allow the user to manage these processes. We use our positive experience with the Butterfly implementation to propose a general information access approach, called Organic User Interfaces for Information Access, in which a virtual landscape grows under user control as information is accessed automatically.

[18] Browsing vs. Search: Can We Find a Synergy? Panels / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Zellweger, Polle T. / Chignell, Mark / Furnas, George / Salton, Gerard Proceedings of ACM CHI'95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1995-05-07 v.2 p.179-180

Keywords: Information access, Browsing, Search, Querying, Navigation, Information visualization

Link to ACM SIGCHI Conference Paper

Summary: This panel seeks a synergy between two common user interface approaches for information access: browsing and search. Panelists from a variety of backgrounds including information retrieval and hypertext will give short presentations suggesting what the synergy might be from their individual perspectives. The panelists and the audience will then jointly discuss how to achieve an overall synergy.

[19] Developing Calendar Visualizers for the Information Visualizer Visualization II / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Robertson, George G. / DeLine, Robert Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1994-11-02 p.109-118

Keywords: Information visualization graphical representations, Information retrieval, Detail+context technique, Interactive animation, 3D graphics, Calendars, Translucent shadows

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: The increasing mass of information confronting a business or an individual have created a demand for information management applications. Time-based information, in particular, is an important part of many information access tasks. This paper explores how to use 3D graphics and interactive animation to design and implement visualizers that improve access to large masses of time-based information. Two new visualizers have been developed for the Information Visualizer: 1) the Spiral Calendar was designed for rapid access to an individual's daily schedule, and 2) the Time Lattice was designed for analyzing the time relationships among the schedules of groups of people. The Spiral Calendar embodies a new 3D graphics technique for integrating detail and context by placing objects in a 3D spiral. It demonstrates that advanced graphics techniques can enhance routine office information tasks. The Time Lattice is formed by aligning a collection of 2D calendars. 2D translucent shadows provide views and interactive access to the resulting complex 3D object. The paper focuses on how these visualizations were developed. The Spiral Calendar, in particular, has gone through an entire cycle of development, including design, implementation, evaluation, revision and reuse. Our experience should prove useful to others developing user interfaces based on advanced graphics.

[20] The Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function: Display Evaluation for Direct-Walk Dynamic Information Visualizations PAPER ABSTRACTS: Evaluation Methods / Card, Stuart K. / Pirolli, Peter / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of ACM CHI'94 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1994-04-24 v.2 p.216

Keywords: Information visualization, Dynamic displays, Methodology, Evaluation, 3D user interfaces, Information Visualizer

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing information access from dynamic displays. The paper works out this method for a simple, but important, class of dynamic displays called direct-walk interactive information visualizations, in which information is accessed through a sequence of mouse selections and key selections. The method is used to characterize a simple calendar task for an application of the Information Visualizer, to compute the changes in characterization as the result of possible program variants, and to conduct empirical comparison between different systems with the same function.

[21] The Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function: Display Evaluation for Direct-Walk Dynamic Information Visualizations Evaluation Methods / Card, Stuart K. / Pirolli, Peter / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of ACM CHI'94 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1994-04-24 v.1 p.238-244

Keywords: Information visualization, Dynamic displays, Methodology, Evaluation, 3D user interfaces, Information Visualizer

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

[22] System Components for Embedded Information Retrieval from Multiple Disparate Information Sources Applications / Rao, Ramana / Russell, Daniel M. / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of the 1993 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1993-11-03 p.23-33

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: Current information retrieval interfaces only address a small part of the reality of rich interactions amongst user, task, and information sources. We view information gathering as an interactive, iterative activity involving multiple disparate information sources and embedded in the context of broader processes of information use. We have developed two key system components that enable information workspaces that adhere to this reformulation of information retrieval. The first is a design for a user/system interaction model for retrieval from multiple, disparate information sources. The second is a repository modeling system, called Repo, that represents meta-information about different information repositories in a manner that supports system operation as well as provides a direct information resource to the user. To test these ideas, we have utilized Repo and embodied the interaction model in the user interface of a system called Labrador.

[23] The Document Lens Visualizing Information / Robertson, George G. / Mackinlay, Jock D. Proceedings of the 1993 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1993-11-03 p.101-108

Keywords: User interface design issues, Interface metaphors, Graphic presentations, Screen layout, 3D interaction techniques

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: This paper describes a general visualization technique based on a common strategy for understanding paper documents when their structure is not known, which is to lay the pages of a document in a rectangular array on a large table where the overall structure and distinguishing features can be seen. Given such a presentation, the user wants to quickly view parts of the presentation in detail while remaining in context. A fisheye view or a magnifying lens might be used for this, but they fail to adequately show the global context. The Document Lens is a 3D visualization for large rectangular presentations that allows the user to quickly focus on a part of a presentation while continuously remaining in context. The user grabs a rectangular lens and pulls it around to focus on the desired area at the desired magnification. The presentation outside the lens is stretched to provide a continuous display of the global context. This stretching is efficiently implemented with affine transformations, allowing text documents to be viewed as a whole with an interactive visualization.

[24] The Information Grid: A Framework for Information Retrieval and Retrieval-Centered Applications Information Intensive Interfaces / Rao, Ramana / Card, Stuart K. / Jellinek, Herbert D. / Mackinlay, Jock D. / Robertson, George G. Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1992-11-15 p.23-32

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: The Information Grid (InfoGrid) is a framework for building information access applications that provides a user interface design and an interaction model. It focuses on retrieval of application objects as its top level mechanism for accessing user information, documents, or services. We have embodied the InfoGrid design in an object-oriented application framework that supports rapid construction of applications. This application framework has been used to build a number of applications, some that are classically characterized as information retrieval applications, other that are more typically viewed as personal work tools.

[25] Animation of User Interfaces Panel / Clanton, Chuck / Mackinlay, Jock / Ungar, Dave / Young, Emilie Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 1992-11-15 p.iii