- "About Us" -- Presenting Information About an Organization on Its Website
Jakob Nielsen
2003-10-27
useit.com
Study participants searched websites for background information ranging
from company history to management biographies and contact details. Their
success rate was 70%, leaving much room for usability improvements in the
'About Us' designs.
- "Top Ten Mistakes" Revisited
Jakob Nielsen
1999-05-02
useit.com
Nine of ten mistakes in Web design identified in May 1996 still cause
severe usability problems and should be avoided in modern websites.
- 2D is Better Than 3D
Jakob Nielsen
1998-11-15
useit.com
People are not frogs, making it difficult to navigate 3D computer spaces:
stick to 2D for most navigation designs. Shun virtual reality gimmicks that
distract from users' goals
- 3Cs of Critical Web Use: Collect, Compare, Choose
Jakob Nielsen
2001-04-15
useit.com
According to a recent critical incident analysis, users' most important Web
tasks involve collecting and comparing multiple pieces of information, usually
so they can make a choice.
- 6 Ways to Fix a Confused Information Architecture
Jakob Nielsen
2006-09-25
useit.com
When your website's users consistently navigate to the wrong sections, you
have many options for getting users back on track, from better labels to
clearer structure.
- 8 Steps to Prepare for the Holiday Shopping Season
Jakob Nielsen
2004-09-06
useit.com
Reduce the bounce rate for organic landing pages, collect data to manage
PPC for maximum ROI, and take 6 other steps to maximize your site's holiday
sales potential before it's too late.
- 10 Best Intranets of 2007
Jakob Nielsen
2007-01-15
useit.com
This year's winners emphasized an editorial approach to news on the
homepage. They also took a pragmatic approach to many hyped "Web 2.0"
techniques. While page design is getting more standardized, there's no
agreement on CMS or technology platforms for good intranet design.
- 10 Best Intranets of 2005
Jakob Nielsen
2005-02-28
useit.com
On average, this year's winning intranets increased site use by 149% with
designs that supported bigger screens, multinational users, collaboration,
easily updated content, and factory-floor workers.
- 10 Best Intranets of 2003
Jakob Nielsen
2003-10-13
useit.com
This year's winning intranet designs emphasized workflow support,
self-service content management, and offloading tasks from email to
collaboration tools. On average, companies spent three years between
redesigns, and one year on the redesign itself.
- 10 Best Intranet Designs of 2001
Jakob Nielsen
2001-11-25
useit.com
The best intranets of 2001 emphasize iterative design and standardized
navigation, and feature collaboration tools and content management systems. On
average, companies saw intranet use increase by 98% following their winning
usability redesigns.
- 10 High-Profit Redesign Priorities
Jakob Nielsen
2007-03-12
useit.com
Several usability findings lead directly to higher sales and increased customer loyalty. These design tactics should be your first priority when updating your website.
- 10 Best Intranets of 2008
Jakob Nielsen
2008-01-07
useit.com
Consistent design and integrated IA are becoming standard on good intranets. This year's winners focused on productivity tools, employee self-service, access to knowledgeable people (as opposed to
- 100 Million Websites
Jakob Nielsen
2006-11-06
useit.com
The early Web's explosive growth rate has slowed, but even the mature Web
is still expanding and recently crossed the 100 M websites mark.
- Accessibility Is Not Enough
Jakob Nielsen
2005-11-21
useit.com
A strict focus on accessibility as a scorecard item doesn't help users with
disabilities. To help these users accomplish critical tasks, you must adopt a
usability perspective.
- Accessible Design for Users With Disabilities
Jakob Nielsen
1996-10
useit.com
How to design Web sites that are accessible for users with various
disabilities. Includes advice for designing for users with visual, auditory,
motor, and cognitive disabilities. Using good ALT-tests is only one of the
rules
- Acting on User Research
Jakob Nielsen
2004-11-08
useit.com
User research offers a learning opportunity that can help you build an
understanding of user behavior, but you must resolve discrepancies between
research findings and your own beliefs.
- Advertising Doesn't Work on the Web
Jakob Nielsen
1997-09-01
useit.com
The Web is a cognitive medium; the user owns the navigation and won't wait
for emotional brand messages. Product sites and classifieds have value; most
ads get puny click-through and few customers
- After the Buy Button: Generating Repeat Purchases in E-Commerce
Jakob Nielsen
2004-07-06
useit.com
The best way for e-commerce sites to increase subsequent orders is to treat
customers well after they place their initial order.
- Alertbox #200
Jakob Nielsen
2003-09-29
useit.com
I've published 200 Alertbox columns on the Web since 1995; in addition to
achieving key victories over multi-million-dollar special interests and
enemies of usability, the column's readership statistics validate the practice
of archiving content.
- Alertbox #200
Jakob Nielsen
2003-09-29
useit.com
I've published 200 Alertbox columns on the Web since 1995; in addition to
achieving key victories over multi-million-dollar special interests and
enemies of usability, the column's readership statistics validate the practice
of archiving content.
- Alertbox 5 Years Retrospective
Jakob Nielsen
2000-05-28
useit.com
Since 1995, the readership of the Alertbox has grown by 4,800%. Most of the
105 old usability columns remain valid to this day since people change more
slowly than the technology. But the Alertbox has encountered some setbacks as
well.
- Alertbox: Ten Years
Jakob Nielsen
2005-06-01
useit.com
300,000 words of usability essays have had an impact: online user
interfaces are considerably easier to use now than they were in 1995. Many
predictions and recommendations have come true, though the full Alertbox
vision is far from realized.
- Alternative Interfaces for Accessibility
Jakob Nielsen
2003-04-07
useit.com
The key difference between user interfaces for sighted users and blind
users is not that between graphics and text; it's the difference between 2-D
and 1-D. Optimal usability for users with disabilities requires new approaches
and new user interfaces.
- Amazon No Longer the Role Model for E-Commerce Design
Jakob Nielsen
2005-07-25
useit.com
Many design elements work for Amazon.com mainly because of its status as
the world's largest and most established e-commerce site. Normal sites should
not copy Amazon's design.
- Archiving Usability Reports
Jakob Nielsen
2005-06-13
useit.com
Most usability practitioners don't derive full value from their user tests
because they don't systematically archive the reports. An intranet-based
usability archive offers four substantial benefits.
- Are Users Stupid?
Jakob Nielsen
2001-02-04
useit.com
Opponents of the usability movement claim that it focuses on stupid users
and that most users can easily overcome complexity. In reality, even smart
users prefer pursuing their own goals to navigating idiosyncratic designs. As
Web use grows, the price of ignoring usability will only increase.
- Authentic Behavior in User Testing
Jakob Nielsen
2005-02-14
useit.com
Despite being an artificial situation, user testing generates realistic
findings because people engage strongly with the tasks and suspend their
disbelief.
- Avoid Within-Page Links
Jakob Nielsen
2006-02-21
useit.com
On the Web, users have a clear mental model for a hypertext link: it should
bring up a new page. Within-page links violate this model and thus cause
confusion.
- Avoiding Commodity Status
Jakob Nielsen
2002-02-03
useit.com
PCs do not need to be commodities: a focus on quality can differentiate
both products and services. Software has great potential for getting better,
as shown by an under-appreciated feature in Windows XP that can save users
$2,000 per year.
- B2B Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2006-06-01
useit.com
User testing shows that business-to-business websites have substantially
lower usability than mainstream consumer sites. If they want to convert more
prospects into leads, B2B sites should follow more guidelines and make it
easier for prospects to research their offerings.
- B2B: Help Your Fans Convince Their Bosses
Jakob Nielsen
2004-04-26
useit.com
B2B websites must support a more complex buying process than B2C sites.
Three key goals are to make a buyer's shortlist, offer a downloadable advocacy
kit, and build a reputation for great service.
- Banner Blindness: Old and New Findings
Jakob Nielsen
2007-08-20
useit.com
Users rarely look at display advertisements on websites. Of the 4 design elements that do attract a few ad fixations, one is unethical and reduces the value of advertising networks.
- Becoming a Usability Professional
Jakob Nielsen
2002-07-22
useit.com
A successful usability career requires some theoretical knowledge, but
mainly rests on brainpower and many years' experience testing and studying
users. The only way to gain that experience is to start now.
- Better Than Reality: A Fundamental Internet Principle
Jakob Nielsen
1998-03-08
useit.com
Instead of emulating the real world, websites should build on the
strengths of the medium and go beyond what's possible in physical reality: be
non-linear, customize service, ignore geography
- Beyond Accessibility: Treating Users with Disabilities as People
Jakob Nielsen
2001-11-11
useit.com
With current Web design practices, users without disabilities experience
three times higher usability than users who are blind or have low vision.
Usability guidelines can substantially improve the matter by making websites
and intranets support task performance for users with disabilities.
- Bill Gates Shopping List for the Internet Desktop
Jakob Nielsen
1998-12-13
useit.com
The Mac interface and its clones must die and be replaced by an Internet
Desktop based on explicit quality ratings, micropayments, non-linear
authoring, and a scriptable Web
- Blah-Blah Text: Keep, Cut, or Kill?
Jakob Nielsen
2007-10-01
useit.com
Introductory text on Web pages is usually too long, so users skip it. But short intros can increase usability by explaining the remaining content's purpose.
- Blog Usability: Top Ten Design Mistakes in Weblogs
Jakob Nielsen
2005-10-17
useit.com
Weblogs are often too internally focused and ignore key usability issues,
making it hard for new readers to understand the site and trust the author.
- Breadcrumb Navigation Increasingly Useful
Jakob Nielsen
2007-04-10
useit.com
Breadcrumbs use a single line of text to show a page's location in the site hierarchy. This secondary navigation technique is increasingly beneficial to users.
- Bridging the Designer-User Gap
Jakob Nielsen
2008-03-17
useit.com
Depending on how representative designers are of the target audience, a project might need more or less user testing. Still, usability concerns never go away completely.
- Bush vs. Kerry: Email Newsletters Rated
Jakob Nielsen
2004-09-20
useit.com
Both candidates for president of the United States offer email newsletters
with much good content to excite supporters, but miserable subscription
interfaces and several other usability problems.
- Canonical Intranet Homepage
Jakob Nielsen
2005-05-23
useit.com
Intranet homepages have become very similar in their basic layout.
Intranets that look the same can nonetheless differ drastically in usability
due to different features and content.
- Card Sorting: How Many Users to Test
Jakob Nielsen
2004-07-19
useit.com
Testing ever-more users in card sorting has diminishing returns, but you
should still use three times more participants than you would in traditional
usability tests.
- Celebrating Holidays and Special Occasions on Websites
Jakob Nielsen
2002-10-28
useit.com
Even small holiday decorations can increase joy of use and make websites
feel more current and more connected to users' lives and physical environment.
The key is to commemorate without detracting from your users' main reasons for
visiting the site.
- Change the Color of Visited Links
Jakob Nielsen
2004-05-03
useit.com
People get lost and move in circles when websites use the same link color
for visited and new destinations. To reduce navigational confusion, select
different colors for the two types of links.
- Change vs. Stability in Web Usability Guidelines
Jakob Nielsen
2007-06-11
useit.com
A remarkable 80% of findings from the Web usability studies in the 1990s continue to hold today.
- Changes in Web Usability Since 1994
Jakob Nielsen
1997-12-01
useit.com
Most findings about Web usability from 1994 continue to hold. Scrolling
pages and imagemaps are less of a problem; users now demand comprehensive
sites.
- Checkboxes vs. Radio Buttons
Jakob Nielsen
2004-09-27
useit.com
User interface guidelines for when to use a checkbox control and when to
use a radio button control. Ten other usability issues for checkboxes and
radio buttons.
- Classified Advertising: A Web Success
Jakob Nielsen
1997-09-01
useit.com
Classifieds will be the only form of successful Web ads: they need 'pull'
access to a searchable database. Newspapers will die unless they dominate Web
classifieds soon
- Command Links
Jakob Nielsen
2007-05-14
useit.com
Application commands can be presented as buttons or as links, which offer more room for explanation. For primary commands, however, buttons are still best.
- Community is Dead; Long Live Mega-Collaboration
Jakob Nielsen
1997-08-15
useit.com
The Web is not a community: a huge impersonal city is a better metaphor.
User-contributed content can be valuable (if edited), but chat rooms should be
avoided because of participation inequality
- Company Name First in Microcontent? Sometimes!
Jakob Nielsen
2008-03-03
useit.com
Typically, you should deemphasize your company's name in links, but a new guideline recommends frontloading the name for search engine links under certain conditions.
- Competitive Testing of Website Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2004-01-19
useit.com
The average difference in measured usability between competing websites is
68%. This is smaller than expected, but makes sense given the dynamics of
design within individual industries.
- Conservatism of Web Users
Jakob Nielsen
1998-03-22
useit.com
Users demand compliance with established design conventions. No site can
stand out any more; all are part of a single interwoven user experience; the
Web as a whole dictates design
- Content Creation for Average People
Jakob Nielsen
2000-10-01
useit.com
To take the Internet to the next level, users must begin posting their own
material rather than simply consuming content or distributing copyrighted
material. Unfortunately most people are poor writers and even worse at
authoring other media. Solutions include structured creation, selection-based
media, and teaching content creation in schools.
- Content Integration
Jakob Nielsen
1999-06-27
useit.com
Web services often collect content from separate sources and present it to
users in a single interface. Making such integration usable requires unified
meta-content.
- Convincing Clients to Pay for Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2003-05-19
useit.com
Professionally run design agencies user test their designs to increase the
value they deliver to their clients. The challenge is getting clients to
understand the benefits of a solid development methodology.
- Corporate Usability Maturity: Stages 1-4
Jakob Nielsen
2006-04-24
useit.com
As their usability approach matures, organizations typically progress
through the same sequence of stages, from initial hostility to widespread
reliance on user research.
- Corporate Usability Maturity: Stages 5-8
Jakob Nielsen
2006-05-01
useit.com
An organization that reaches the managed usability stage still has far to
go to reach usability nirvana. Attaining these higher maturity levels requires
many years of effort.
- Corporate Websites Get a 'D' in PR
Jakob Nielsen
2001-04-01
useit.com
Corporations spend millions on PR, and yet the press sections of their
websites often fail to meet journalists' most basic information needs. In our
recent usability study, journalists found answers to only 68% of their
questions across a range of corporate sites.
- Cost of User Testing a Site
Jakob Nielsen
1998-05-03
useit.com
Across 50 teams, the average time needed for their first usability test of
a website was 39 hours. The average site had 11 usability catastrophes that
prevented users from completing their tasks.
- Customers as Designers
Jakob Nielsen
2000-06-11
useit.com
The Internet is undoing the industrial revolution's emphasis on
mass-produced products; now everybody can get exactly what they want. But
designing the product you want is hard, and current design interfaces are not
good enough for novice designers (i.e., all normal customers).
- Data Quality and the Web User Experience
Jakob Nielsen
1998-07-12
useit.com
Errors in data records destroy the usability of a site and make it
difficult to find info. Guidelines for preventing, correcting, and surviving
errors.
- Data Visualization of Web Stats: Logarithmic Charts and the Drooping Tail
Jakob Nielsen
2006-08-14
useit.com
Using a linear diagram to plot data from website traffic logs can lead you
to overlook important conclusions. Sometimes advanced visualizations are worth
the effort.
- Deceivingly Strong Information Scent Costs Sales
Jakob Nielsen
2004-08-02
useit.com
Users will often overlook the actual location of information or products if
another website area seems like the perfect place to look. Cross-references
and clear labels alleviate this problem.
- Deep Linking is Good Linking
Jakob Nielsen
2002-03-03
useit.com
Links that go directly to a site's interior pages enhance usability
because, unlike generic links, they specifically relate to users' goals.
Websites should encourage deep linking and follow three guidelines to support
its users.
- Defeated By a Dialog Box
Jakob Nielsen
2007-07-23
useit.com
Interaction techniques that deviate from common GUI standards can create usability catastrophes that make applications impossible to use.
- Deferred Hypertext: The Virtues of Delayed Gratification
Jakob Nielsen
2001-09-30
useit.com
Navigating a full browsing session to find information can be unpleasant
and slow, particularly on mobile devices. Instead, issue a deferred request
and have the information arrive later, as done by some SMS systems.
- Design Guidelines for Visualizing Links
Jakob Nielsen
2004-05-10
useit.com
Textual links should be colored and underlined to achieve the best
perceived affordance of clickability, though there are a few exceptions to
these guidelines.
- Design of Confirmation Messages & Automated Customer Service Email
Jakob Nielsen
2003-12-08
useit.com
Transactional email can be a website's customer service ambassador, but
messages must first survive a ruthless selection process in the user's in-box.
Differentiating your message from spam is thus the first duty of email design.
- Design of Email Newsletters
Jakob Nielsen
2002-09-30
useit.com
Users have highly emotional reactions to newsletters which feel much more
personal than websites. In usability testing, success rates were high for
subscribe and unsubscribe tasks, but users were frustrated by newsletters that
demanded too much of their time.
- Designing Web Ads Using Click-Through Data
Jakob Nielsen
2001-09-02
useit.com
Search engine ads are one type of Web advertising that can actually work.
To create the best ads, do quick experiments and redesign ads based on
usability principles for online writing. Doing so helped us increase ad
click-through by 55% to 310%.
- Did Poor Usability Kill E-Commerce?
Jakob Nielsen
2001-08-19
useit.com
User success rates on e-commerce sites are only 56%, and most sites comply
with only a third of documented usability guidelines. Given this, improving a
site's usability can substantially increase both sales and a site's odds of
survival.
- Digital Divide: The Three Stages
Jakob Nielsen
2006-11-20
useit.com
The economic divide is a non-issue, but the usability and empowerment
divides alienate huge population groups who miss out on the Internet's
potential.
- Directions for Online Publishing
Jakob Nielsen
1995-08
useit.com
- Disabled Accessibility: The Pragmatic Approach
Jakob Nielsen
1999-06-13
useit.com
New official standards make it easy to get the top priorities right and
make websites accessible for users with disabilities (e.g., blind users who
can't see images). But the single-design approach may be nearing the end of
its life.
- Diversity is Power for Specialized Sites
Jakob Nielsen
2003-06-16
useit.com
Small websites get less traffic than big ones, but they can still dominate
their niches. For each question users ask, the Web delivers a different set of
sites to provide the answers.
- Do Government Agencies and Non-Profits Get ROI From Usability?
Jakob Nielsen
2007-02-12
useit.com
Although the gains don't fall into traditional profit columns, there are
clear arguments for improving usability of non-commercial websites and
intranets. In one example, a state agency could get an ROI of 22,000% by
fixing a basic usability problem.
- Do Productivity Increases Generate Economic Gains?
Jakob Nielsen
2003-03-17
useit.com
Usability improvements can save time-on-task, but critics argue that this
is not the same as saving money. Others worry that productivity gains cause
unemployment. Neither is correct: usable design saves money and saves jobs.
- Does Internet=Web?
Jakob Nielsen
1998-09-20
useit.com
Advanced functionality requires Internet-enabled client-server software
with optimized user interfaces that cannot be delivered in a Web browser.
Reserve the Web for hypertext and content features.
- Does User Annoyance Matter?
Jakob Nielsen
2007-03-26
useit.com
Making users suffer a drop-down menu to enter state abbreviations is one of
many small annoyances that add up to a less efficient, less pleasant user
experience. It's worth fixing as many of these usability irritants as you can.
- Drop-Down Menus: Use Sparingly
Jakob Nielsen
2000-11-12
useit.com
Drop-down menus are often more trouble than they are worth and can be
confusing because Web designers use them for several different purposes. Also,
scrolling menus reduce usability when they prevent users from seeing all their
options in a single glance.
- Drop-Down Menus: Use Sparingly
Jakob Nielsen
2000-11-12
useit.com
Drop-down menus are often more trouble than they are worth and can be
confusing because Web designers use them for several different purposes. Also,
scrolling menus reduce usability when they prevent users from seeing all their
options in a single glance.
- Durability of Usability Guidelines
Jakob Nielsen
2005-01-17
useit.com
About 90% of usability guidelines from 1986 are still valid, though several
guidelines are less important because they relate to design elements that are
rarely used today.
- DVD Menu Design (guest column by Don Norman, Alertbox Dec. 2001)
Donald A. Norman
2001-12-09
useit.com
Guest column by Don Norman: Designers of DVDs have failed to profit from
the lessons of previous media. DVD menu structures are baroque, less usable,
less pleasurable, less effective. It is time to take DVD design as seriously
as we do web design. The field needs discipline, attention, to the User
Experience, and standardization of control and display formats.
- eBooks (Electronic Books) - A Bad Idea
Jakob Nielsen
1998-07-26
useit.com
The book metaphor is too strong and leads designers astray, missing out on
the computer's potential for dynamic and interactive text.
- Effective Use of Cascading Style Sheets
Jakob Nielsen
1997-07-01
useit.com
CSS promotes site consistency and improved usability if linked (not
embedded), centrally designed (not by page authors), and actively evangelized
with example-rich style manuals. Respect user preferences
- Email Newsletters: Surviving Inbox Congestion
Jakob Nielsen
2006-06-12
useit.com
Newsletter usability has increased since our last study, but the
competition for users' attention has also grown with the ever-increasing glut
of information.
- Employee Directory Search: Resolving Conflicting Usability Guidelines
Jakob Nielsen
2003-02-24
useit.com
Guidelines conflict on whether to limit intranet search to a single search
box or dedicate an additional box to employee directory searches. There's
theory to support both guidelines. What's up?
- End of Homemade Websites
Jakob Nielsen
2001-10-14
useit.com
Web services will free individual site designers from having to program and
design common features. This will decrease business costs, increase usability,
and let designers focus on and improve features that are unique to each site.
- End of Legacy Media
Jakob Nielsen
1998-08-23
useit.com
In 5-10 years, newspapers, magazines, books, and TV will cease being
separate media forms and will be integrated into unified multimedia Web
services.
- End of Web Design
Jakob Nielsen
2000-07-23
useit.com
Websites have to reduce their differences and allow advanced features to
either become standard across sites or be extracted from the sites altogether
and placed in the browser. Focus on services and content; use a standard
design.
- Enterprise Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2005-11-07
useit.com
Usability goes beyond the level of individual users interacting with
screens. It's also a question of how easy or cumbersome it is for the entire
organization to use a system.
- Error Message Guidelines
Jakob Nielsen
2001-06-24
useit.com
Established wisdom holds that good error messages are polite, precise, and
constructive. The Web brings a few new guidelines: Make error messages clearly
visible, reduce the work required to fix the problem, and educate users along
the way.
- Evangelizing Usability: Changing Strategies at the Halfway Point
Jakob Nielsen
2005-03-28
useit.com
The evangelism strategies that help a usability group get established in a
company are different from the ones needed to create a full-fledged usability
culture.
- Eyetracking Study of Web Readers
Jakob Nielsen
2000-05-14
useit.com
Poynter study confirms older Web content studies: plain headlines work
best; users hunt for info, often ignore graphics, and interlace sites.
- F-Shaped Pattern For Reading Web Content
Jakob Nielsen
2006-04-17
useit.com
Eyetracking visualizations show that users often read Web pages in an
F-shaped pattern: two horizontal stripes followed by a vertical stripe.
- Failure of Corporate Websites
Jakob Nielsen
1998-10-18
useit.com
Most corporate sites are so bad that Web usability problems cost a large
company millions of dollars per year. On average, users fail when they try to
accomplish tasks on the Web.
- Fallacy of Atypical Web Examples
Jakob Nielsen
1997-06-01
useit.com
Common conclusions about Yahoo, Wall St. Journal, Disney, The WELL, and
Amazon.com are wrong: generalizing Web trends from popular examples featured
in the press is dangerous; spectacular case studies are often outliers
- Fancy Formatting, Fancy Words = Looks Like a Promotion = Ignored
Jakob Nielsen
2007-09-04
useit.com
A site did most things right, but still had a miserable 14% success rate for its most important task. The reason? Users ignored a key area because it resembled a promotion.
- Fast, Cheap, and Good: Yes, You Can Have It All
Jakob Nielsen
2007-01-02
useit.com
The sooner you complete a usability study, the higher its impact on the
design process. Slower methods should be deferred to an annual usability
checkup.
- Feature Richness and User Engagement
Jakob Nielsen
2007-08-06
useit.com
The more engaged users are, the more features an application can sustain. But most users have low commitment -- especially to websites, which must focus on simplicity, rather than features.
- Features for the Next Generation of Web Browsers
Jakob Nielsen
1995-07
useit.com
- Feedback From Users of an Archive
Jakob Nielsen
1999-01-10
useit.com
How to collect usability data from site users, using a historical archive
as the case study. Keep surveys simple, collect data from real-world usage,
and get feedback from friends of the site.
- Field Studies Done Right: Fast and Observational
Jakob Nielsen
2002-01-20
useit.com
Field studies should emphasize the observation of real user behavior.
Simple field studies are fast and easy to conduct, and do not require a posse
of anthropologists: All members of a design team should go on customer visits.
- First Rule of Usability? Don't Listen to Users
Jakob Nielsen
2001-08-05
useit.com
To design an easy-to-use interface, pay attention to what users do, not
what they say. Self-reported claims are unreliable, as are user speculations
about future behavior.
- Flash Accessibility: Making Web-Based Functionality Easier for Users With
Disabilities
Jakob Nielsen
2002-10-14
useit.com
Flash designs are easier for users with disabilities to use when designers
combine visual and textual presentations, minimize incessant movement,
decrease spacing between related objects, and simplify features.
- Flash Usability and Web-Based Applications
Jakob Nielsen
2002-11-25
useit.com
In usability tests of 46 Flash applications, we identified several basic
issues related to Web-based functionality's ephemeral nature. Some findings
restate old truths about GUIs; others reflect the Net's new status as nexus of
the user experience.
- Flash: 99% Bad
Jakob Nielsen
2000-10-29
useit.com
Although multimedia has its role on the Web, current Flash technology tends
to discourage usability for three reasons: it makes bad design more likely, it
breaks with the Web's fundamental interaction style, and it consumes resources
that would be better spent enhancing a site's core value.
- Flash: 99% Bad
Jakob Nielsen
2000-10-29
useit.com
Although multimedia has its role on the Web, current Flash technology tends
to discourage usability for three reasons: it makes bad design more likely, it
breaks with the Web's fundamental interaction style, and it consumes resources
that would be better spent enhancing a site's core value.
- Formal Usability Report vs. Quick Findings
Jakob Nielsen
2005-04-25
useit.com
Formal reports are the most common way of documenting usability studies,
but informal reports are faster to produce and are often a better choice.
- Forms vs. Applications
Jakob Nielsen
2005-09-19
useit.com
Once an online form goes beyond two screenfulls, it's often a sign that the
underlying functionality is better supported by an application, which offers a
more interactive user experience.
- Frames Suck Most of the Time
Jakob Nielsen
1996-12
useit.com
frames, usability, hypertext, navigation, Web pages, unified conceptual
model, atomic unit of Web content
- Functionality Apps vs. Content Apps: Open New Windows?
Jakob Nielsen
1997-10-15
useit.com
Applets are divided into two categories: functionality applets that need to
open in a new window and content applets that should stay on the browser page.
- Gateway Pages Prevent PDF Shock
Jakob Nielsen
2003-07-28
useit.com
Spare your users the misery of being dumped into PDF files without warning.
Create special gateway pages that summarize the contents of big documents and
guide users gently into the PDF morass.
- Generic Commands
Jakob Nielsen
2007-10-29
useit.com
Applications can give users access to a richer feature set by using the same few commands to achieve many related functions.
- Global Web: Driving the International Network Economy
Jakob Nielsen
1998-04-19
useit.com
Global use of websites leads to international usability problems and coping
with the levels of Internet maturity in different countries; many of which are
gaining rapidly
- Graceful Degradation of Scalable Internet Services
Jakob Nielsen
1999-10-31
useit.com
Specialized Internet applications will return to provide richer UIs than
are possible in browsers, but browsers will remain and new, smaller devices
will arise, so content and features must work across three levels of
sophistication. WAP will fail.
- Growing a Business Website: Fix the Basics First
Jakob Nielsen
2006-03-20
useit.com
Clear content, simple navigation, and answers to customer questions have
the biggest impact on business value. Advanced technology matters much less.
- Guidelines for Multimedia on the Web
Jakob Nielsen
1995-12
useit.com
- High-Cost Usability Sometimes Makes Sense
Jakob Nielsen
2007-11-05
useit.com
Computing the net present value (NPV) lets you estimate the most profitable level of usability investment. For big projects, expensive usability can pay off.
- History has a Lesson for HotJava
Jakob Nielsen
1995-06
useit.com
- Home Page Design Guidelines
Jakob Nielsen
2002-05-12
useit.com
A company's homepage is its face to the world and the starting point for
most user visits. Improving your homepage multiplies the entire website's
business value, so following key guidelines for homepage usability is well
worth the investment.
- Homepage Real Estate Allocation
Jakob Nielsen
2003-02-10
useit.com
On average, sample sites evenly distributed valuable screen space between
content, navigation, fluff, blank areas, and system overhead. Areas of user
interest should occupy more than the current 39%.
- How Much Bandwidth is Enough? A Tbps!
Jakob Nielsen
1995-11
useit.com
- Hyped Web Stories Are Irrelevant
Jakob Nielsen
2006-04-03
useit.com
The fads and big deals that get the press coverage are not important for
running a workhorse website. To serve your customers, it's far better to
emphasize simplicity and quality than to chase buzzwords.
- Improving Usability Guideline Compliance
Jakob Nielsen
2002-06-24
useit.com
Over the last 1.5 years, the average compliance with established usability
guidelines increased by 4%. If we can sustain this level of improvement, we'll
reach the ideal of 90% guideline compliance in 2017.
- In Defense of Print
Jakob Nielsen
1996-02
useit.com
- In the Future, We'll All Be Harry Potter
Jakob Nielsen
2002-12-09
useit.com
The world of magic is a world where inanimate objects come alive; it's as
if they had computational power, sensors, awareness, and connectivity.
- Incompetent Email Marketing = Lost Future Opportunities
Jakob Nielsen
2005-10-31
useit.com
Lack of personalization made an email newsletter completely useless to the
recipient, damaging long-term customer relationship efforts.
- Increasing Returns for Websites
Jakob Nielsen
1997-04-15
useit.com
How much better is it to be a *big* website? Large sites can use their own
hyperlinks to drive even more traffic, but small sites generate more value
through focused content and microtransactions
- Information Foraging: Why Google Makes People Leave Your Site Faster
Jakob Nielsen
2003-06-30
useit.com
The easier it is to find places with good information, the less time users
will spend visiting any individual website. This is one of many conclusions
that follow from analyzing how people optimize their behavior in online
information systems.
- Information Pollution
Jakob Nielsen
2003-08-11
useit.com
Excessive word count and worthless details are making it harder for people
to extract useful information. The more you say, the more people tune out your
message.
- Informational Articles Must Ask For the Order
Jakob Nielsen
2004-08-23
useit.com
Unless you have explicit links to product pages from article content, users
who visit articles directly from search engines might never realize that you
sell related products.
- Interface Standards and Design Creativity
Jakob Nielsen
1999-08-22
useit.com
Standards ensure a consistent vocabulary, but don't limit designers'
freedom (and responsibility) in deeper design issues. Also: Guidelines for
writing design standards.
- International Sites: Minimum Requirements
Jakob Nielsen
2005-08-08
useit.com
Users from other countries have special needs related to entry fields for
names and addresses, measurements and dates, and information about regional
product standards.
- International Web Usability
Jakob Nielsen
1996-08
useit.com
An Alertbox column.
- Internet Client Design
Jakob Nielsen
2000-04-30
useit.com
Napster, IE 5 for the Mac, and Yahoo FinanceVision introduce specialized
Internet UIs beyond the standard page viewing that had been unchanged since
Mosaic.
- Internet Hard to Use for Novice Users
Jakob Nielsen
1997-04-01
useit.com
Examples from tech support calls show the immense difficulties novice users
have in using the Internet: be prepared if you field apps intended for broad
usage
- Internet Stock Valuation and Future User Characteristics
Jakob Nielsen
1999-01-17
useit.com
Unique visitors are a poor measure of user loyalty. Also, future users are
late adopters and not likely to all patronize current popular sites. So
beware of over-valuing Internet stock.
- Intranet Design Annual: 10 Best Intranets of 2002
Jakob Nielsen
2002-09-03
useit.com
This year's winning intranet designs emphasized integrated support of
international offices, long development times (two years on average), one-stop
start-up screens and single sign-in, and usability testing of interfaces for
content contributors.
- Intranet Information Architecture (IA)
Jakob Nielsen
2007-11-26
useit.com
In analyzing 56 intranets, we found many common top-level categories, labels, and navigation designs, but ultimately, the diversity was too great to recommend a single IA.
- Intranet Portal Usability and Design
Jakob Nielsen
2003-03-31
useit.com
Internet portals are virtually dead, but a portal approach can tame the
unruly chaos on internal company networks. Intranet portals overcome many
Internet portal limitations, and might be the best hope for productivity and a
unified user experience.
- intranet portals
Jakob Nielsen
1999-04-04
useit.com
An intranet should have a single home page that integrates a directory
hierarchy, search, and news. Most intranets are chaotic, under-funded, and
lack design standards, causing huge losses in employee productivity.
- Intranet Portals Get Streamlined
Jakob Nielsen
2005-10-24
useit.com
An analysis of intranet portals found slimmer information architectures and
a renewed emphasis on fresh content and useful applications. Past findings,
including those on role-based personalization, were confirmed.
- Intranet Usability Shows Huge Advances
Jakob Nielsen
2007-10-09
useit.com
Measured usability improved by 44% compared to our last large-scale intranet study. The new research identified 5 times the previous number of intranet design guidelines.
- Intranet Usability: The Trillion-Dollar Question
Jakob Nielsen
2002-11-11
useit.com
The average mid-sized company could gain $5 million per year in employee
productivity by improving its intranet design to the top quartile level of a
cross-company intranet usability study. The return on investment? One thousand
percent or more.
- intranet vs. Internet Design
Jakob Nielsen
1997-09-15
useit.com
Your intranet should have different visual style and navigational
architecture from your website since users, tasks, and information all differ.
Intranets should be managed diversity; neither totalitarian nor anarchies
- Is Navigation Useful?
Jakob Nielsen
2000-01-09
useit.com
Web users go straight for content and ignore navigation areas. Limited
structural navigation and local navigation still help, but general navigation
should be avoided and generic links minimized to the truly useful.
- Japanese Products Map the Mobile Road Ahead
Jakob Nielsen
2001-04-29
useit.com
Japan is now shipping a wide variety of new Internet-connected devices.
Among the highlights are new mobile photography units like Eggy, and i-mode
telephones with liberating two-dimensional controls.
- Keep Online Surveys Short
Jakob Nielsen
2004-02-02
useit.com
To ensure high response rates and avoid misleading survey results, keep
your surveys short and ensure that your questions are well written and easy to
answer.
- Kids' Corner: Web Usability for Children
Shuli Gilutz
2002-04-16
useit.com
Our usability study of kids found that they are as easily stumped by confusing websites as adults. Unlike adults, however, kids tend to view ads as content, and click accordingly. They also like colorful designs, but demand simple text and navigation.
- Kids' Corner: Website Usability for Children
Jakob Nielsen
2002-04-14
useit.com
Our usability study of kids found that they are as easily stumped by
confusing websites as adults. Unlike adults, however, kids tend to view ads as
content, and click accordingly. They also like colorful designs, but demand
simple text and navigation.
- Kill the 53-Day Meme
Jakob Nielsen
1995-09
useit.com
- Lack of Navigation Support in v.4.0 Browsers
Jakob Nielsen
1997-11-01
useit.com
Four years of progress in Web browsers have given us more fancy
presentation but almost no improvements in helping users navigate the Web and
getting the information they need.
- Let Users Control Font Size
Jakob Nielsen
2002-08-19
useit.com
Tiny text tyrannizes users by dramatically reducing task throughput. IE4
had a great UI that let users easily change font sizes; let's get this design
back in the next generation of browsers.
- Life-Long Computer Skills
Jakob Nielsen
2007-02-26
useit.com
Schools should teach deep, strategic computer insights that can't be learned from reading a manual.
- Link Titles Help Users Predict Where They Are Going
Jakob Nielsen
1998-01-11
useit.com
Some browsers pop up a short explanation of a link *before* the user
selects it. Such link titles can give users a preview of where the link will
lead, improve their navigation, and reduce disorientation.
- Linkrot
Jakob Nielsen
1998-06-14
useit.com
6% of the Web's links are broken, diminishing its usability. All old URLs
should be kept working indefinitely - otherwise you throw away business.
- Location Finders and Store Locators
Jakob Nielsen
2001-07-08
useit.com
When we asked users to find a nearby store, office, dealership, or other
outlet based on information provided at a parent company's website, users
succeeded only 63% of the time. On average, the 10 sites we studied complied
with less than half of our 21 usability guidelines for locator design.
- Location is Irrelevant for Usability Studies
Jakob Nielsen
2007-04-30
useit.com
You get the same insights regardless of where you conduct user testing, so there's no reason to test in multiple cities. When a city is dominated by your own industry, however, you should definitely test elsewhere.
- Loneliness and the Internet
Jakob Nielsen
2000-02-20
useit.com
Studies of the social impact of the Internet must consider the changing
lifestyle of the new economy and not relate solely to industrial-age concepts.
- Long vs. Short Articles as Content Strategy
Jakob Nielsen
2007-11-12
useit.com
Information foraging shows how to calculate your content strategy's costs and benefits. A mixed diet that combines brief overviews and comprehensive coverage is often best.
- Low-End Media for User Empowerment
Jakob Nielsen
2003-04-21
useit.com
Fancy media on websites typically fails user testing. Simple text and clear
photos not only communicate better with users, they also enhance users'
feeling of control and thus support the Web's mission as an instant
gratification environment.
- Low-Literacy Users
Jakob Nielsen
2005-03-14
useit.com
Lower-literacy users exhibit very different reading behaviors than
higher-literacy users: they plow text rather than scan it, and they miss page
elements due to a narrower field of view.
- Loyalty on the Web
Jakob Nielsen
1997-08-01
useit.com
Loyal users who return to a site many times are more valuable than 'site
tourists' who simply check out a few pages. Loyalty is built by fresh content,
update notifications, and customization and other ways of rewarding repeat
visits
- Mailing List Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2000-08-20
useit.com
Mailing list content must be ultra-short. Provide separate email addresses
for subscribing and unsubscribing and include info on how to get off in every
mailing list message. Improved usability increased subscriptions by 128% in
one case study.
- Making the Physical Environment Interactive
Jakob Nielsen
2002-08-05
useit.com
Tiny motors and sensors will make physical objects interactive and create a
renaissance for gestural user interfaces. As interface design moves from the
screen to the material world, the need for simple, easy to use designs will
only increase.
- Making Web Advertisements Work
Jakob Nielsen
2003-05-05
useit.com
Web users are highly goal-driven, and ads that interfere with their goals
will be ignored. To succeed, ads must work with the medium, as well as with
the user's aims and mindset.
- Marginalia of Web Design
Jakob Nielsen
1996-11
useit.com
- Mastery, Mystery, and Misery: The Ideologies of Web Design
Jakob Nielsen
2004-08-30
useit.com
Simple, unobtrusive designs that support users are successful because they
abide by the Web's nature -- and they make people feel good.
- Medical Usability: How to Kill Patients Through Bad Design
Jakob Nielsen
2005-04-11
useit.com
A field study identified twenty-two ways that automated hospital systems
can result in the wrong medication being dispensed to patients. Most of these
flaws are classic usability problems that have been understood for decades.
- Mental Models For Search Are Getting Firmer
Jakob Nielsen
2005-05-09
useit.com
Users now have precise expectations for the behavior of search. Designs
that invoke this mental model but work differently are confusing.
- Metcalfe's Law in Reverse
Jakob Nielsen
1999-07-25
useit.com
Partitioning the Web into N unlinked or otherwise isolated parts will
reduce its overall value by a factor of N. A proprietary AOL instant messaging
system will be worth only 4% of the full potential, and 1/3 will be completely
lost.
- Microcontainers: Long-Term Web Change
Jakob Nielsen
1998-05-31
useit.com
Treating the Web as a strategic industry driver will lead to a patent
bonanza where companies sew up entire ways of doing business. Distribution
networks are discussed as one example of such a change
- Microcontent: Headlines and Subject Lines
Jakob Nielsen
1998-09-06
useit.com
Online headlines must be absolutely clear when taken out of context. They
should be written in plain language (no puns or clever headlines). 5
additional guidelines + examples of bad microcontent.
- Middle-Aged Users' Declining Web Performance
Jakob Nielsen
2008-03-31
useit.com
Between the ages of 25 and 60, people's ability to use websites declines by 0.8% per year - mostly because they spend more time per page, but also because of navigation difficulties.
- Misconceptions About Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2003-09-08
useit.com
Misconceptions about usability's expense, the time it involves, and its
creative impact prevent companies from getting crucial user data, as does the
erroneous belief that existing customer-feedback methods are a valid driver
for interface design.
- Misleading Results from Study Methodology
Jakob Nielsen
1999-02-21
useit.com
Details in measurement methodology make the results of a recent market
research study irrelevant for predicting real user behavior on the Web.
- Mobile Devices Will Soon Be Useful
Jakob Nielsen
2001-09-16
useit.com
New mobile devices and services are more realistic and useful than last
year's models, and will likely expand mobile device adoption. Design usability
and simplicity are key, particularly for the automotive market where
complexity can be dangerous.
- Mobile Devices: One Generation From Useful
Jakob Nielsen
2003-08-18
useit.com
New mobile devices show a huge improvement over previous generations, but
they're still not good enough to score a real win. To get there, we need both
PC-integrated applications and specialized mobile services rather than
repurposed website content.
- Mobile Phones: Europe's Next Minitel?
Jakob Nielsen
2001-01-07
useit.com
Europe's cellular phone system is far superior to that in the United
States. However, telephones will not be the platform for the mobile Internet.
Given this, Europe's advantage may in fact be an obstacle to real innovations,
as France's experience with Minitel shows.
- Most Hated Advertising Techniques
Jakob Nielsen
2004-12-06
useit.com
Studies of how people react to online advertisements have identified
several design techniques that impact the user experience very negatively.
- Mud-Throwing Theory of Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2000-04-02
useit.com
Instead of rushing new websites to a premature launch that will scare away
your best customers forever, it is better to run a few fast usability studies
in the beginning of the project.
- Multiple-User Simultaneous Testing: MUST
Jakob Nielsen
2007-10-15
useit.com
Testing 5-10 users at once lets you conduct large-scale usability testing and still meet your deadlines.
- Myth of the Genius Designer
Jakob Nielsen
2007-05-29
useit.com
Having a good designer doesn't eliminate the need for a systematic usability process. Risk reduction and quality improvement both require user testing and other usability methods.
- New Devices Augur Decent Mobile User Experience
Jakob Nielsen
2000-09-17
useit.com
The current generation of mobile Internet products and services has
miserable usability (as shown at the DEMOmobile 2000 conference). New devices
like Blackberry, Modo, and a prototype Microsoft telephone do better.
- Newsletter Usability: Can a Professional Publisher Do Better?
Jakob Nielsen
2004-10-11
useit.com
The Washington Post's email newsletter earns a high usability score. It's
particularly good at setting users' expectations before they subscribe, though
the unsubscribe interface has some problems.
- Nielsen's Law of Internet Bandwidth
Jakob Nielsen
1998-04-05
useit.com
High-end users' bandwidth grows by 50% per year, meaning that personal T-1
lines will be common by 2003. Until then, minimalism will remain the dominant
goal of Web design
- Novice vs. Expert Users
Jakob Nielsen
2000-02-06
useit.com
Web usability has focused on ease of learning for the new visitor. While
learnability remains important, it is time to also consider expert
performance.
- Offshore Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2002-09-16
useit.com
To save costs, some companies are outsourcing Web projects to countries
with cheap labor. Unfortunately, these countries lack strong usability
traditions and their developers have limited access -- if any -- to good
usability data from the target users.
- One Billion Internet Users
Jakob Nielsen
2005-12-19
useit.com
The Internet is growing at an annualized rate of 18% and now has one
billion users. A second billion users will follow in the next ten years,
bringing a dramatic change in worldwide usability needs.
- Open New Windows for PDF and other Non-Web Documents
Jakob Nielsen
2005-08-29
useit.com
When using PC-native file formats such as PDF or spreadsheets, users feel
like they're interacting with a PC application. Because users are no longer
browsing a website, they shouldn't be given a browser UI.
- Outliers and Luck in User Performance
Jakob Nielsen
2006-03-06
useit.com
6% of task attempts are extremely slow and constitute outliers in measured
user performance. These sad incidents are caused by bad luck that designers
can -- and should -- eradicate.
- Outsourcing Web Design: Yes/No?
Jakob Nielsen
1998-06-28
useit.com
Web design is a core competency for the network economy and should not be
outsourced, even though certain specific components may be outsourced.
- Pages Must Live Forever
Jakob Nielsen
1998-11-29
useit.com
Keeping old content alive will more than double the value of a site and
only cost a small investment in content gardening. Removed pages equal lost
users.
- Paper Prototyping: Get User Data *Before* Coding
Jakob Nielsen
2003-04-14
useit.com
With a paper prototype, you can user test early design ideas at an
extremely low cost. Doing so lets you fix usability problems before you waste
money implementing something that doesn't work.
- Participation Inequality: Encouraging More Users to Contribute
Jakob Nielsen
2006-10-09
useit.com
In most online communities, 90% of users are lurkers who never contribute,
9% of users contribute a little, and 1% of users account for almost all the
action.
- Passive Voice Is Redeemed For Web Headings
Jakob Nielsen
2007-10-22
useit.com
Active voice is best for most Web content, but using passive voice can let you front-load important keywords in headings, blurbs, and lead sentences. This enhances scannability and thus SEO effectiveness.
- PDF - Avoid for On-Screen Reading
Jakob Nielsen
2001-06-10
useit.com
Forcing users to browse PDF files makes usability approximately 300% worse
compared to HTML pages. Only use PDF for documents that users are likely to
print. In those cases, following six basic guidelines will minimize usability
problems.
- PDF: Unfit for Human Consumption
Jakob Nielsen
2003-07-14
useit.com
Users get lost inside PDF files, which are typically big, linear text blobs
that are optimized for print and unpleasant to read and navigate online. PDF
is good for printing, but that's it. Don't use it for online presentation.
- Personalization is Over-Rated
Jakob Nielsen
1998-10-04
useit.com
Personalized Web interfaces are over-hyped: users don't want to be
stereotyped and it is too much work for them to enter detailed preference
settings.
- Persuasive Design and Web Credibility: Review of Captology Book
Jakob Nielsen
2003-03-03
useit.com
Review of B.J. Fogg's new Persuasive Technology book, which provides useful
principles on how to think about creating persuasive design, but rarely gives
detailed design guidelines. The exception is a section on enhancing website
credibility.
- Poor Code Quality Contaminates Mental Models
Jakob Nielsen
2001-10-28
useit.com
Software bugs and system crashes result in huge productivity losses and
undermine users' ability to form good models of how computers work. Website
designers can help improve user confidence by prioritizing quality and
robustness over features and the latest technology.
- PR on Websites: Increasing Usability
Jakob Nielsen
2003-03-10
useit.com
Compared with a similar 2001 study, a new study of journalists as they
looked for information on corporate websites' PR areas showed significant
usability improvements: a 5% higher success rate and 15% increased guidelines
compliance.
- Predictions for the Web in 1998
Jakob Nielsen
1998-01-01
useit.com
The Web will become more international (but will overseas sites or American
sites benefit?), sites will outsource services, content will adapt to usage
patterns in real time.
- Predictions for the Web in 1999
Jakob Nielsen
1998-12-27
useit.com
Mobile access becomes 3rd Killer App for the Internet, Web standards
rebound, customer service is automated, e-commerce patents are issued, and
the Web has its own Y2K problems
- Predictions for Year 2000
Jakob Nielsen
1999-12-26
useit.com
Micropayments will start with value-added content; mobile access; advice
and sales become unbundled and physical experience environments may launch.
- Print Design vs. Web Design
Jakob Nielsen
1999-01-24
useit.com
Anything that is a great print design is likely to be a lousy web design.
The big canvas size and controlled layout make print visually superior; Web
interaction is more engaging.
- Prioritize: Good Content Bubbles to the Top
Jakob Nielsen
1999-10-17
useit.com
If everything is emphasized, then nothing stands out. Prioritized design
helps users focus on the most promising choices first.
- Productivity and Screen Size
Jakob Nielsen
2006-10-23
useit.com
A study of the benefits of big monitors fails on two accounts: it didn't
test realistic tasks, and it didn't test realistic use. Productivity is a key
argument for workplace usability, but you must measure it carefully.
- Productivity in the Service Economy
Jakob Nielsen
2004-03-29
useit.com
Yes, it is possible for white-collar workers to work smarter and become
more productive. While intranet usability provides substantial initial gains,
workflow usability can go much further and will save millions of jobs.
- Profit Maximization vs. User Loyalty
Jakob Nielsen
2000-03-05
useit.com
Instead of maximizing the profits from an individual visit it is better to
encourage loyal users and establish non-monetary differentiation and
frequent-user programs.
- Progressive Disclosure
Jakob Nielsen
2006-12-04
useit.com
Progressive disclosure defers advanced or rarely used features to a
secondary screen, making applications easier to learn and less error-prone.
- Protecting the User's Mailbox
Jakob Nielsen
2002-03-17
useit.com
Email is a powerful way to reach customers, but overdoing it is risky. Le