GenomiX: A Novel Interaction Tool for Self-Exploration of Personal Genomic
Data
Personal informatic Dear Data
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Shaer, Orit
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Nov, Oded
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Okerlund, Johanna
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Balestra, Martina
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Stowell, Elizabeth
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Westendorf, Lauren
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Pollalis, Christina
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Davis, Jasmine
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Westort, Liliana
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Ball, Madeleine
Proceedings of the ACM CHI'16 Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems
2016-05-07
v.1
p.661-672
© Copyright 2016 ACM
Summary: The increase in the availability of personal genomic data to lay consumers
using online services poses a challenge to HCI researchers: such data are
complex and sensitive, involve multiple dimensions of uncertainty, and can have
substantial implications for individuals' well-being. Personal genomic data are
also unique because unlike other personal data, which constantly change,
genomic data are largely stable during a person's lifetime; it is their
interpretation and implications that change over time as new medical research
exposes relationships between genes and health. In this paper, we present a
novel tool for self exploration of personal genomic data. To evaluate the
usability and utility of the tool, we conducted the first study of a genome
interpretation tool to date, in which users used their own personal genomic
data. We conclude by offering design implications for the development of
interactive personal genomic reports.
The Effect of Exposure to Social Annotation on Online Informed Consent
Beliefs and Behavior
Ethics and Policy
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Balestra, Martina
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Shaer, Orit
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Okerlund, Johanna
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Ball, Madeleine
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2016 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work and Social Computing
2016-02-27
v.1
p.900-912
© Copyright 2016 ACM
Summary: In this study we explore the impact of exposure to social annotation,
embedded in online consent forms, on individuals' beliefs and decisions in the
context of informed consent. In this controlled between-subjects experiment,
participants were presented with an online consent form for a personal genomics
study. Individuals were randomly assigned to either a social annotation
condition that exposed them to previous users' comments on-screen, or to a
traditional consent form without social input. We compared participants'
perceptions about their consent decision, their trust in the organization
seeking the consent, and their actual consent across conditions. While no
significant difference was observed between actual consent rates, we found that
on average individuals exposed to social annotation felt that their decision
was more informed, and furthermore, that the effect of the exposure to social
annotation was stronger among users characterized by relatively lower levels of
prior privacy preserving behaviors.
Asymmetric Recommendations: The Interacting Effects of Social Ratings?
Direction and Strength on Users' Ratings
Short Papers
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Nov, Oded
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Arazy, Ofer
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Recommender Systems
2015-09-16
p.249-252
© Copyright 2015 ACM
Summary: In social recommendation systems, users often publicly rate objects such as
photos, news articles or consumer products. When they appear in aggregate,
these ratings carry social signals such as the direction and strength of the
raters' average opinion about the product. Using a controlled experiment we
manipulated two central social signals -- the direction and strength of social
ratings of five popular consumer products -- and examined their interacting
effects on users' ratings. The results show an asymmetric user behavior, where
the direction of perceived social rating has a negative effect on users'
ratings if the direction of perceived social rating is negative, but no effect
if the direction is positive. The strength of perceived social ratings did not
have a significant effect on users' ratings. The findings highlight the
potential for cascading adverse effects of small number of negative user
ratings on subsequent users' opinions.
Influencing Retirement Saving Behavior with Expert Advice and Social
Comparison as Persuasive Techniques
Empowering Communities
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Gunaratne, Junius
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Persuasive Technology
2015-06-03
p.205-216
Keywords: Retirement saving; Social comparison; Behavior change; Persuasive
technology; Financial literacy
© Copyright 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
Summary: Numerous online communities and e-commerce sites provide users with
crowd-based recommendations to influence decision making about products.
Similarly, automated recommender systems often use social advice or curated
knowledge provided by experts to give customers personalized product
recommendations. Little, however, is known about the relative strengths of
these approaches in repeated-decision scenarios. We used social comparison and
an expert recommendation to examine the relative effectiveness of these methods
of persuasion for users making repeated retirement saving decisions. We exposed
314 performance-incentivized experiment participants to a retirement saving
simulator where they made 34 yearly asset allocation decisions in one of three
user interface conditions. The gap between participants' retirement goal and
actual savings was smallest in the expert advice condition and significantly
better than the social comparison condition. Both conditions were significantly
better than the control condition. In non-control conditions, users adjusted
their behavior and achieved their saving goal more effectively.
Informing and Improving Retirement Saving Performance using Behavioral
Economics Theory-driven User Interfaces
The Value of Things
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Gunaratne, Junius
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of the ACM CHI'15 Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems
2015-04-18
v.1
p.917-920
© Copyright 2015 ACM
Summary: Can human-computer interaction help people make informed and effective
decisions about their retirement savings? We applied the behavioral economic
theories of endowment effect and loss aversion to the design of novel
retirement saving user interfaces. To examine effectiveness, we conducted an
experiment in which 487 participants were exposed to one of three experimental
user interface designs of a retirement saving simulator, representing endowment
effect, loss aversion and control. Users made 34 yearly asset allocation
decisions. We found that designs informed by the endowment effect and loss
aversion theories and which communicated to savers the long-term implications
of their asset allocation choices, led users to adjust their behavior, make
larger and more frequent asset allocation changes, and achieve their saving
goals more effectively.
How Deceptive are Deceptive Visualizations?: An Empirical Analysis of Common
Distortion Techniques
Storytelling in InfoVis
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Pandey, Anshul Vikram
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Rall, Katharina
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Satterthwaite, Margaret L.
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Nov, Oded
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Bertini, Enrico
Proceedings of the ACM CHI'15 Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems
2015-04-18
v.1
p.1469-1478
© Copyright 2015 ACM
Summary: In this paper, we present an empirical analysis of deceptive visualizations.
We start with an in-depth analysis of what deception means in the context of
data visualization, and categorize deceptive visualizations based on the type
of deception they lead to. We identify popular distortion techniques and the
type of visualizations those distortions can be applied to, and formalize why
deception occurs with those distortions. We create four deceptive
visualizations using the selected distortion techniques, and run a crowdsourced
user study to identify the deceptiveness of those visualizations. We then
present the findings of our study and show how deceptive each of these visual
distortion techniques are, and for what kind of questions the misinterpretation
occurs. We also analyze individual differences among participants and present
the effect of some of those variables on participants' responses. This paper
presents a first step in empirically studying deceptive visualizations, and
will pave the way for more research in this direction.
Functional Roles and Career Paths in Wikipedia
Wikipedia: Structure & Function
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Arazy, Ofer
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Ortega, Felipe
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Nov, Oded
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Yeo, Lisa
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Balila, Adam
Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2015 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work and Social Computing
2015-02-28
v.1
p.1092-1105
© Copyright 2015 ACM
Summary: An understanding of participation dynamics within online production
communities requires an examination of the roles assumed by participants.
Recent studies have established that the organizational structure of such
communities is not flat; rather, participants can take on a variety of
well-defined functional roles. What is the nature of functional roles? How have
they evolved? And how do participants assume these functions? Prior studies
focused primarily on participants' activities, rather than functional roles.
Further, extant conceptualizations of role transitions in production
communities, such as the Reader to Leader framework, emphasize a single
dimension: organizational power, overlooking distinctions between functions. In
contrast, in this paper we empirically study the nature and structure of
functional roles within Wikipedia, seeking to validate existing theoretical
frameworks. The analysis sheds new light on the nature of functional roles,
revealing the intricate "career paths" resulting from participants' role
transitions.
HCI for personal genomics
Features
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Shaer, Orit
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Nov, Oded
interactions
2014-09
v.21
n.5
p.32-37
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Personalizing behavior change technologies
Workshop summaries
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Hsieh, Gary
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Munson, Sean A.
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Kaptein, Maurits C.
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Oinas-Kukkonen, Harri
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2014-04-26
v.2
p.107-110
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: The Personalization in Behavior Change Technologies workshop will focus on
how to design, build and study persuasive technologies to adapt to meet the
individualized needs of target users. The goal of this workshop is to connect
the diverse group of behavior change researchers and practitioners interested
in personalization to share their experiences, ideas, and discuss how to move
the field forward. We will identify the key challenges in this area and
brainstorm solutions to tackle these issues. Discussion and ideas generated
from this workshop will be archived online to be available to the larger
research community. This workshop ties into a number of special interests for
the CHI community, including health, sustainability, intelligent user
interfaces, serious games, and persuasive technology.
Understanding information practices of interactive personal genomics users
Works-in-progress
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Shaer, Orit
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Nov, Oded
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West, Anne
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Eastman, Diana
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2014-04-26
v.2
p.2455-2460
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: The dramatic growth in the availability of personal genomic data to
non-experts, and the use of digital media for delivering personal genomic
information, raise important HCI questions. We seek to advance the theory and
practice of HCI by investigating fundamental issues concerning non-expert
interaction with complex scientific information. Specifically, we explore how
people use interactive tools to engage with their personal genomic information.
We present findings from a study of 63 early adopters of personal genomics,
which highlight users' motivations, information practices, and needs.
Motivation-Targeted Personalized UI Design: A Novel Approach to Enhancing
Citizen Science Participation
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Nov, Oded
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Arazy, Ofer
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Lotts, Kelly
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Naberhaus, Thomas
Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer-Supported
Cooperative Work
2013-09-21
p.287-297
© Copyright 2013 Springer-Verlag
Summary: We report a preliminary exploration of the effectiveness of
motivation-targeted UI design -- a novel personalized approach to enhance
online participation. The empirical setting was Butterflies and Moths of North
America (BAMONA), a large-scale citizen science project. Using a combination of
design intervention and classification of users based on their collective
identification motivation, we show that stating the community's mission on its
website increases the likelihood of contribution among those who strongly
identify with the project, but decreases likelihood of contribution among those
with weak identification with the project. The findings contribute to theory
and practice of social systems design by demonstrating how motivation-targeted
design that can enhance online participation.
Exploring personality-targeted UI design in online social participation
systems
Papers: evaluation methods 1
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Nov, Oded
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Arazy, Ofer
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López, Claudia
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Brusilovsky, Peter
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2013 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2013-04-27
v.1
p.361-370
© Copyright 2013 ACM
Summary: We present a theoretical foundation and empirical findings demonstrating the
effectiveness of personality-targeted design. Much like a medical treatment
applied to a person based on his specific genetic profile, we argue that
theory-driven, personality-targeted UI design can be more effective than design
applied to the entire population. The empirical exploration focused on two
settings, two populations and two personality traits: Study 1 shows that users'
extraversion level moderates the relationship between the UI cue of audience
size and users' contribution. Study 2 demonstrates that the effectiveness of
social anchors in encouraging online contributions depends on users' level of
emotional stability. Taken together, the findings demonstrate the potential and
robustness of the interactionist approach to UI design. The findings contribute
to the HCI community, and in particular to designers of social systems, by
providing guidelines to targeted design that can increase online participation.
Personality-targeted design: theory, experimental procedure, and preliminary
results
Social media analysis and interventions
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Nov, Oded
/
Arazy, Ofer
Proceedings of ACM CSCW'13 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
2013-02-23
v.1
p.977-984
© Copyright 2013 ACM
Summary: We introduce a framework for personality-targeted design. Much like a
medical treatment applied to a person based on his specific genetic profile, we
make the case for theory-driven personalized UI design, and argue that it can
be more effective than design applied equally to the entire population. In
particular, we show that users' conscientiousness levels determine their
reactions to UI indicators of critical mass. We created a simulated social
recommender system in which participants answer a short personality
questionnaire and are subsequently presented with a picture of a pet that
purports to be the "best match" for their personality. We then manipulated the
UI by providing indicators of the existence and the lack of critical mass. We
tested whether the interaction between personality and UI design affects users'
participation. The findings validate our hypothesis, showing that manipulation
of the critical mass indicators affect high-conscientiousness and
low-conscientiousness participants in opposite directions.
Technology-mediated contributions: editing behaviors among new Wikipedians
Scaling our everest: Wikipedia studies I
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Antin, Judd
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Cheshire, Coye
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of ACM CSCW'12 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
2012-02-11
v.1
p.373-382
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: The power-law distribution of participation characterizes a wide variety of
technology-mediated social participation (TMSP) systems, and Wikipedia is no
exception. A minority of active contributors does most of the work. While the
existence of a core of highly active contributors is well documented, how those
individuals came to be so active is less well understood. In this study we
extend prior research on TMSP and Wikipedia by examining in detail the
characteristics of the revisions that new contributors make. In particular we
focus on new users who maintain a minimum level of sustained activity during
their first six months. We use content analysis of individual revisions as well
as other quantitative techniques to examine three research questions regarding
the effect of early diversification of activity, nature vs. nurture, and
associations with later administrative and organizational activity. We present
analyses that address each of these questions, and conclude with implications
for our understanding of the progression of participation on Wikipedia and
other TMSP systems.
Gender differences in Wikipedia editing
Understanding Wikipedia
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Antin, Judd
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Yee, Raymond
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Cheshire, Coye
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Wikis and Open
Collaboration
2011-10-03
p.11-14
© Copyright 2011 ACM
Summary: As Wikipedia has become an indispensable source of online information,
concerns about who writes, edits, and maintains it have come to the forefront.
In particular, the 2010 UNU-MERIT survey found evidence of a significant gender
skew: fewer than 13% of Wikipedia contributors are women. However, the number
of contributors is just one way to examine gender differences in contribution.
In this paper we take a more fine-grained perspective by examining how much and
what types of Wiki-work men and women tend to do. First, we find that the
so-called "Gender Gap" in number of editors may not be as wide as prior studies
have suggested. Second, although more than 80% of editors in our sample were
men, among the bottom 75% of editors by activity-level, we find that men and
women made similar numbers of revisions. However, among the most active
Wikipedians men tended to make many more revisions than women. Finally, we find
that the most active women in our sample tended to make larger revisions than
the most active men. We conclude by discussing directions for future research.
Environmental jolts: impact of exogenous factors on online community
participation
Interactive presentations
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Johri, Aditya
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Nov, Oded
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Mitra, Raktim
Proceedings of ACM CSCW'11 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
2011-03-19
p.649-652
© Copyright 2011 ACM
Summary: Few studies of online communities take exogenous factors into account while
explaining community participation. We present preliminary results from a study
investigating the impact of steward companies' actions on online community
participation. We identified two events: (1) open sourcing of Java by Sun and
(2) acquisition of Sun (and consequently of Java) by Oracle, and examined
participation in their developer online communities. We found significant
change in participation levels around each event with both significant
increases and decreases. We conjecture that participation increased if the
action was perceived as supportive by developers (e.g. Sun's open sourcing of
Java) whereas it decreased if the action was perceived as detrimental by
developers (e.g. Oracle's acquisition of Sun).
Dusting for science: motivation and participation of digital citizen science
volunteers
Social Inclusion
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Nov, Oded
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Arazy, Ofer
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Anderson, David
Proceedings of the 2011 iConference
2011-02-08
p.68-74
© Copyright 2011 ACM
Best Paper Award
Summary: Digital citizen science offers a low-cost way to strengthen the scientific
infrastructure, and engage members of the public in science. It is based on two
pillars: (1) a technological pillar, which involves developing computer systems
to manage large amounts of distributed resources, and (2) a motivational
pillar, which involves attracting and retaining volunteers who would contribute
their skills, time, and effort to a scientific cause. While the technological
dimension has been widely studied, the motivational dimension received little
attention to date. To address this gap, we surveyed volunteers at Stardust@home
a digital citizen science project, in which volunteers classify online images
from NASA's Stardust spacecraft. We found that collective and intrinsic
motivations are the most salient motivational factors, whereas reward motives
seem to be less relevant. We also found that intrinsic and norm-oriented
motives are most strongly associated with participation intentions, which were,
in turn, found to be associated with participation effort. Implications for
research and practice are discussed.
"Cool" or "monster"?: company takeovers and their effect on open source
community participation
Information Management
/
Johri, Aditya
/
Nov, Oded
/
Mitra, Raktim
Proceedings of the 2011 iConference
2011-02-08
p.327-331
© Copyright 2011 ACM
Summary: In this study, we investigate the effect of takeover announcements made by
open-source software (OSS) steward firms, on participation in an OSS newcomers'
online community. We examine a MySQL newcomer forum before and after two
takeover announcements -- the January 2008 announcement of MySQL's takeover by
Sun Microsystems, and the April 2009 announcement of Sun's takeover by Oracle.
We find that the impact on participation depends on how the acquiring company
is perceived. The announcement of an acquisition by a company perceived as
hostile had a negative effect on participation, whereas announcement of
acquisition by a more friendly company was found to have no effect on
participation. These changes in participation occurred without any accompanying
change in the product itself, or its licensing. This work provides the evidence
of the effect of external events on online participation.
Volunteer computing: a model of the factors determining contribution to
community-based scientific research
Full papers
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Nov, Oded
/
Anderson, David
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Arazy, Ofer
Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on the World Wide Web
2010-04-26
v.1
p.741-750
Keywords: boinc, citizen science, crowdsourcing, motivations, online communities,
seti@home, volunteer computing
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: Volunteer computing is a powerful way to harness distributed resources to
perform large-scale tasks, similarly to other types of community-based
initiatives. Volunteer computing is based on two pillars: the first is
computational -- allocating and managing large computing tasks; the second is
participative -- making large numbers of individuals volunteer their computer
resources to a project. While the computational aspects of volunteer computing
received much research attention, the participative aspect remains largely
unexplored. In this study we aim to address this gap: by drawing on social
psychology and online communities research, we develop and test a
three-dimensional model of the factors determining volunteer computing users'
contribution. We investigate one of the largest volunteer computing projects --
SETI@home -- by linking survey data about contributors' motivations to their
activity logs. Our findings highlight the differences between volunteer
computing and other forms of community-based projects, and reveal the intricate
relationship between individual motivations, social affiliation, tenure in the
project, and resource contribution. Implications for research and practice are
discussed.
Determinants of wikipedia quality: the roles of global and local
contribution inequality
Participating online
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Arazy, Ofer
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Nov, Oded
Proceedings of ACM CSCW'10 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
2010-02-06
p.233-236
Keywords: contribution inequality, coordination, global inequality, information
quality, local inequality, wikipedia
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: The success of Wikipedia and the relative high quality of its articles seem
to contradict conventional wisdom. Recent studies have begun shedding light on
the processes contributing to Wikipedia's success, highlighting the role of
coordination and contribution inequality. In this study, we expand on these
works in two ways. First, we make a distinction between global (Wikipedia-wide)
and local (article-specific) inequality and investigate both constructs.
Second, we explore both direct and indirect effects of these inequalities,
exposing the intricate relationships between global inequality, local
inequality, coordination, and article quality. We tested our hypotheses on a
sample of a Wikipedia articles using structural equation modeling and found
that global inequality exerts significant positive impact on article quality,
while the effect of local inequality is indirect and is mediated by
coordination.
Social computing privacy concerns: antecedents and effects
Privacy and trust
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Nov, Oded
/
Wattal, Sunil
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2009-04-04
v.1
p.333-336
Keywords: Flickr, photo sharing, privacy concerns, social computing, trust
© Copyright 2009 ACM
Summary: Social computing systems are increasingly a part of people's social
environment. Inherent to such communities is the collection and sharing of
personal information, which in turn may raise concerns about privacy. In this
study, we extend prior research on internet privacy to address questions about
antecedents of privacy concerns in social computing communities, as well as the
impact of privacy concerns in such communities. The results indicate that
users' trust in other community members, and the community's information
sharing norms have a negative impact on community-specific privacy concerns. We
also find that community-specific privacy concerns not only lead users to adopt
more restrictive information sharing settings, but also reduce the amount of
information they share with the community. In addition, we find that
information sharing is impacted by network centrality and the tenure of the
user in the community. Implications of the study for research and practice are
discussed.
Measuring the premium on common knowledge in computer-mediated coordination
problems
/
Nov, Oded
/
Rafaeli, Sheizaf
Computers in Human Behavior
2009-01
v.25
n.1
p.171-174
Keywords: Common knowledge
Keywords: Coordination
Keywords: Communication
Keywords: Knowledge management
Keywords: Email
© Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Summary: Common knowledge, whereby everybody knows something, and everybody knows
that everybody knows it, and so on ad infinitum, is claimed to be central to
coordination in organizations. However, this claim has so far not received
empirical support, as a method to empirically compare common knowledge with
other forms of knowledge has not been available. In this article, we present a
novel method through which we empirically estimate the common knowledge premium
-- the level of users' preference of common knowledge over "knowledge by all"
(where everybody knows something, but not necessarily everybody knows that
everybody knows it). Using the method we show that a "premium" of common
knowledge over "knowledge by all" does exist consistently, across populations
and measuring variations. The findings provide empirical support for the
centrality of common knowledge. Implications of the study are discussed.
Open source content contributors' response to free-riding: The effect of
personality and context
/
Nov, Oded
/
Kuk, George
Computers in Human Behavior
2008-09-17
v.24
n.6
p.2848-2861
Keywords: Open source content
Keywords: Wikipedia
Keywords: Justice
Keywords: Personality
Keywords: Fairness
Keywords: Motivation
© Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
Summary: We address concerns about the sustainability of the open source content
model by examining the effect of external appropriation, whereby the product of
open source contributors' efforts is monetized by a party that did not
contribute to the project, on intended effort withdrawal (reduction in
contribution level). We examine both the personality of contributors and their
contextual motivations to contribute, using a scenario-based survey of
Wikipedia contributors. The findings suggest that perceived justice of the open
source license terms, and intrinsic motivations are both negatively related
with effort withdrawal intentions. Moreover, we find that the effect of the
fairness personality trait on effort withdrawal is stronger for individuals who
are low in perceived justice and weaker for individuals high in justice. The
findings of factors predicting effort withdrawal contribute to the open source
literature, which tends to focus on contribution and motivations, but not on
what impacts changes in individual contribution levels.
Exploring motivations for contributing to open source initiatives: The roles
of contribution context and personal values
/
Oreg, Shaul
/
Nov, Oded
Computers in Human Behavior
2008-09
v.24
n.5
p.2055-2073
Keywords: Personal values
Keywords: Motivations
Keywords: Open source
Keywords: Wikipedia
© Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
Summary: We explore contextual and dispositional correlates of the motivation to
contribute to open source initiatives. We examine how the context of the open
source project, and the personal values of contributors, are related to the
types of motivations for contributing. A web-based survey was administered to
300 contributors in two prominent open source contexts: software and content.
As hypothesized, software contributors placed a greater emphasis on
reputation-gaining and self-development motivations, compared with content
contributors, who placed a greater emphasis on altruistic motives. Furthermore,
the hypothesized relationships were found between contributors' personal values
and their motivations for contributing.
What drives content tagging: the case of photos on Flickr
Search
/
Nov, Oded
/
Naaman, Mor
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Ye, Chen
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2008-04-05
v.1
p.1097-1100
© Copyright 2008 ACM
Summary: We examine tagging behavior on Flickr, a public photo-sharing website. We
build on previous qualitative research that exposed a taxonomy of tagging
motivations, as well as on social presence research. The motivation taxonomy
suggests that motivations for tagging are tied to the intended target audience
of the tags -- the users themselves, family and friends, or the general public.
Using multiple data sources, including a survey and independent system data, we
examine which motivations are associated with tagging level, and estimate the
magnitude of their contribution. We find that the levels of the Self and Public
motivations, together with social presence indicators, are positively
correlated with tagging level; Family & Friends motivations are not
significantly correlated with tagging. The findings and the use of survey
method carry implications for designers of tagging and other social systems on
the web.
