%M E.Salvendy.87 %T Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %P 1874 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %O ISBN 0-471-88015-9; LC TA 166.H275 %Y 1. The Human Factors Function (1) 2. Human Factors Fundamentals (43) 3. Functional Analysis (311) 4. Job and Organization Design (429) 5. Equipment and Workplace Design (505) 6. Environmental Design (621) 7. Design for Health and Safety (765) 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems (909) 9. Performance Modeling (1059) 10. System Evaluation (1269) 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems (1357) 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems (1585) Author Index (1811-1843) Subject Index (1845-1874) %M E.Salvendy.87.3 %T The Human Factors Profession %S 1. The Human Factors Function %A Christensen, Julien M. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 1.1 %P 3-16 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Origins and Development The Age of Tools The Age of Machines The Age of Power A New Age: Machines for Minds A Significant Current Development: Products Safety Future Developments A Word on Definitions The Attainment and Maintenance of Competence in Human Factors Tools and Methods The Nature of the Human Factors Society Membership Opportunities in Formal Education Continuing Education and Experience Professional Societies of Relevance to Human Factors Journal Publications of Relevance to Human Factors Human Factors References of Historical Interest General Human Factors References The Systems Model -- A Valuable and Necessary Integrator Example of a Systems Model Evaluation of the Systems Approach References %M E.Salvendy.87.17 %T Systems Design, Development, and Testing %S 1. The Human Factors Function %A Meister, David %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 1.2 %P 17-42 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Lifecycle %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction and Overview General Characteristics of System Development Molecularization Requirements as Forcing Functions System Development as Discovery System Development as Transformation Time Cost Iteration Design Competition Priorities Relevance Design Reviews Behavioral Inputs Government Management Processes Introduction Feasibility/Analysis Phase Program Initiation Phase Demonstration and Validation Phase Full-Scale Engineering Development Phase Production and Deployment Phase Human Factors Development Questions HFE Activities During System Development System Planning Preliminary Design Detail Design Production Test and Evaluation The HFE and The Designer Introduction Designer Attitudes Toward HF Designer Misconceptions How the Engineer Designs Data Support for Human Factors Is Human Factors Worthwhile? References %M E.Salvendy.87.45 %T Sensation, Perception, and Systems Design %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Foley, Patrick %A Moray, Neville %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.1 %P 45-71 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Limitations on Handbook Data Psychophysical Laws Applications of Psychophysics: The Example of Color Specification Mechanisms of Perception "Bottom-Up" and "Top-Down" Processing in Perception Principles of Top-Down Processing Advanced Technology Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.72 %T Information Processing, Decision-Making, and Cognition %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Wickens, Christopher D. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.2 %P 72-107 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Perception and Memory Expectancy Object Integrality Stimulus-Central Processing Compatibility Predictive Displays Spatial Cognition Comprehension Working Memory Limitation Time and Attention Space Chunking Similarity and Forgetting Processing Code Similarity Strategies Decision-Making and Diagnosis Choice Uncertainty Diagnosis Corrective Solutions Response Processes Choice Reaction Time Stimulus Pacing Errors Stages of Information Processing Attention Selective Attention Divided Attention Attention as a Resource: Mental Workload Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.108 %T Motivation %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Hoyos, Carl Graf %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.3 %P 108-123 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y What is Motivation Process Theories of Motivation Motivation by Expectation and Incentives Motivation According to the Principle of Equilibrium Evaluation Content-Oriented Theories Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.124 %T Learning and Forgetting Facts and Skills %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Kyllonen, Patrick C. %A Alluisi, Earl A. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.4 %P 124-153 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Overview The Human Information Processing System Declarative Memory Working Memory Procedural Memory The Processing Cycle Summary: Human Information Processing System Varieties of Learning Accretion Restructuring Tuning Summary: Varieties of Learning Noncognitive Learning Variables Motivation Mood Forty-Three Practical Applications of Learning Principles Learner Strategies Principles Instructional System Design Principles Principles for Designing Learnable Systems Summary: Forty-Three Practical Applications References %M E.Salvendy.87.154 %T Engineering Anthropometry %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Kroemer, Karl H. E. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.5 %P 154-168 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction: The Human as a System Element Development and Scope Applications: Human-Equipment Interfaces Terminology and Standardization Anthropometric Surveys and Measurement Techniques Measuring Instruments Types of Body Build Variability of Anthropometric Data Anthropometric Design Data (Instead of a) Summary References and Bibliography %M E.Salvendy.87.169 %T Biomechanics of the Human Body %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Kroemer, Karl H. E. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.6 %P 169-181 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Scope, Development, and Status Mechanical Basics Anthropometric Basics Muscle Strength Generation of Strength Measurement Techniques Kinematic Chains Low Back Biomechanics Body Postures Ergonomic Models: A Summary References Bibliography %M E.Salvendy.87.182 %T Manual Control and Tracking %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Knight, James L., Jr. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.7 %P 182-218 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Human Factors Performance %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction An Information-Processing Model of the Human Operator Levels of Control Sophistication The Structure of the Manual Control Task Information-Processing Limits on Manual Control Performance Measuring Control and Tracking Performance Two Common Problems in Control and Tracking Experiments Measures of Control and Tracking Performance Other Scoring Methods System Behavior -- Effects on Operator's Performance Tracks with a Single Step Tracks with Many Steps Ramp Steps Sine Wave Tracks Displaying System Behavior -- Effects on Operator's Performance Pursuit and Compensatory Displays Augmented Displays Alternative Visual Coding Methods Alternative Sensory Modalities Control Responsiveness -- Effects on Operator's Performance Muscles and Limbs Used for Control Activation Transformations of the Control Device Output Effects of Control System Nonlinearities Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.219 %T Human Error and Human Reliability %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Miller, Dwight P. %A Swain, Alan D. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.8 %P 219-250 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Overview What is Human Error? System Context Types of Human Error Why People Make Errors Work-Situation Approach Performance-Shaping Factors Task Complexity Human Reliability Analysis Background Analysis and Prediction Historical Perspective Human Reliability Analysis Techniques Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP) An Example Using THERP Maintenance Personnel Performance Simulation (MAPPS) Operator Action Tree Method (OAT) Expert Judgment Techniques Success Liklihood Index Methodology (SLIM) Sociotechnical Approach to Assessing Human Reliability (STAHR) Incorporation of HRAs Into PRAs The Data Problem Generalizability of Data Data-Base Review Human Reliability Data Bank Strategies for Dealing with Human Error Change the Worker Change the Work Situation Reduce the System Impact References %M E.Salvendy.87.251 %T Feedback-Control Mechanisms of Human Behavior %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Smith, Thomas J. %A Smith, Karl U. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.9 %P 251-293 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Origins of Feedback Concepts Homeostasis versus Homeokinesis Behavioral-Physiological Cybernetics Research on Tracking Systems Effects of Delaying the Feedback Signal Theories of Tracking Behavior Assessing Control-System Response Behavioral Cybernetics and Machine Design Multidimensionality in Body Motion Multidimensional Feedback in Tool Using Effects of Feedback Displacement Steering Behavior Feedforward Control Safety in Vehicle Operation Delayed Sensory Feedback Effects of Feedback Delay Delayed Feedback as a Human-Factors Issue Control Theories of Fast Movement Coordinations Neurogeometric Organization of Behavior Experiments on Displaced Vision Feedback Control of Neurogeometric Organization Neurogeometric Organization of the Brain Reversing Visual Feedback of Eye Movements Behavioral-Physiological Integration Motor-System Control Mechanisms Motor Control of Energy Metabolism Integration of Motor and Organic Function Motor-System Control of Physiological Efficiency Voluntary Control of Organic Processes Motor-System Control of Maturation and Learning Feedback Control of Social Behavior Physiological Compliance in Social Tracking Feedback Principles of Joint Performances References %M E.Salvendy.87.294 %T Speech Communication %S 2. Human Factors Fundamentals %A Sorkin, R. D. %A Kantowitz, B. H. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 2.10 %P 294-309 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Input Output Device Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Speech Production and Perception Phonemes Speech Spectrograms Effects of Phoneme Context Channel Intelligibility and Quality Articulation and Intelligibility Message Familiarity and Predictability Effects of Sentence Context Speech Intensity Binaural Listening Distortion of Speech Articulation Index Channel Quality Speech Technology Wave-Form Sampling and Quantization Bit-Rate Reduction Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.313 %T Surveys in Organizations %S 3. Functional Analysis %A Seashore, Stanley E. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 3.1 %P 313-328 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Task %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y The Nature of Surveys An Example of an Organizational Survey Advantages of the Survey Method Some Limitations and Risks The Utility of Surveys Planning a Survey: Design Issues Interviews versus Questionnaires Populations and Samples Instrument Development and Pretesting Planning a Survey: Organizational Issues Confidentiality Participation in Planning Voluntarism Reporting the Results Professional Help Planning a Survey: Analysis and Interpretation Comparing Unlike Groups Comparing Like Groups Impact Analysis and Diagnosis Interpreting Subjective Measures Planning a Survey: Achieving an Integrated Plan Design Elements Fit to Context Organizational Linkages Workplace and Work-System Applications References %M E.Salvendy.87.329 %T Analytic Techniques for Function Analysis %S 3. Functional Analysis %A Laughery, Kenneth R., Sr. %A Laughery, K. Ronald, Jr. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 3.2 %P 329-354 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Task %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Terminology Uses of Functional Analysis The Hierarchical Nature of Functional Analysis Methods of Representation Flow Analysis Process Charts Flow Diagrams Operational Sequence Diagrams Other Chart Techniques Utility and Limitations of Flow Analysis Techniques Time-Lime Analysis Time-Line Charts Gantt Charts Other Techniques and Challenges Network Analysis Network Diagrams Mathematical Procedures Applications Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.355 %T Allocation of Functions %S 3. Functional Analysis %A Kantowitz, Barry H. %A Sorkin, Robert D. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 3.3 %P 355-369 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Task %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Person-Machine Systems Defining System Goals Levels of Technology A Philosophical Design Dichotomy Techniques for Function Allocation Historical Antecedents Current Procedures Perils of Automation Dynamic Allocation Allocation and Work Load Function Allocation in Manufacturing References %M E.Salvendy.87.370 %T Task Analysis %S 3. Functional Analysis %A Drury, Colin G. %A Paramore, Barbara %A Van Cott, Harold P. %A Grey, Susan M. %A Corlett, E. Nigel %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 3.4 %P 370-401 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Task %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Early History Human Performance in Technological Systems The Nature of Tasks in Technological Systems Definitions in Task Analysis Recent Developments in Task Analysis Planning for Task Analysis Phases of Task Analysis System Description and Analysis Task Description Task List Descriptive Data Collection Applications Analyses An Example of Task Description and Analysis Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.402 %T Physiological and Psychological Work Load Measurement and Analysis %S 3. Functional Analysis %A Rohmert, Walter %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 3.5 %P 402-428 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Why is Work Load Analysis Needed? Practicable Approach for Determining Work Load Historical Review of Physiological Research on Work Load How Much of a Worker's Food Consumption is Due to His Work? For What Type of Work or Type of Tool is the Energy Requirement a Minimum? What is the Suitable Amount of Daily Energy Expenditure? Ergonomics Concept of Analyzing Work, Stress, and Strain The Concept of Ergonomics Scope and Theoretical References of Ergonomics The Ergonomic Stress and Strain Concept A Four-Level Hierarchy for Assessment of Working Conditions An Approach to Assess Work Load in Assembling Tasks Using Ergonomic Methodology References %M E.Salvendy.87.431 %T Job Design %S 4. Job and Organization Design %A Davis, Louis E. %A Wacker, Gerald J. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 4.1 %P 431-452 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Definition of Job Job Design Under Conditions of Uncertainty Designing Jobs to Meet Three Kinds of Organizational Needs Production-System Framework Miniature-Society Framework Individual Framework Decisions Involved in Designing Jobs Deciding What Tasks Will be Performed by the Work Force Technical Tasks Organizational Tasks Deciding How Tasks Will be Grouped Together and Assigned Technical-System Realm Organizational (Social-System) Realm Deciding How Individuals Will Relate to Each Other Deciding How Individuals Will be Rewarded Types of Job Designs Historically Evolved or Undesigned Jobs Machine Model of Jobs Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment Self-Maintaining Work Teams Analytic Methods in Support of Job Design Transformation Flow Chart Variance Analysis Technological Assessment Task Ratings Mobility Analysis Interaction Analysis Responsibility Analysis Loci of Organizational Stability and Instability Criteria for Grouping Tasks to Create Job and Team Boundaries Strategies for Designing Jobs Roles of the Human-Factors/Ergonomics Specialist Summary and Conclusion References Bibliography %M E.Salvendy.87.453 %T Participative Group Techniques %S 4. Job and Organization Design %A Sen, Tapas K. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 4.2 %P 453-469 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application Social %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction A Human Resource Strategy Model Models of Participative Group Techniques A Process for Worker Involvement A Participative Model for Middle Management Impact Scaling: A Participative Process for Top Management References %M E.Salvendy.87.470 %T Organizational Design %S 4. Job and Organization Design %A Hendrick, Hal W. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 4.3 %P 470-494 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Social %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Some Basic Concepts The Meaning of Organization Organizational Structure Organizational Design Organizational Goals Classification by Criteria Classification by Focus Classification by Time Frame Hierarchical Nature of Goals Organizational Effectiveness Criteria Designing the Dimensions of Organizational Structure Complexity Horizontal Differentiation Vertical Differentiation Spatial Dispersion Integration Formalization Centralization Relationship of Centralization, Complexity, and Formalization Sociotechnical System Components as Moderators of Organizational Design Technology Environment Personnel Subsystem Choosing the Right Structural Form Classical or Machine Bureaucracy Professional Bureaucracy The Concept of Adhocracy The Matrix Design Free-Form Designs Ergonomic Implications of Different Organizational Forms References %M E.Salvendy.87.495 %T Design for Older People %S 4. Job and Organization Design %A Small, Arnold M., Sr. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 4.4 %P 495-504 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Adaptive DESIGN %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Older Adults in the United States Characteristics of Older Adults: The Last Half of Life Physical (Anthropometric) and Biomechanic Characteristics Psychomotor Performance Sensation and Perception Cognition Attitudes Stress Epilogue References %M E.Salvendy.87.507 %T Design of Visual Displays %S 5. Equipment and Workplace Design %A Helander, Martin G. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 5.1 %P 507-548 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Output Device Prototype %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Mechanical Display Indicators Legibility and Readability Print Style Size of Print Location of Displays in the Visual Field Limitations of the Visual Field Frequency and Sequence of Use of Displays Logical and Perceptual Factors for Grouping of Display Information Coding of Display Information Cognitive Factors in Display Design Pictorial Displays Measurement of Illumination Contrast Ratio Screen Resolution and Character Design Video Bandwidth Choice of Type of Display Control of Screen Reflections Covering of Windows Lighting Control Moving the Work Station Tiltable Screen Screen Filters and Treatments Presbyopia and Accommodative Range Visual Aspects of Color Displays Specification of Chromaticity Color Discrimination Use of Color Displays Task Considerations in Choice of Color Coding Perceptual Limitations in Color Coding Design of Graphics References %M E.Salvendy.87.549 %T Design of Auditory and Tactile Displays %S 5. Equipment and Workplace Design %A Sorkin, Robert D. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 5.2 %P 549-576 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Output Device Sound %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Choosing a Nonvisual Display Channel Information Rates and Codes The Auditory Display Channel Sensitivity Loudness Display Level Computation of Masked Threshold Display Pitch Display Duration, Shape, and Temporal Pattern Binaural Displays Coding and Decision Factors Speech Message Displays The Tactile Display Channel Tactile Channel Sensitivity The Tactile Channel as a Supplementary Display Channel The Tactile Channel as a Sensory Replacement Channel References %M E.Salvendy.87.577 %T Design of Controls %S 5. Equipment and Workplace Design %A Bullinger, Hans-Jorg %A Kern, Peter %A Muntzinger, Werner F. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 5.3 %P 577-600 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Input Device %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Control Classification Control Task Geometrics of Control Movements Control/Body Linkage Design Parameters of Controls Conventional Control Elements Specialized Input Devices Arrangement of Controls Control Dynamics Linear Mechanical Transfer Characteristics Nonlinear Mechanical Transfer Characteristics Control Sensitivity Active Controls Effect of Mechanical Vibrations Control Coding Control-System, Control-Display, and Display-System Compatibility Safety Requirements References %M E.Salvendy.87.601 %T Biomechanical Aspects of Workplace Design %S 5. Equipment and Workplace Design %A Chaffin, Don B. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 5.4 %P 601-619 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Objectives of Work-Space Design Traditional Work-Space Design Criteria -- Motion Economy Contemporary Work-Space Design to Reduce Biomechanical Stress Guidelines for Workplace and Machine Control Layout Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.623 %T Noise %S 6. Environmental Design %A Jones, D. M. %A Broadbent, D. E. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.1 %P 623-649 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental Audition Sound %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y The Measurement of Sound Frequency and Intensity The Decibel Sound Level Meters Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Temporary Threshold Shift Noise-Induced Permanent Threshold Shift Hearing Conversation Effects of Hearing Protectors on Talking and Listening Effects of Noise on Communication Masking of Nonspeech Sounds Masking of Speech Measures of Interference with Speech by Noise Recommendations: Effects of Noise on Speech Effects on Reading Effects on Task Performance Effects of Arousal Effects of Lack of Control Strategic Effects Effects on Attention Effects of Noise on Productivity Summary Effects of Noise on Well-Being Noise Annoyance Noise and Health Social Effects of Noise Conclusions and Recommendations References %M E.Salvendy.87.650 %T Motion and Vibration %S 6. Environmental Design %A Wasserman, Donald E. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.2 %P 650-669 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Physical Vibration Human Vibration Segmental (Hand-Arm) Vibration Hand-Arm Vibration Measurement Hand-Arm Vibration Standards Current Status of the VWF Problem Elimination of VWF Whole-Body Vibration Whole-Body Vibration Measurements Whole-Body Vibration Standards Whole-Body Vibration Work Practices Definitions of Selected Vibration Terminology References %M E.Salvendy.87.670 %T Illumination %S 6. Environmental Design %A Cushman, William H. %A Crist, Brian %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.3 %P 670-695 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental Output Device %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Overview Photometry Measuring Luminance Measuring Illuminance Artificial Light Sources Comparison of Artificial Light Sources Luminaries and Light Control Luminaire Photometrics Effects of Lighting on Behavior Illumination and Performance -- Task Characteristics Illumination, Visual Performance, and Aging Glare and Performance Luminance Ratios and Performance Subjective Factors and Preferences Illumination Guidelines Task Lighting Direct and Indirect Lighting Measurement and Control of Glare Task Modification Using Models and Simulation Lighting for Workplaces with VDTs Illumination Guidelines for VDT Workplaces Controlling Glare Through Design Modifications at the Workplace and VDT Inspection Lighting Determining the Optical Characteristics of Materials and Defects Selecting Light Sources for Visual Inspection Designing Inspection Workplaces Mounting the Inspection Lights Control of Glare at Inspection Workplaces Application -- A Sitting Inspection Workplace for Web Products References %M E.Salvendy.87.696 %T Climate %S 6. Environmental Design %A Rohles, Frederick H. %A Konz, Stephan A. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.4 %P 696-707 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental Weather Wind-Chill Humidity Comfort %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction The Seven Thermal Determinants and their Measurement Indoor Comfort Heat Stress Engineering (Ergonomic) Techniques Medical and Administrative Techniques Postexposure Cold Stress Environment Clothing Glossary References %M E.Salvendy.87.708 %T Human Engineering for Space %S 6. Environmental Design %A Hunt, Stacy R. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.5 %P 708-721 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction The Human Role in Space Weightlessness and Acceleration Weightlessness Acceleration Forces Space Adaptation Syndrome Habitability Definition and Elements of Habitability Designing Spacecraft for Habitability Crew Station Design and Operation Crew Station Design Operations Space Suites and Extravehicular Activity Introduction Mobility, Range of Motion, and Sizing Sensory Modification EVA Tools Psychological/Sociological Aspects of Space Flight References %M E.Salvendy.87.722 %T Ergonomic Factors in Chemical Hazard Control %S 6. Environmental Design %A Mason, Robert W. %A Johnson, Barry L. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.6 %P 722-741 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Occupational Toxicology and Human Factors Effects of Toxicants on the Skin, Eyes, and Oral Structures Effects of Toxicants on Respiratory Passages and Lungs Effects of Toxicants on Internal Organs Human Factors and Absorption of Toxic Substances Factors Associated with Absorption from the Lungs Factors Associated with Percutaneous Absorption of Liquids Factors Associated with Percutaneous Absorption of Solids Factors Associated with Percutaneous Absorption of Vapors and Gases Factors Associated with Ingestion of Toxicants Summary of Occupational Toxicology Case Studies Case Study of Hazardous Waste Site Case Study of a Small Business Case Study of a Reinforced Plastics Operation Human-Factors Experience from HHEs References %M E.Salvendy.87.742 %T Architecture and Interior Design %S 6. Environmental Design %A Harrigan, John E. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 6.7 %P 742-764 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Environmental Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Human-Factors Program Research Methods Preparation Direct Contact Methods Sociocultural Methods Sources of Error Basic Considerations Environmental and Observer Bias Test and Evaluation Measures Program Management Scope of Work Budget Final Report An Ongoing Process Information Management System References %M E.Salvendy.87.767 %T Human Factors in Occupational Injury Evaluation and Control %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Smith, Michael J. %A Beringer, Dennis B. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.1 %P 767-789 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction A Model of Safety Performance Person Machinery and Tools Task Factors The Work Environment Organization Structure Representative Factors Interactions Measuring Hazard Potential and Safety Performance Inspection Programs Injury Statistics Hazard Surveys Controlling Workplace Hazards Through Human Factors Workplace and Job Design Organizational Design Safety Training Hazard Reduction Through Work Practices Safety Programs References %M E.Salvendy.87.790 %T Manual Materials Handling %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Ayoub, M. M. %A Selan, J. L. %A Jiang, C. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.2 %P 790-818 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Lifting Capacity Design Criteria The Biomechanical Criterion The Physiological Criterion The Psychophysical Criterion Comparison of the Design Criteria Manual Materials Handling Capabilities Manual Materials Handling Capacity Data Job Design/Redesign Employee Placement Procedures Employee Training References %M E.Salvendy.87.819 %T Work Schedules %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Tepas, Donald I. %A Monk, Timothy H. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.3 %P 819-843 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Terminology and Notation Work System Definition Shift Definitions Work System Notation Method Work System Examples -- Discontinuous Work Weeks Work System Examples -- Continuous Work Weeks Work System Examples -- Mixed Schedules Discussion Human-Factors Variables Circadian Variation Performance Sleep Fatigue Off-Time Social Variables Discussion Work System Selection Issues Rotating Versus Permanent Hours Rotation rate Direction of Rotation Basic Sequence and Major Cycle Length Weekend Work Worker Preferences Worker Education Health Status Work System Selection Methodology Conclusion References Bibliography %M E.Salvendy.87.844 %T Occupational Stress %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Smith, Michael J. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.4 %P 844-860 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Sources of Occupational Stress Environmental Sources Organizational Factors Job Task Factors Individual Sources Theories of Stress Effects of Stress Cardiovascular Effects Central Nervous System, Psychological, and Behavioral Effects Measurement of Stress Physiological Measures Biochemical Measures Psychological Measures Behavioral Measures Management of Occupational Stress Ergonomic/Work-Station Redesign Solutions Job Design Solutions Organizational Solutions Individual Coping Solutions References %M E.Salvendy.87.861 %T The Use of Safety Devices and Safety Controls at Industrial Machine Work Stations %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Etherton, John R. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.5 %P 861-875 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Machine Safety Devices from the Human-Factors Designer's Point of View The Primary Reason for Using Machine Safety Equipment Human Work Tasks and the Use of Machine Safeguarding Nominal Operation Tasks Cleaning and Clearing Tasks Maintenance Tasks Tasks by Other Workers and Bystanders Standards Regulatory Voluntary Various Safeguarding Methods Safe Opening Positively Fixed Barriers or Enclosures Adjustable Barriers Interlocked Barriers Safe Distance by Presence-Sensing Controls Safe Distance by Hand Contact Push Buttons Pullouts and Restraints Awareness Devices Floor Mats Lockout Emergency Stop Human-Factors Concerns with Machine Safeguards Human-Factors Items Associated with Safeguard Use Training Conclusion References Bibliography %M E.Salvendy.87.876 %T Personal Protective Equipment %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Moran, John B. %A Ronk, Richard M. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.6 %P 876-894 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Perspective Hearing Protection Head Protection Respiratory Protection Eye and Face Protection Hand Protection Foot Protection Fall Protection Body Protection Combination Protection Human Factors in Personal Protective Equipment Use Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.895 %T Health Index %S 7. Design for Health and Safety %A Oshima, Masamitsu %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 7.7 %P 895-907 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Safety %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y General Issues in the Study of Health Health Index Population Health Index Measures Individual Health Index Measures Bibliography %M E.Salvendy.87.911 %T Personnel Selection %S 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems %A Osburn, H. G. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 8.1 %P 911-938 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Construct Validity Content Validity Criterion-Related Validity General Features of the Model Problems in Criterion Measurement Adjustments for Restriction of Range Formula Estimates of Cross-Validated Multiple Correlation Advantages of the Criterion-Related Validity Model Limitations of the Criterion-Related Validity Model Reliability of Measurement Classical True Score Theory Correction for Attenuation Reliability Estimates Validity Generalization Utility of Selection Selection Strategies Selection with Adaptive Treatments Estimating the Standard Deviation of the Payoff Function Predictor Constructs Cognitive Ability Employment Interviews Assessment Centers Biographical Data Motor and Physical Abilities Comparison Among Selection Procedures Legal Aspects of Personnel Selection Personnel Selection, Training, and Job Design Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.939 %T Concepts of Training %S 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems %A Holding, D. H. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 8.2 %P 939-962 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Guidance %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Basic Issues Regulating Information Types of Tasks Motivation Verbal Methods Words and Actions Instruction and Aging Rules and Theories Programmed Learning Demonstrating and Guiding Imitation Films Visual Cues Physical Guidance Practice Methods Knowledge of Results Timing and Spacing Part Practice Adaptive Training Team Training Mental Practice Transfer of Training Basic Principles Task Difficulty Measuring Transfer Conclusions and Recommendations Basic Issues Verbal Methods Demonstrating and Guiding Practice Methods Transfer of Training References %M E.Salvendy.87.963 %T The Relationship of Training Goals and Training Systems %S 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems %A Goldstein, Irwin L. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 8.3 %P 963-975 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Guidance %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Goals of Instructional Programs Training Validity Needs Assessment for Training Validity A System of Needs Assessment Criteria and Training Validity Evaluation Models and Training Validity Performance Validity Needs Assessment and Performance Validity Evaluation and Performance Validity Intraorganizational Validity Interorganizational Validity Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.976 %T Computer-Assisted and Computer-Managed Instruction %S 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems %A Eberts, Ray E. %A Brock, John F. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 8.4 %P 976-1011 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Guidance Adaptive %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Instructional Technology Computer Technology Computer-Assisted Instruction Examples of CAI Systems Other Systems Discussion of CAI Features Computer-Managed Instruction The Student The Instructor The Administrator Functions of CMI Systems Hardware Requirements An Example of a CAI System: AIS Evaluation of CMI Systems ICAI Characteristics of ICAI Brief Introduction to Three ICAI Systems Components and Features of ICAI Systems STEAMER -- An Example of an ICAI System Evaluation Future for ICAI Systems Computer-Based Instruction Issues and Research Individual Differences Knowledge of Results Amount of Practice Augmented Feedback Part-Whole Training Instruction Adaptive Instruction Conceptual Representations Motivation Summary and Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1012 %T Training Simulators %S 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems %A Flexman, Ralph E. %A Stark, Edward A. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 8.5 %P 1012-1038 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Guidance %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Historical Background Functional Definition Functions of Training Simulators Briefing and Demonstration Practice Performance Analysis Learning Enhancement Performance Assessment Malfunctions and Failures Adverse Operating Conditions Advantages and Benefits Advantages Benefits Representative Programs Aircraft Space Locomotives Ships Ground Vehicles Industrial Plants Establishing the Requirements for a Training Simulator Derivation of Simulator Capabilities and Characteristics Training Requirements Analysis Training Objectives Simulator Fidelity Simulator Support Requirements Simulator Design Specifications Cost and Training Effectiveness Evaluation References %M E.Salvendy.87.1039 %T Design of Job Aids and Procedure Writing %S 8. Design of Selection and Training Systems %A Swezey, Robert W. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 8.6 %P 1039-1057 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Guidance %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Behavioral Foundations of Job Aid Technology Development of a Job Aiding Technology Techniques for Use in Job Aid Design Evaluation Criteria Current and Future Directions in Job Aid Technology Development References %M E.Salvendy.87.1061 %T Decision Making %S 9. Performance Modeling %A Edwards, Ward %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 9.1 %P 1061-1104 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application Model %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Elementary Ideas Structuring the Problem, Identifying Values, and Identifying Uncertainties Kinds of Structures Research Needs Single-Dimension Utilities Multiattribute Utility: Model Forms and Weights Eliciting Swing Weights Eliciting Ratio Weights Eliciting Weights by Gambling Procedures for the Multiplicative Model Multiplying Weights Downward Through a Value Tree Understanding, Eliciting, and Revising Probabilities Evaluating Probabilities Assessing Probabilities and Probability Distributions Direct Assessment of Probabilities and Distributions Single-Stage Bayesian Inference Multistage Inference Decision Rules Dominance Ruin and Quasiruin Maximization of Subjectively Expected Utility Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis in a Medical Decision Problem Applications A Suicide Prevention Model Prioritizing Research Projects for the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Evaluation of Pumped-Storage Sites A Capital Investment Decision Where is Decision Analysis Going? References %M E.Salvendy.87.1105 %T Artificial Intelligence %S 9. Performance Modeling %A Fu, King-Sun %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 9.2 %P 1105-1129 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction State-Space Search Problem Reduction Use of Predicate Logic Means-Ends Analysis Robot Problem Solving and Planning Expert Systems and Knowledge Engineering Construction of an Expert System Rule-Based Systems Remarks Concluding Remarks References %M E.Salvendy.87.1130 %T Expert Systems %S 9. Performance Modeling %A Garg-Janardan, Chaya %A Eberts, Ray E. %A Zimolong, Bernhard %A Nof, Shimon Y. %A Salvendy, Gavriel %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 9.3 %P 1130-1176 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Knowledge Characteristics of Expert Systems Functions Served by Expert Systems Steps in the Construction of an Expert System Identification Stage Conceptualization Stage Formalization Stage Implementation Stage Testing Stage Prototype Revision Stage Methodological Issues in the Construction of Expert Systems Knowledge Acquisition Representation of Knowledge Reasoning with Uncertainty The Control Structure Interface Learning Capabilities in Expert Systems Applications of Expert Systems Geology Applications Science-Mathematics Applications Education Applications Science-Chemistry Applications Medicine Applications Human Factors and Expert Systems Task Analysis The Human-Machine Interface The Evaluation of Performance Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.1177 %T Stochastic Network Models %S 9. Performance Modeling %A Schweickert, Richard %A Fisher, Donald L. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 9.4 %P 1177-1211 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Model %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Mental Process Networks: Analysis and Synthesis Mathematical Models in Human Factors Visual Search Synthesis of Serial Systems An Application to Choice Reaction Time A Payoff Inducing Additivity on Accuracy Synthesis of PERT Networks Latent Network Theory PERT Networks in Information Processing The Optimal Order of Execution of Processes Speed and Accuracy in PERT Networks Concurrent Processing: Stochastic PERT Networks Stochastic PERT Networks: Modeling Stochastic PERT Networks: Applications Concurrent Processing: Transient Queueing Networks Finite Source, Jackson Networks: Modeling Finite Source, Jackson Networks: Applications Concurrent Processing: OP Networks OP Networks: Modeling OP Networks: Applications Steady-State Queueing Networks Steady-State Queueing Networks: Modeling Steady-State Queueing Networks: Applications Structures that Mimic Other Structures Equivalent Serial and Parallel Systems Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1212 %T Feedback Control Models %S 9. Performance Modeling %A Hess, Ronald A. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 9.5 %P 1212-1242 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Model Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Models for Single-Loop Compensatory Control The Crossover Model The Precision Crossover Model The Optimal Control Model An Example More General Controlled Element Dynamics Models for Multiloop Compensatory Control The Classical Approach Using the Crossover Model The Modern Approach Using the Optimal Control Model An Example Models for Pursuit and Preview Control The Structural Model The Optimal Control Model Concluding Remarks Glossary References %M E.Salvendy.87.1243 %T Supervisory Control %S 9. Performance Modeling %A Sheridan, Thomas B. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 9.6 %P 1243-1268 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Model Psych %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y What is Supervisory Control? The Emergence of Supervisory Control in Technological Systems Supervisory Roles, Loci, and Levels of Human and Computer Planning and Learning: Computer Representations of Relevant Knowledge Teaching the Computer Monitoring of Displays and Detection of Failures Intervening and Human Reliability Modeling Supervisory Control Social Implications and the Future of Supervisory Control Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1271 %T System Effectiveness Testing %S 10. System Evaluation %A Meister, David %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 10.1 %P 1271-1297 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Evaluation Empirical EVALUATION %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction and Overview The Four Test Conditions The Performance Measurement Test Plan Purpose of the Test Description of the System/Selection of the Tasks to be Evaluated Experimental Comparisons Standards, Criteria, and Measures Data Collection Subject Characteristics Constraints Data Analysis Testing Schedule Methods of Performance Measurement Introduction and Overview Observation Self-Report Objective Measurement Ratings Interview/Questionnaire Automated Performance Measurement Checklists How Effective is Effectiveness Testing? Supplemental Reading References %M E.Salvendy.87.1298 %T Simulating Manned Systems %S 10. System Evaluation %A Chubb, Gerald P. %A Laughery, K. Ronald, Jr. %A Pritsker, A. Alan B. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 10.2 %P 1298-1327 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application EVALUATION %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction What is Computer Simulation? Limitations of Computer Simulation Types of Human Operator Models Constructing and Using a Simulation of Manned Systems Chapter Organization Simulation Approaches and Fundamental Concepts Discrete Simulation Continuous Simulation Combined Discrete-Continuous Models Simulation Languages Discrete Languages Continuous Languages Combined Discrete-Continuous Languages Specialized Simulation Capabilities Choosing a Simulation Language Issues in Simulation Model Development and Use Choosing Input Probability Distributions Model Validation Estimation Methods Tactical Planning Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.1328 %T Maintainability %S 10. System Evaluation %A Bond, Nicholas A., Jr. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 10.3 %P 1328-1355 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K EVALUATION %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Basic Considerations The Persistent Maintenance Crisis Response to the Crisis A Human Factors Approach Modeling Availability Life-Cycle Modeling Special Human Factors Problems and Hazards: Modeling The Psychology of Troubleshooting Early Studies Recent Research Cautions and Hazards: Psychology of Troubleshooting Design for Maintainability Design Specifications Aiding the Troubleshooter Software Maintainability Implementation General Factors Affecting Implementation Technician Effectiveness and Morale Maintainability Demonstrations Postscript and Prospects References %M E.Salvendy.87.1359 %T Design of VDT Workstations %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Grandjean, Etienne %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.1 %P 1359-1397 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Output Device DESIGN %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Why do We Need an Ergonomic Design of VDT Workstations? Field Studies on Complaints of VDT Operators Behavioral Studies at VDT Workstations Visual Functions and Lighting Conditions The Generation of Characters on Displays Colors Display Characteristics Techniques of Display Measurement Oscillating Luminances of Characters Sharpness of Characters Character Contrasts Stability of Characters Reflections on Screen Surfaces Luminances of Surfaces Design of Characters Lighting and General Arrangements in VDT Offices Ergonomic Design of VDT Workstations Medical Aspects Field Studies on Postural Discomfort Physical Discomfort Related to Workstation Elements and Postures Preferred Settings of Adjustable VDT Workstations in Laboratory Experiments Preferred Settings of VDT Workstations Observed in Field Studies Ergonomic Design of Keyboards The Chair at the VDT Workstation Rules of Thumb for VDT Users Recommendations Addressed to Manufacturers of VDTs Recommendations Addressed to Designers of Office Furniture References %M E.Salvendy.87.1398 %T Human Factors of Computer Programming %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Weiser, Mark %A Shneiderman, Ben %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.2 %P 1398-1415 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Programming %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Methodology Introspection and Protocol Analysis Case Studies and Field Studies Controlled Experimentation Experimental Design Experimental Ethics Programming Style Commenting Variable Names Indentation Programming Language Features and Tools Conditional Statements Flowcharts Debugging Cognition in Program Design Cognitive Models Knowledge Structures in Long-Term Memory Cognitive Processes in the Syntactic/Semantic Model Software Quality Evaluation "Software Science" Metrics Productivity Metrics Complexity Metrics Programming Management Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1416 %T Software Interface Design %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Williges, Robert C. %A Williges, Beverly H. %A Elkerton, Jay %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.3 %P 1416-1449 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Design %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Interface Design Philosophy Stages of Human-Computer Software Interface Design Stage 1. Initial Design Design Objectives Tax/Function Analysis Focus on Users Dialogue Design Guidelines Structured Walk-Throughs Initial Design Modifications Stage 2. Formative Evaluation Rapid Prototyping User-Defined Interfaces User-Acceptance Testing Iterative Redesign Stage 3. Summative Evaluation Operational Software Interface Benchmarking Formal Experimentation Feedforward Results Adaptive Interfaces for Inexperienced Users Strategies for Adaptive Communication Strategies for Knowledge Representation Future Implications Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1450 %T Human Factors Aspects of Manual Computer Input Devices %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Greenstein, Joel S. %A Arnaut, Lynn Y. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.4 %P 1450-1489 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Input Device %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Design Considerations Keyboards Touch-Screen Devices Graphic Tablets Mice Trackballs Joysticks Light Pens Miscellaneous Input Techniques Empirical Comparisons Target Selection and Tracking Tasks Text Entering and Editing Tasks Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.1490 %T Speech Controls and Displays %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Simpson, Carol A. %A McCauley, Michael E. %A Roland, Ellen F. %A Ruth, John C. %A Williges, Beverly H. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.5 %P 1490-1525 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K DESIGN Input Output Device Sound Voice %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Terms and Definitions Speech Recognition Terms Speech Generation Terms Measures of Algorithm Performance Models of Speech Perception Speech Recognition Research Applications Speech Recognition Task Selection Selecting Speech Recognition System Characteristics Human-System Performance Measurement Simulating Recognition Systems Future Speech Recognition Research Speech Generation Research Applications Selection of Functions for Speech Displays Selecting Speech Generation System Characteristics Human-System Performance Measurement Future Speech Generation Research System Integration Overall Directions for Future Research Conclusions References %M E.Salvendy.87.1526 %T Text Editors %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Roberts, Teresa L. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.6 %P 1526-1541 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Varieties of Text Editors Users and Their Tasks Effect of Hardware Fundamental Issues Relationship with Other Applications The Process of Editing Command Language Content Model of Data Display of Text Operations Appearance Model of Appearance Information Display of Formatting Operations Advanced Features Special Applications Programming Evaluation Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1542 %T Documentation for Software Systems %S 11. Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems %A Sheppard, Sylvia B. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 11.7 %P 1542-1585 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Guidance %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y The Need for Documentation The Composition of Documents Style Formatting Content Documentation Throughout the Software Life Cycle The Composition of Code Style Formatting Contents of a Typical Module or Unit of Code Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.1587 %T Human Factors in Office Automation %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Czaja, Sara J. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.1 %P 1587-1616 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Overview of Office Automation Why Automate? The Impact of Office Automation on People and Organizations Job Design Organizational Design Communication Interaction Physical Environment A Systems Approach to the Design of Office Automation Systems Formation of a Design Team Systems Definition Needs Assessment System Selection Implementation Evaluation Concluding Remarks References %M E.Salvendy.87.1617 %T Technical and Human Aspects of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Barfield, Woodrow %A Chang, Tien-Chien %A Majchrzak, Ann %A Eberts, Ray %A Salvendy, Gavriel %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.2 %P 1617-1656 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Use of CAD Systems History of CAD Developments Rationale for CAD Usage Design Process CAD Hardware Graphics Terminals Input Devices Menu Design for Digitizing Tablet Output Devices -- Hardcopy Software Technology of CAD Nonintelligent Software Issues Two-Dimensional Drawing Three-Dimensional Wireframe Model Three-Dimensional Solid Model Graphics Data Exchange Intelligent Software Issues Human Information Processing for CAD Systems Perception of CAD Displays Cognitive Aspects of CAD Response Execution Allocation of Functions Among CAD System Components Dividing Functions between Human and Machine Analysis of CAD Options for Design CAD Workstation Design Job Design Issues Selection of Personnel for CAD Systems Training of CAD Personnel Impact of CAD on Organization Implementation Issues Top Management Involvement User Involvement References %M E.Salvendy.87.1657 %T Human Aspects of Robotic Systems %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Bullinger, Hans-Jorg %A Korndorfer, Volker %A Salvendy, Gavriel %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.3 %P 1657-1693 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Overview Introduction Task Allocation: Role of the Human in Robotic Systems The Use of Robots: Effects on Human Operators Organization and Job-Design Issues Approaches to Planning Automation Safety Issues Supervisory Control of Robotic Systems Concept of Supervisory Control Models of Supervisory Control Qualifications and Training Issues Differentiation by Techniques of Programming Strategies to Train Personnel Content and Methods for Training on Industrial Robots Social Issues Worker Displacement Worker Retraining Major Issues to be Considered for the Effective Integration of Human Factors Principles in Planning Robotic Systems Summary References %M E.Salvendy.87.1694 %T Technical and Human Aspects of Computer-Aided Manufacturing %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Sharit, Joseph %A Chang, Tien-Chien %A Salvendy, Gavriel %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.4 %P 1694-1723 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Technology of Computer-Aided Manufacturing Introduction Development of CAM Current Technology of CAM Part Programming Direct Numerical Control (DNC) Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) Automated Factory Job Design in Automated Manufacturing Systems Automation and Job Fragmentation Levels of Human Decision Making in Automated Manufacturing Human Supervisory Control in Automated Manufacturing The Office of Technology Assessment's Report References %M E.Salvendy.87.1724 %T Human Factors Challenges in Process Control: The Case of Nuclear Power Plants %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Woods, David D. %A O'Brien, John F. %A Hanes, Lewis F. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.5 %P 1724-1770 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Introduction Process Control The Nuclear Power Plant Application: History of Human Factors in the U.S. Nuclear Industry Improvements to Control Rooms Control Rooms in Operating Plants Methods to Identify Control Room Problems Problems and Solutions Cognitive Factors Operator Decision Making Decision Aiding Evaluation of Decision Aids Methodological Issues Case Study in Evaluation of Decision Aids: Safety Parameter Display Concepts Evaluation Future Directions References %M E.Salvendy.87.1771 %T Human Factors Requirements Engineering for Air Traffic Control Systems %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Lenorovitz, David R. %A Phillips, Mark D. %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.6 %P 1771-1789 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Overview Air Traffic Control in the United States History of U.S. Air Traffic Control Current Developments in the ATC Environment Human Factors Challenge of Advanced Automation in ATC Human Factors Requirements Engineering Methodology Human Factors in Systems Development Controller-System Interface Operations Concept Definition Controller Information Processing Task Analysis Characterization of Controller Information Processing Tasks Controller Dialogue Definition Controller-System Requirements Specification Conclusion References %M E.Salvendy.87.1790 %T Humans, Computers, and Communications %S 12. Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %A Kobayashi, Koji %B Handbook of Human Factors %E Salvendy, Gavriel %D 1987 %N 12.7 %P 1790-1809 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %K Application Social %* (c) Copr. 1987 John Wiley & Sons %Y Why I Have Advocated "Man and `C&C'" Concept The Coming of the "C&C" Era Technological Factors in the Advent of "C&C" Human Factors in the Advent of "C&C" The Interaction Between Man and "C&C" The Development of "Man and `C&C'" The Interrelationship Between Man and "C&C" Basic Analysis of "M and `C&C'" Space Formal Expression of the Human Factor M Component Factors M on the Z Axis "C&C" Space with Humans as an Axis World Trends and Global Roles of "C&C" Actual Examples: The User's Perspective Communications Networks Trend to More User-Friendly Computers The Compounding of Personal Computer Function The Role of Robots Creating a "Man and `C&C'" Society More Diversified, Broader Fields of Application Progress in Systems for Public and Personal Use Greater Quantity and Diversification of Data and Information Increasing Costs of Social Resources Components of an "M with `C&C'" Society Construction of an "M with `C&C'" Society Improving Software Quality and Productivity Software Quality Control (SWQC) Conclusion References