topauthor: Kun_A* : Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography Search

[1] A Model Relating Pupil Diameter to Mental Workload and Lighting Conditions Eye Tracking Applications / Pfleging, Bastian / Fekety, Drea K. / Schmidt, Albrecht / Kun, Andrew L. Proceedings of the ACM CHI'16 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2016-05-07 v.1 p.5776-5788

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Summary: In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept approach to estimating mental workload by measuring the user's pupil diameter under various controlled lighting conditions. Knowing the user's mental workload is desirable for many application scenarios, ranging from driving a car, to adaptive workplace setups. Typically, physiological sensors allow inferring mental workload, but these sensors might be rather uncomfortable to wear. Measuring pupil diameter through remote eye-tracking instead is an unobtrusive method. However, a practical eye-tracking-based system must also account for pupil changes due to variable lighting conditions. Based on the results of a study with tasks of varying mental demand and six different lighting conditions, we built a simple model that is able to infer the workload independently of the lighting condition in 75% of the tested conditions.

[2] An Introduction to Automotive User Interfaces Course Overviews / Pfleging, Bastian / Broy, Nora / Kun, Andrew L. Extended Abstracts of the ACM CHI'16 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2016-05-07 v.2 p.961-964

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Summary: The objective of this course is to provide newcomers to Automotive User Interfaces with an introduction and overview of the field. The course will introduce the specifics and challenges of In-Vehicle User Interfaces that set this field apart from others. We will provide an overview of the specific requirements of AutomotiveUI, discuss the design of such interfaces, also with regard to standards and guidelines. We further outline how to evaluate interfaces in the car, discuss the challenges with upcoming automated driving and present trends and challenges in this domain.

[3] The Musical Road: Interacting with a Portable Music Player in the City and on the Highway Podium Presentations: Learning from evaluations of existing systems and user interfaces / Kun, Andrew L. / Brumby, Duncan P. / Medenica, Zeljko AutomotiveUI 2014: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2014-09-17 v.1 n.7 pages p.21

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Summary: It is well established that driving while interacting with a secondary in-car device, such as a portable music player, is distracting and can lead to a decline in driver safety and performance. One aspect that has not received as much attention though is the extent to which drivers adapt their interactions with an in-car device to the changing demands of the road. Do drivers adopt compensatory strategies or tactics when driving in more demanding settings? We investigate this question by conducting a driving simulator study in which participants were required to drive either in a city or a highway environment. During these drives, participants were asked to interact with an MP3 music player and make a series of either easy or difficult selections. It was found that participants who drove in the city made shorter glances to the in-car iPod than those that drove on the highway. As a result of this tactical change, participants had better lane keeping performance in the city, which was important given the narrower traffic lanes. As expected, we also replicate the well-known effect that more complex secondary in-car tasks are more distracting than simpler in-car tasks. The contribution this paper makes to the automotive UI community is that it provides evidence that drivers adapt to the demands of the driving environment even when interacting with secondary devices.

[4] CLW 2014: The Fourth Workshop on Cognitive Load and In-Vehicle Human-Machine Interaction Cognitive load and In-Vehicle Human-Machine Interaction (CLW) / Kun, Andrew L. / Miller, W. Thomas, III / Froehlich, Peter / Tashev, Ivan / Green, Paul A. / Iqbal, Shamsi / Reimer, Bryan / Gable, Thomas M. / Heeman, Peter A. AutomotiveUI 2014: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Adjunct Proceedings 2014-09-17 v.2 n.4 pages p.11

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Summary: Interactions with in-vehicle electronic devices can interfere with the primary task of driving and increase crash risk. Interactions with in-vehicle interfaces draw upon visual, manipulative and cognitive resources, with this workshop focusing on cognitive resources for which measurement processes are less well known or established. This workshop will focus on two methods of measuring cognitive load, the Decision Response Time Task and collecting eye fixation data. The workshop will describe and demonstrate how they are collected, and discuss how the resulting data are reduced and analyzed. The focus will be on practical aspects of collecting and analyzing data using these methods, not on reporting research results.

[5] Using speech, GUIs and buttons in police vehicles: field data on user preferences for the Project54 system Multimodal interaction / Miller, W. Thomas / Kun, Andrew L. AutomnotiveUI 2013: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2013-10-28 p.108-113

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Summary: The Project54 mobile system for law enforcement developed at the University of New Hampshire integrates the control of disparate law enforcement devices such as radar, VHF radio, video, and emergency lights and siren. In addition it provides access to state and national law enforcement databases via wireless data queries. Officers using Project54 are free to inter-mix three different user interface modes: the device native controls; an LCD touchscreen with keyboard and mouse; and voice commands with voice feedback. The Project54 system was utilized by the New Hampshire State Police agency wide for a period of seven years spanning 2005 through 2011. This paper presents an analysis of user preferences in regard to user interface modes during the three years 2009 through 2011, obtained through logs of daily system use in approximately 200 police cruisers. Results indicate that most officers chose to use the touch screen controls frequently instead of the device native controls, but only a minority chose to use the speech command interface.

[6] Using tap sequences to authenticate drivers Posters / Kun, Andrew L. / Royer, Travis / Leone, Adam AutomnotiveUI 2013: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2013-10-28 p.228-231

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Summary: Most vehicles only require a key to authenticate the driver. However, with vehicles becoming portals to digital information, many drivers might find this authentication method inadequate. In this paper we explore using tap sequences on the back of the steering wheel to authenticate drivers. Our results indicate that drivers can learn to use an authentication system that uses such taps, and that the system could provide good protection from shoulder-surfing attacks.

[7] Towards augmented reality navigation using affordable technology Posters / Palinko, Oskar / Kun, Andrew L. / Cook, Zachary / Downey, Adam / Lecomte, Aaron / Swanson, Meredith / Tomaszewski, Tina AutomnotiveUI 2013: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2013-10-28 p.238-241

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Summary: Augmented reality (AR) navigation systems are likely to improve the driving experience compared to today's personal navigation devices on the dashboard, as they don't require glances away from the road ahead. As technology is not yet capable to deliver an affordable and seamless HUD AR solution, we explore an inexpensive version of augmentation, which would have a similar benefit of reduced distraction. We propose using an LED (light emitting diode) matrix in the periphery of the driver's vision to indicate turns on the road. We find that such a system produces better results in visual attention, driving performance and in subjective measures compared to standard navigation devices.

[8] Estimating cognitive load using pupil diameter during a spoken dialogue task Posters / Heeman, Peter A. / Meshorer, Tomer / Kun, Andrew L. / Palinko, Oskar / Medenica, Zeljko AutomnotiveUI 2013: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2013-10-28 p.242-245

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Summary: We explore the feasibility of using pupil diameter to estimate how the cognitive load of the driver changes during a spoken dialogue task with a remote conversant. The conversants play a series of Taboo games, which do not follow a structured turn-taking nor initiative protocol. We contrast the driver's pupil diameter when the remote conversant begins speaking with the diameter right before the driver responds. Although we find a significant difference in pupil diameter for the first pair in each game, subsequent pairs show little difference. We speculate that this is due to the less structured nature of the task, where there are no set time boundaries on when the conversants work on the task. This suggests that spoken dialogue systems for in-car use might better manage the driver's cognitive load by using a more structured interaction, such as system-initiative dialogues.

[9] Automotive user interface research moves into fast lane SIGs / Boll, Susanne C. J. / Kun, Andrew L. / Fröhlich, Peter / Foley, James Extended Abstracts of ACM CHI'13 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2013-04-27 v.2 p.2525-2528

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Summary: This SIG will explore issues related to the design of in-vehicle human-computer interfaces. A modern vehicle's human-computer interface often facilitates the basic operation of the vehicle, but also provides more advanced features, such as assistive cruise control and lane keeping. Furthermore, today's drivers and passengers frequently use brought-in devices, in order to access navigation instructions, and use non-driving related types of digital information such as social media. The SIG will explore how in-vehicle interfaces can facilitate safe interactions for all of the occupants of the vehicle, and how they can take advantage of connected vehicle technologies.

[10] Exploring the effects of size and luminance of visual targets on the pupillary light reflex Workload and demand / Kun, Andrew L. / Palinko, Oskar / Razumenic, Ivan AutomnotiveUI 2012: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2012-10-17 p.183-186

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Summary: In driving simulator studies pupil diameter is often employed as a physiological measure of cognitive load. However, pupil size is primarily influenced by the pupillary light reflex (PLR). In this paper, we explore the influence of the size and luminance of visual targets on the PLR. Our results indicate that even for small targets (angular radius of 2.5°) changes in luminance can result in PLR that can obscure cognitive load-related pupil diameter changes. We propose a weighting function to be used to predict the PLR and present initial results that support its utility.

[11] Video call, or not, that is the question Work-in-progress / Kun, Andrew L. / Medenica, Zeljko Extended Abstracts of ACM CHI'12 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2012-05-05 v.2 p.1631-1636

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Summary: New technologies have made video calling in vehicles possible. Results from a driving simulator experiment indicate that video calling reduces visual attention on the road. While in some situations drivers would refrain from engaging in this activity, our results should serve as a warning to interface designers, lawmakers, transportation officials, and drivers that video calling presents a real distraction from driving.

[12] Exploring the effects of visual cognitive load and illumination on pupil diameter in driving simulators Uses and applications / Palinko, Oskar / Kun, Andrew L. Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications 2012-03-28 p.413-416

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Summary: Pupil diameter is an important measure of cognitive load. However, pupil diameter is also influenced by the amount of light reaching the retina. In this study we explore the interaction between these two effects in a simulated driving environment. Our results indicate that it is possible to separate the effects of illumination and visual cognitive load on pupil diameter, at least in certain situations.

[13] Investigating safety services on the motorway: the role of realistic visualization Studying car and driver / Fröhlich, Peter / Baldauf, Matthias / Hagen, Marion / Suette, Stefan / Schabus, Dietmar / Kun, Andrew L. AutomnotiveUI 2011: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2011-11-30 p.143-150

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Summary: Today's in-car information systems are undergoing an evolution towards realistic visualization as well as to real-time telematics services. In a road study with 31 participants we explored the communication of safety information to the driver. We compared three presentation styles: audio-only, audiovisual with a conventional map, and audiovisual with augmented reality. The participants drove on a motorway route and were confronted with recommendations for route following, speed limitation, lane utilization, unexpected route change, and emergency stops. We found significant differences between these safety scenarios in terms of driving performance, eye glances and subjective preference. Comparing the presentation styles, we found that following such recommendations was highly efficient in the audio-only mode. Additional visual information did not significantly increase driving performance. As our subjective preference data also shows, augmented reality does not necessarily create an added value when following safety-related traffic recommendations. However, additional visual information did not interfere with safe driving. Importantly, we did not find evidence for a higher distraction potential by augmented reality; drivers even looked slightly less frequently on the human-machine interface screen in the augmented reality mode than with conventional maps.

[14] User Experience in Cars Workshops / Tscheligi, Manfred / Schmidt, Albrecht / Wilfinger, David / Meschtscherjakov, Alexander / Kun, Andrew L. Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'11: Human-Computer Interaction 2011-09-05 v.4 p.742-743

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Summary: This workshop will address two emerging fields within the HCI community: user experience (UX) and the automotive context. It will bring HCI experts together to discuss UX factors for the specific characteristics of car interiors and automotive user interfaces. It targets the development of a better view of UX within the whole car (driver, front seat, backseat area) beyond traditional marketing instruments known within the automotive industry.

[15] Augmented reality vs. street views: a driving simulator study comparing two emerging navigation aids Outdoor navigation / Medenica, Zeljko / Kun, Andrew L. / Paek, Tim / Palinko, Oskar Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2011-08-30 p.265-274

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Summary: Prior research has shown that when drivers look away from the road to view a personal navigation device (PND), driving performance is affected. To keep visual attention on the road, an augmented reality (AR) PND using a heads-up display could overlay a navigation route. In this paper, we compare the AR PND, a technology that does not currently exist but can be simulated, with two PND technologies that are popular today: an egocentric street view PND and the standard map-based PND. Using a high-fidelity driving simulator, we examine the effect of all three PNDs on driving performance in a city traffic environment where constant, alert attention is required. Based on both objective and subjective measures, experimental results show that the AR PND exhibits the least negative impact on driving. We discuss the implications of these findings on PND design as well as methods for potential improvement.

[16] SiMPE: 6th Workshop on Speech in Mobile and Pervasive Environments Workshops / Nanavati, A. A. / Rajput, N. / Rudnicky, A. I. / Turunen, M. / Kun, A. I. / Paek, T. / Tashev, I. Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2011-08-30 p.733-735

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Summary: With the proliferation of pervasive devices and the increase in their processing capabilities, client-side speech processing has been emerging as a viable alternative. The SiMPE workshop series started in 2006 [5] with the goal of enabling speech processing on mobile and embedded devices to meet the challenges of pervasive environments (such as noise) and leveraging the context they offer (such as location). SiMPE 2010, the latest in the series brought together, very successfully, researchers from the speech and the HCI communities. We believe this is the beginning.
SiMPE 2011, the 6th in the series, will continue to explore issues, possibilities, and approaches for enabling speech processing as well as convenient and effective speech and multimodal user interfaces. Over the years, SiMPE has been evolving too, and since last year, one of our major goals has been to increase the participation of speech/multimodal HCI designers, and increase their interactions with speech processing experts.
Multimodality got more attention in SiMPE 2008 than it has received in the previous years. In SiMPE 2007 [4], the focus was on developing regions. Given the importance of speech in developing regions, SiMPE 2008 had "SiMPE for developing regions" as a topic of interest. Speech User interaction in cars was a focus area in 2009 [2].

[17] Spoken tasks for human-human experiments: towards in-car speech user interfaces for multi-threaded dialogue Speech and sound / Kun, Andrew L. / Shyrokov, Alexander / Heeman, Peter A. AutomnotiveUI 2010: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2010-11-11 p.57-63

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Summary: We report on the design of spoken tasks for a study that explored how people manage spoken multi-threaded dialogues while one of the conversants is operating a simulated vehicle. Based on a series of preliminary studies we propose a set of considerations that researchers should take into account when designing such tasks. Using these considerations, we discuss two spoken tasks, the parallel twenty questions game and the last letter game, and discuss the successful utilization of these tasks in a study exploring human-human dialogue behavior.

[18] SiMPE: 5th workshop on speech in mobile and pervasive environments Workshops / Nanavati, Amit Anil / Rajput, Nitendra / Rudnicky, Alexandar I. / Turunen, Markku / Kun, Andrew L. / Paek, Tim / Tashev, Ivan Proceedings of 12th Conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2010-09-07 p.521-524

Keywords: mobile computing, pervasive computing, speech processing

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Summary: With the proliferation of pervasive devices and the increase in their processing capabilities, client-side speech processing has been emerging as a viable alternative. The SiMPE workshop series started in 2006 [5] with the goal of enabling speech processing on mobile and embedded devices to meet the challenges of pervasive environments (such as noise) and leveraging the context they offer (such as location).
    SiMPE 2010, the 5th in the series, will continue to explore issues, possibilities, and approaches for enabling speech processing as well as convenient and effective speech and multimodal user interfaces. Over the years, SiMPE has been evolving too, and since last year, one of our major goals has been to increase the participation of speech/multimodal HCI designers, and increase their interactions with speech processing experts.
    Multimodality got more attention in SiMPE 2008 than it has received in the previous years. In SiMPE 2007 [4], the focus was on developing regions. Given the importance of speech in developing regions, SiMPE 2008 had "SiMPE for developing regions" as a topic of interest. Speech User interaction in cars was a focus area in 2009 [2].
    Given the multi-disciplinary nature of our goal, we hope that SiMPE will become the prime meeting ground for experts in these varied fields to bring to fruition, novel, useful and usable mobile speech applications.

[19] Automotive user interfaces: human computer interaction in the car SIGs session 2 / Schmidt, Albrecht / Dey, Anind K. / Kun, Andrew L. / Spiessl, Wolfgang Proceedings of ACM CHI 2010 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2010-04-10 v.2 p.3177-3180

Keywords: automotive industry, car entertainment, cars, driver information systems, driver interaction, special interest group, vehicular information systems

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Summary: Cars have become complex interactive systems. Mechanical controls and electrical systems are transformed to the digital realm. It is common that drivers operate a vehicle and, at the same time, interact with a variety of devices and applications. Texting while driving, looking up an address for the navigation system, and taking a phone call are just some common examples that add value for the driver, but also increase the risk of driving. Novel interaction technologies create many opportunities for designing useful and attractive in-car user interfaces. With technologies that assist the user in driving, such as assistive cruise control and lane keeping, the user interface is essential to the way people perceive the driving experience. New means for user interface development and interaction design are required as the number of factors influencing the design space for automotive user interfaces is increasing. In comparison to other domains, a trial and error approach while the product is already in the market is not acceptable as the cost of failure may be fatal. User interface design in the automotive domain is relevant across many areas ranging from primary driving control, to assisted functions, to navigation, information services, entertainment and games.

[20] Estimating cognitive load using remote eye tracking in a driving simulator Short papers 2 -- Poster presentations / Palinko, Oskar / Kun, Andrew L. / Shyrokov, Alexander / Heeman, Peter Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications 2010-03-22 p.141-144

Keywords: cognitive load, eye tracking, pupillometry

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Summary: We report on the results of a study in which pairs of subjects were involved in spoken dialogues and one of the subjects also operated a simulated vehicle. We estimated the driver's cognitive load based on pupil size measurements from a remote eye tracker. We compared the cognitive load estimates based on the physiological pupillometric data and driving performance data. The physiological and performance measures show high correspondence suggesting that remote eye tracking might provide reliable driver cognitive load estimation, especially in simulators. We also introduced a new pupillometric cognitive load measure that shows promise in tracking cognitive load changes on time scales of several seconds.

[21] Glancing at personal navigation devices can affect driving: experimental results and design implications Interacting while driving / Kun, Andrew L. / Paek, Tim / Medenica, Zeljko / Memarovic, Nemanja / Palinko, Oskar AutomnotiveUI 2009: International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications 2009-09-21 p.129-136

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Summary: Nowadays, personal navigation devices (PNDs) that provide GPS-based directions are widespread in vehicles. These devices typically display the real-time location of the vehicle on a map and play spoken prompts when drivers need to turn. While such devices are less distracting than paper directions, their graphical display may distract users from their primary task of driving. In experiments conducted with a high fidelity driving simulator, we found that drivers using a navigation system with a graphical display indeed spent less time looking at the road compared to those using a navigation system with spoken directions only. Furthermore, glancing at the display was correlated with higher variance in driving performance measures. We discuss the implications of these findings on PND design for vehicles.

[22] SiMPE: Fourth Workshop on Speech in Mobile and Pervasive Environments Workshops / Nanavati, A. A. / Rajput, N. / Rudnicky, A. I. / Turunen, M. / Kun, A. L. / Paek, T. / Tashev, I. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2009-09-15 p.104

Keywords: mobile computing, pervasive computing, speech processing

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: With the proliferation of pervasive devices and the increase in their processing capabilities, client-side speech processing has been emerging as a viable alternative.
SiMPE 2009, the fourth in the series, will continue to explore issues, possibilities, and approaches for enabling speech processing as well as convenient and effective speech and multimodal user interfaces. One of our major goals for SiMPE 2009 is to increase the participation of speech/multimodal HCI designers, and increase their interactions with speech processing experts.
Multimodality got more attention in SiMPE 2008 than it has received in the previous years. In SiMPE 2007 [3], the focus was on developing regions. Given the importance of speech in developing regions, SiMPE 2008 had "SiMPE for developing regions" as a topic of interest. We think of this as a key emerging area for mobile speech applications, and will continue this in 2009 as well.

[23] Conventions in human-human multi-threaded dialogues: a preliminary study Short papers: speech- and vision-based interfaces / Heeman, Peter A. / Yang, Fan / Kun, Andrew L. / Shyrokov, Alexander Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2005-01-10 p.293-295

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Summary: In this paper, we explore the conventions that people use in managing multiple dialogue threads. In particular, we focus on where in a thread people interrupt when switching to another thread. We find that some subjects are able to vary where they switch depending on how urgent the interrupting task is. When time-allowed, they switched at the end of a discourse segment, which we hypothesize is less disruptive to the interrupted task when it is later resumed.