topauthor: Davis_S* : Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography Search

[1] A Systematic Review of Cybersickness Long Papers / Davis, Simon / Nesbitt, Keith / Nalivaiko, Eugene Proceedings of the 2014 Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment 2014-12-02 p.8

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: The uptake of new interface technologies, such as the Oculus Rift have generated renewed interest in virtual reality especially for private entertainment use. However, long standing issues with unwanted side effects, such as nausea from cybersickness, continue to impact on the general use of devices such as head mounted displays. This in turn has slowed the uptake of more immersive interfaces for computer gaming and indeed more serious applications in training and health. In this paper we report a systematic review in the area of cybersickness with a focus on measuring the diverse symptoms experienced. Indeed the related conditions of simulator sickness and motion sickness have previously been well studied and yet many of the issues are unresolved. Here we report on these issues along with a number of measures, both subjective and objective in nature, using either questionnaires or psychophysiological measures that have been used to study cybersickness. We also report on the factors, individual, device related and task dependent that impact on the condition. We conclude that there remains a need to develop more cost-effective and objective physiological measures of both the impact of cybersickness and a person's susceptibility to the condition.

[2] User Placement of a Visual Aid for Detecting Critical Signals in Fetal-Heart Rate Tracings: A Yoke-Control Study Health Care: HC5 -- Design of Health-Care Products and Systems / Ashdown, Amanda J. / Scerbo, Mark W. / Anderson-Montoya, Brittany L. / Belfore, Lee A., II / Abuhamad, Alfred Z. / Davis, Stephen S. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2014 Annual Meeting 2014-10-27 p.664-668

doi 10.1177/1541931214581156

Link to HFES Digital Content

Summary: The present study examined the ability of participants to detect critical signals embedded within dynamic fetal-heart rate (FHR) tracings using a visual aid. Participants inspected tracings for deviations in the FHR under different levels of heart rate variability. One group was given control over placement of the visual aid. A second yoke-control group monitored the same presentation of critical signals and aid placements but could not alter the visual aids. In phase 1, student participants placed the aid and in phase 2 the experimenter placed the aid. Performance was compared to a control group that had no aids. The results showed that no group detected all critical signals but those who placed the aid performed better than those who had no aid across all levels of heart rate variability. However, the benefit of the visual aid for the yoke-control participants was limited to the condition where the experimenter placed the aid. These results suggest that a visual aid can improve performance, but that it does not completely overcome the challenge detecting critical signals in FHR tracings.

[3] EDITED BOOK Handbook of Human Centric Visualization / Huang, Weidong 2014 n.29 p.743 Springer New York

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7485-2

ISBN: 978-1-4614-7484-5 (print), 978-1-4614-7485-2 (online)

Online Access

== Part I: Visual Communication ==
Visualizing Thought (3-40)
	+ Tversky, Barbara
Gryphon: A 'Little' Domain-Specific Programming Language for Diffusion MRI Visualizations (41-61)
	+ Chen, Jian
	+ Cai, Haipeng
	+ Auchus, Alexander P.
	+ Laidlaw, David H.
Viewing Abstract Data as Maps (63-89)
	+ Gansner, Emden R.
	+ Hu, Yifan
	+ Kobourov, Stephen G.
== Part II: Theory and Science ==
Individual Differences and Translational Science in the Design of Human-Centered Visualizations (93-113)
	+ Green, Tera Marie
	+ Arias-Hernandez, Richard
	+ Fisher, Brian
Evaluating Visualization Environments: Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Perspectives (115-145)
	+ Hundhausen, Christopher D.
On the Prospects for a Science of Visualization (147-175)
	+ Rensink, Ronald A.
== Part III: Principles, Guidelines and Recommendations ==
Toward a Better Understanding and Application of the Principles of Visual Communication (179-201)
	+ Bae, Juhee
	+ Watson, Benjamin
Pep Up Your Time Machine: Recommendations for the Design of Information Visualizations of Time-Dependent Data (203-225)
	+ Kriglstein, Simone
	+ Pohl, Margit
	+ Smuc, Michael
Using Textbook Illustrations to Extract Design Principles for Algorithm Visualizations (227-249)
	+ Velázquez-Iturbide, J. Ángel
== Part IV: Methods ==
Conceptual Design for Sensemaking (253-283)
	+ Blandford, Ann
	+ Faisal, Sarah
	+ Attfield, Simon
An Introduction and Guide to Evaluation of Visualization Techniques Through User Studies (285-313)
	+ Forsell, Camilla
	+ Cooper, Matthew
User-Centered Evaluation of Information Visualization Techniques: Making the HCI-InfoVis Connection Explicit (315-336)
	+ Freitas, Carla M. D. S.
	+ Pimenta, Marcelo S.
	+ Scapin, Dominique L.
Eye Tracking on Visualizations: Progressive Extraction of Scanning Strategies (337-372)
	+ Goldberg, Joseph H.
	+ Helfman, Jonathan I.
Evaluating Overall Quality of Graph Visualizations Indirectly and Directly (373-390)
	+ Huang, Weidong
Visual Analysis of Eye Tracking Data (391-409)
	+ Raschke, Michael
	+ Blascheck, Tanja
	+ Burch, Michael
User Studies in Visualization: A Reflection on Methods (411-426)
	+ Tory, Melanie
== Part V: Perception and Cognition ==
On the Benefits and Drawbacks of Radial Diagrams (429-451)
	+ Burch, Michael
	+ Weiskopf, Daniel
Measuring Memories for Objects and Their Locations in Immersive Virtual Environments: The Subjective Component of Memorial Experience (453-471)
	+ Coxon, Matthew
	+ Mania, Katerina
Human-Centric Chronographics: Making Historical Time Memorable (473-511)
	+ Korallo, Liliya
	+ Davis, Stephen Boyd
	+ Foreman, Nigel
	+ Moar, Magnus
Visualizing Multiple Levels and Dimensions of Social Network Properties (513-525)
	+ McGrath, Cathleen
	+ Blythe, Jim
	+ Krackhardt, David
== Part VI: Dynamic Visualization ==
Adaptive Diagrams: A Research Agenda to Explore How Learners Can Manipulate Online Diagrams to Self-Manage Cognitive Load (529-550)
	+ Agostinho, Shirley
	+ Tindall-Ford, Sharon
	+ Bokosmaty, Sahar
Dynamic Visualisations and Motor Skills (551-580)
	+ Castro-Alonso, Juan Cristobal
	+ Ayres, Paul
	+ Paas, Fred
Dynamic Visualizations: A Two-Edged Sword?  (581-604)
	+ Lowe, Richard K.
Simultaneous and Sequential Presentation of Realistic and Schematic Instructional Dynamic Visualizations (605-622)
	+ Nugteren, Michelle L.
	+ Tabbers, Huib K.
	+ Scheiter, Katharina
	+ Paas, Fred
How Do You Connect Moving Dots? Insights from User Studies on Dynamic Network Visualizations (623-650)
	+ Smuc, Michael
	+ Federico, Paolo
	+ Windhager, Florian
	+ Aigner, Wolfgang
	+ Zenk, Lukas
	+ Miksch, Silvia
== Part VII: Interaction ==
Interaction Taxonomy for Tracking of User Actions in Visual Analytics Applications (653-670)
	+ von Landesberger, Tatiana
	+ Fiebig, Sebastian
	+ Bremm, Sebastian
	+ Kuijper, Arjan
	+ Fellner, Dieter W.
Common Visualizations: Their Cognitive Utility (671-691)
	+ Parsons, Paul
	+ Sedig, Kamran
Distribution of Information Processing While Performing Complex Cognitive Activities with Visualization Tools (693-715)
	+ Parsons, Paul
	+ Sedig, Kamran
Human-Centered Interactivity of Visualization Tools: Micro- and Macro-level Considerations (717-743)
	+ Sedig, Kamran
	+ Parsons, Paul
	+ Dittmer, Mark
	+ Haworth, Robert

[4] Observer's Performance and Perceptual Sensitivity for Detecting Critical Patterns in Static Maternal-Fetal Heart Rate Images Health Care: HC8 -- Workload / Anderson-Montoya, Brittany L. / Scerbo, Mark W. / Kennedy, Rebecca A. / Belfore, Lee A., II / Abuhamad, Alfred Z. / Davis, Stephen S. / Chauhan, Suneet P. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2013 Annual Meeting 2013-09-30 p.723-727

doi 10.1177/1541931213571157

Link to HFES Digital Content

Summary: The present study examined detection performance and perceptual sensitivity for critical patterns in maternal-fetal heart rate (MFHR) signals in single and combined formats. Forty-one undergraduate students viewed simulated images of MFHR signals under four different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. The images contained an acceleration, early deceleration, late deceleration, or no deviation. Further, the deviations varied in amplitude. The results showed that as variability increased and amplitude decreased perceptual sensitivity also decreased and participants experienced reduced ability to detect signals and committed more false alarms. These effects were more pronounced when performing the combined condition compared to the single condition. These findings highlight that interpretation of MFHR signals is subject to misinterpretation and underscores the need for countermeasures.

[5] A Spatial Secondary Task for Measuring Laparoscopic Mental Workload: Differences in Surgical Experience Health Care: HC8 -- Workload / Scerbo, Mark W. / Kennedy, Rebecca A. / Montano, Michael / Britt, Rebecca C. / Davis, Stephen S. / Stefanidis, Dimitrios Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2013 Annual Meeting 2013-09-30 p.728-732

doi 10.1177/1541931213571159

Link to HFES Digital Content

Summary: The present study examined whether a spatial secondary task could distinguish among different levels of laparoscopic skill. Novices and surgeons with different levels of laparoscopic experience were asked to perform a peg transfer task on a laparoscopic simulator along with the secondary task. The results showed that novices performed more poorly than the surgeons on both the primary peg task and the secondary task. This pattern of results suggests that the primary task was more difficult for the novices leaving fewer attentional resources for the secondary task. Moreover, the results show that the spatial secondary task used in this study is sensitive to differences in mental resources required by individuals with different levels of laparoscopic surgical skill.

[6] The Influence of Visual Aids on Detecting Early and Late Decelerations in Maternal-Fetal Heart Rate Patterns Perception and Performance: PP1 -- Getting Users' Attention: Effectiveness of Different Cues / Kennedy, Rebecca A. / Anderson-Montoya, Brittany L. / Scerbo, Mark W. / Prytz, Erik / Belfore, Lee A., II / Abuhamad, Alfred Z. / Davis, Stephen S. / Chauhan, Suneet P. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012-10-22 p.1317-1321

doi 10.1177/1071181312561381

Link to HFES Digital Content

Summary: The present study examined how well individuals could differentiate between two different types of signals (early and late decels) in maternal-fetal heart rate tracings with and without the use of a visual aid. Twenty-one undergraduates twice viewed 80 simulated images under four different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Further, the late decels were delayed in 4-sec increments. In one block of trials, the images were presented without a visual aid, and in the other block a visual aid consisting of a large turquoise crosshair was overlaid on the images. The results indicated that lower S/N ratios and shorter onset delays made signals more difficult to distinguish. However, overall levels of accuracy were significantly higher when the visual aid was present. These results provide initial evidence that utilizing visual aids can enhance the ability to detect critical signals in maternal-fetal heart rate patterns.

[7] Evaluation of Spatial Audio for Improving Change Detection on Large Screen Displays Posters: POS2 -- Posters 2 / Castle, Courtney / Finomore, Victor / Simpson, Brian / Satterfield, Kelly / Davis, Susan Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012-10-22 p.1649-1653

doi 10.1177/1071181312561330

Link to HFES Digital Content

Summary: In the context of military command and control operations, operators are under an incredible amount of pressure to perform time-sensitive tasks in a rapidly changing environment. When the task involves a large screen display, it is easy to miss a critical event due to the overabundance of information present. In the current task, we investigated the potential of a spatial auditory cue for improving performance on a command and control monitoring task. We found that for a change detection task on a large screen display, a localized auditory cue can provide a useful and salient method of alerting operators to a change on the display. Additionally, because a spatial audio cue contains information about the location off an event on the screen, it gives the operator a better chance of detecting and responding to relevant events as they occur. Since a spatialized cue alerts the operator to the location of importance, it provides an especially critical advantage in areas of the screen which are normally associated with lower rates of detection.

[8] MoBoogie: creative expression through whole body musical interaction Art, music & movement / Halpern, Megan K. / Tholander, Jakob / Evjen, Max / Davis, Stuart / Ehrlich, Andrew / Schustak, Kyle / Baumer, Eric P. S. / Gay, Geri Proceedings of ACM CHI 2011 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2011-05-07 v.1 p.557-560

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: In this paper we describe MoBoogie, an application that allows users to manipulate and arrange music through movement. MoBoogie is designed to foster experiences in creative expression for children and potentially adults. The application responds to users' movements by changing variables in a continuous stream of music loops. Results from this study suggest that the creative expressions arose in the joint space of movement and music, and did not primarily have to be in one form or the other. This allowed users with limited experience in dance and music making to be creative in such forms of expression.

[9] A Case Study on Use of Personas in Design and Development of an Audit Management System COMPUTER SYSTEMS: Usability / Dharwada, Pallavi / Greenstein, Joel S. / Gramopadhye, Anand K. / Davis, Steve J. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51st Annual Meeting 2007-10-01 v.51 p.469-473

Link to HFES Digital Content

Summary: With the ROI of persona methods still being arguable, it is important to understand how personas can be utilized in user interface design. The extensive methods proposed by Pruitt and Adlin (2006), throw light on several ways to use persona methods in user interface design lifecycle and also propose mitigations to several risk factors that can be encountered in this process. However, there is very little research presenting case studies on an entire design lifecycle that utilizes personas. This paper presents design, development and evaluation of a web-based audit management system in aircraft maintenance domain with emphasis on the persona creation process, the design approach followed, and the user testing results obtained. The experiences of a design team novice to personas will be discussed.

[10] Interactive refractions with total internal reflection Real-time and rendering / Davis, Scott T. / Wyman, Chris Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Graphics Interface 2007-05-28 p.185-190

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: A requirement for rendering realistic images interactively is efficiently simulating material properties. Recent techniques have improved the quality for interactively rendering dielectric materials, but have mostly neglected a phenomenon associated with refraction, namely, total internal reflection. We present an algorithm to approximate total internal reflection on commodity graphics hardware using a ray-depth map intersection technique that is interactive and requires no precomputation. Our results compare favorably with ray traced images and improve upon approaches that avoid total internal reflection.

[11] Smell Me: Engaging with an Interactive Olfactory Game Enthralling Experience / Davis, S. B. / Davies, G. / Haddad, R. / Lai, M.-K. Proceedings of the HCI'06 Conference on People and Computers XX 2006-09-11 p.25-40

[12] Adaptive Patient Education Framework Featuring Personalized Cardiovascular Risk Management Interventions Short Papers / Davis, Selena / Abidi, Syed Sibte Raza Proceedings of AH 2006 Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-based Systems 2006-06-21 p.264-268

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: The PULSE project objectives are to generate and evaluate a web-based personalized educational intervention for the management of cardiovascular risk. We present a web-based adaptive hypermedia system to create and deliver the personalized education material to the patient. The adaptive personalization framework is based on a patient profile created by combining an electronic patient data capture template, the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm, and a Stage of behaviour Change determination model. The interventions are designed to address both medical and psychosocial aspects of risk management and, as such, we combine staged lifestyle modification materials and non-staged messages based on Canadian clinical guidelines to motivate personal risk management.

[13] Template-based authoring of educational artifacts Supporting education / Davis, Sarah / Bogen, Paul / Cifuentes, Lauren / Francisco-Revilla, Luis / Furuta, Richard / Hubbard, Takeisha / Karadkar, Unmil P. / Pogue, Daniel / Shipman, Frank JCDL'06: Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2006-06-11 p.242-243

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: The Walden's Paths project is developing tools for leveraging student learning with the incredible amount of educational material on the Web. Specialized templates based on established educational frameworks, learning theories, or activities aid path authors in creating pedagogically sound paths by guiding them in collecting and structuring the information included in the path. We describe a template based on the Inquiry-Based Learning educational framework and an implementation that provides support in applying the template to the path authoring process.

[14] Using relationship to control disclosure in Awareness servers Privacy and security awareness / Davis, Scott / Gutwin, Carl Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Graphics Interface 2005-05-09 p.145-152

ACM Digital Library Citation

Summary: Awareness servers provide information about a person to help observers determine whether they are available for contact. A tradeoff exists in these systems: more sources of information, and higher fidelity in those sources, can improve people's decisions, but each increase in information reduces privacy. In this paper, we look at whether the type of relationship between the observer and the person being observed can be used to manage this tradeoff. We conducted a survey that asked people what amount of information from different sources that they would disclose to seven different relationship types. We found that in more than half of the cases, people would give different amounts of information to different relationships. We also found that the only relationship to consistently receive less information was the acquaintance -- essentially the person without a strong relationship at all. Our results suggest that awareness servers can be improved by allowing finer-grained control than what is currently available.

[15] The amateur creator Full papers / Davis, Stephen Boyd / Moar, Magnus Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2005-04-12 p.158-165

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Important design problems are raised in developing software for amateur users, a group distinguished here from novices. The authors argue that these design problems can be approached by understanding how systems for amateurs are derived from those for skilled users, through a combination of transformations we describe as foregrounding, backgrounding, automation, integration and constraining. Useful comparisons are offered with popular product designs. A broader, partly historical, context is then described in which media technologies propagate from use by specialists to use by these amateurs, and the latter change from consumers to creators. The discussion is focused by a description of difficulties with existing software encountered in the course of a creative schools-based project, intended to enable young users both to explore virtual worlds and to design and populate them with their own avatars. The authors argue that HCI design would benefit from a clearer grasp of the special characteristics of designing for amateur users and of transforming existing software for their use.

[16] Constructing a Player-Centred Definition of Fun for Video Games Design / Davis, S. B. / Carini, C. Proceedings of the HCI'04 Conference on People and Computers XVIII 2004-09-06 p.117-132

[17] INTERNET MA/MSc Design for Interactive Media / Davis, Stephen Boyd 2003-12-12 United Kingdom, London Middlesex University: Lansdown Centre for Electronic Arts

Keywords: education:programs |

Keywords: interaction, design, creative, project-based, integrated

www.cea.mdx.ac.uk/

E-mail: s.boyd-davis@mdx.ac.uk

Summary: Since its inception in 1993, the programme has developed a radical questioning approach to interaction design. The programme is structured and intensively taught, while at the same time being informal and project-based. Students are encouraged to be both realistic and experimental, working both individually and in small teams.

[18] Intrinsic Motivation, Ease of Use and Usefulness Perceptions as Mediators in Computer Learning / Wiedenbeck, S. / Davis, S. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001-08 v.1 p.1553-1557

[19] The Mediating Effects of Intrinsic Motivation, Ease of Use and Usefulness Perceptions on Performance in First-Time and Subsequent Computer Users / Davis, Sid / Wiedenbeck, Susan Interacting with Computers 2001 v.13 n.5 p.549-580

Keywords: Software training; Intrinsic motivation; Perceived ease of use; Interaction style; Assimilation theory; Social cognitive theory

Summary: This study examines how certain software interfaces and prior exposure to other interfaces lead to effective learning. In particular, it studies the roles of the interaction style and the learner's prior exposure to other interaction styles mediated by the engagement of the learning environment, users' perceptions of the usefulness of the software, and users' perceptions of their ability to use the software successfully. In the experimental paradigm, two groups that learned a menu-driven or command-driven word processors after prior exposure to the assimilative context of a direct manipulation interaction style were compared to groups that learned those same interaction styles with no prior exposure to the assimilative context of the direct manipulation style software. The results confirm the importance of directness in the interaction style and of a prior assimilative context for learning. However, they also indicate that engagement has a strong effect on performance via its effect on perceived ease of use (PEU). This suggests that software designers should not only give special attention to creating software that promotes interface directness, but that also promotes engagement. Our results also suggest that it may be difficult to create engaging learning environments for learners who do not possess a relevant assimilative context to support software learning.

[20] Collaboratory Operations in Magnetic Fusion Scientific Research / Casper, T. A. / Meyer, W. M. / Moller, J. M. / Henline, P. / Keith, K. / McHarg, B. / Davis, S. / Greenwood, D. interactions 1998 v.5 n.3 p.56-65

Keywords: DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Collaborative computing, J.2 Computer Applications, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING, Physics

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

[21] The Effect of Interaction Style and Training Method on End User Learning of Software Packages / Davis, Sid / Wiedenbeck, Susan Interacting with Computers 1998 v.11 n.2 p.147-172

Keywords: Interface style, Exploration-based training, Instruction-based training, End users

Summary: This paper reports two studies of software learning by individuals who use packages as a tool but never become experts. Using assimilation theory, we studied the effect of three interaction styles (direct manipulation, menu, and command) and two training methods (instruction and exploration) on the initial learning of a package and the subsequent learning of functionally equivalent packages. Results suggest that direct manipulation aids initial learning and that previous experience is a moderate aid in learning a subsequent package, but only when the interaction styles are similar. Exploration training does not appear to aid learners in a short training period.

[22] The Influence of Interaction Style and Experience on User Perceptions of Software Packages / Wiedenbeck, Susan / Davis, Sid International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 1997 v.46 n.5 p.563-588

Summary: In recent years, a body of literature has developed which shows that users' perceptions of software are a key element in its ultimate acceptance and use. We focus on how the interaction style and prior experience with similar software affect users' perceptions of software packages. In our experiment, direct manipulation, menu-driven and command-driven interfaces were investigated. We studied users' perceptions of the software in two hands-on training sessions. In the first session, novice users were given initial training with word-processing software, and in the second session the users were trained on a word processor which was functionally equivalent to the prior one, but had a different interaction style. In the initial training session, we found that the interaction style had a reliable but small effect on learners' perceptions of ease of use. The direct manipulation interface was judged easier to use than the command style. The interaction style, however, did not affect learners' perceptions of the usefulness of the software. In the second training session, subjects who had used a direct manipulation interface in the first session learned either the menu-based or command-based software. The perceptions of these users were compared to those of learners, who had used the menu or command software in the initial training session. We found that both interaction style and the prior experience with a direct manipulation interface affected perceptions of ease of use. Subjects with prior experience of a direct style interface tended to have very negative attitudes toward a less direct interface style. The interaction style did not affect perceptions of usefulness of the package, but the prior experience did. These results suggest that users' attitudes toward software are strongly influenced by their past history of usage, including what interaction styles the user has encountered, and this should be considered in the design of software and training programs.

[23] Visualization Ability as a Predictor of User Learning Success / Sein, Maung K. / Olfman, Lorne / Bostrom, Robert P. / Davis, Sidney A. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 1993 v.39 n.4 p.599-620

Summary: A novice user's cognitive abilities can influence how difficult he/she finds learning to use a software package. To ensure effective use, it is important to identify specific abilities that can influence learning and use, and then develop training methods or design interfaces to accommodate individuals who are lower in those abilities. This paper reports the integrated findings of five studies that examined a specific cognitive variable, visualization ability, for different systems (electronic mail, modeling software and operating systems), applying different training methods (analogical or abstract conceptual models) and computer interfaces (command-based or direct manipulation). Consistent with past results in other domains, we found that visualization ability is a strong predictor of user learning success. More importantly, we also found that subjects with lower visualization ability can be helped to narrow, and in some cases equal or surpass, the performance gap between themselves and subjects with higher visualization ability through appropriate training methods and direct manipulation interfaces. Based on our findings, we discuss implications for practitioners and designers and suggest possible avenues for future research.

[24] An Experimental Investigation of the Roles of the Computer Interface and Individual Characteristics in the Learning of Computer Systems Articles / Davis, Sid / Bostrom, Robert International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 1992 v.4 n.2 p.143-172

Summary: The widespread use of computers in organizations places increasing demands on computer trainers and designers to insure that users acquire skills in the most effective ways possible. One generally accepted way to achieve this goal has been to provide users with systems that are user friendly, that tend to reduce learning time, and are fairly comprehensible. Up to this point, this prescription has been applied to the user community as a whole. However, recent research suggests that characteristics of individual users can exert a powerful influence on learning outcomes and may affect the success of a given interface strategy. This study investigates the impact of two types of computer interfaces on learning performance and attitudes toward using a computer system: a direct manipulation interface (the Apple Macintosh) and a command-based interface (Disk Operating System DOS). It also compares the impacts of two different learner characteristics: individual learning mode and visual ability. Results of the study indicate that subjects using the direct manipulation interface performed much better than those using the command-based interface. Also, high visual subjects performed better overall than low visual subjects and tended to perceive the systems as easier to use. Learning mode had no effect either on performance or attitudes toward the system. These results are explained in light of theory suggesting that users form mental models of systems with which they interact. Conclusions are drawn from these findings, and recommendations are made for future research.