%M C.INT.90.809
%T User Centered Explanations in Knowledge Based Systems
%S Applications and Case Studies: Knowledge-Based Systems
%A Waldhor, Klemens
%A Anschutz, Hans
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 809-814
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X One advantage of expert systems is the ability to explain its reasoning
process.  Many commercial systems support explaining only at rule trace level.
Knowledge engineers understand such explanations; the everyday user who is not
expert in that area is confused.  Our approach allows the definition of user
centered explanations and justifications by knowledge engineers.  These
explanations and justifications of conclusions are adapted to the way the user
solves problems by cutting off irrelevant details and presenting only main
steps in the reasoning process.  A sophisticated user interface allows the user
to ask questions about the system behaviour in various ways.

%M C.INT.90.815
%T Intelligent User Interface for a Conventional Program
%S Applications and Case Studies: Knowledge-Based Systems
%A Junger, J.
%A Bouma, G.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 815-820
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X In this paper we describe an intelligent user interface to CHEMSIM, a
mathematical simulation program.  The interface is added to the already
existing and completed program as a separate front-end.  In this paper three
aspects of the interface will be described: the task model represented as a
hierarchical tree, the use of the tree for knowledge-representation and the
graphical component.  The choice of an object-oriented approach enables
including in the class definitions both task aspects and domain knowledge
aspects, and this way integrating the two.  This approach simplifies the
architecture as well.  In addition, the same hierarchical tree representation
is used also for the graphical component consisting of windows, menus and
icons.  The dynamic icons, governed by rules give the user direct feedback on
his/her actions and help.

%M C.INT.90.821
%T Knowledge Acquisition and Hypertext in Manufacturing
%S Applications and Case Studies: Knowledge-Based Systems
%A Hajsadr, S. M.
%A Steward, A. P.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 821-826
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X The particular nature of manufacturing knowledge is proposed and the demands
that this nature places on a company are outlined.  To respond to this
situation many companies have instituted problem solving teams that gather,
organise and consolidate worthwhile knowledge.  To assist this process in a
particular company we have designed two software tools; one is based on an
expert system shell and the other on hypertext.  These tools are available to
machine operators in the company to browse or to contribute to the knowledge. 
The forms of these tools are described and the advantages of hypertext as being
closer to production knowledge is discussed.  We finally suggest that the
benefits of the rule-based approach can be embedded in hypertext.

%M C.INT.90.827
%T Knowledge Based User Interfaces for Scientific Programs
%S Applications and Case Studies: Knowledge-Based Systems
%A Van Zuylen, Henk J.
%A Gerritsen, Herman
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 827-832
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X In a pilot study, a knowledge based support system has been developed for a
scientific computer program.  Some interesting phenomena have been observed
during this process.  The need for a non-linear development process could be
shown.  The development of a knowledge based support system for this
complicated application program resulted in a specification of a system that
could be considered as a user interface.  The approach to use knowledge
elicitation to get a user interface design showed to have some useful
possibilities.

%M C.INT.90.835
%T Concurrent Editing: The Groups Interface
%S Applications and Case Studies: Computer Supported Co-operative Work
%A Olson, Judith S.
%A Olson, Gary M.
%A Mack, Lisbeth A.
%A Wellner, Pierre
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 835-840
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X We review aspects of systems built for group work that allow real-time,
concurrent editing of a single work object.  Existing systems vary in both what
group functions they offer users (e.g., whether simultaneous editing is
possible or it must proceed one by one) and how these functions appear in the
user interface (e.g. what signals are given to the user that the window is
public or private).  Design alternatives suggested by existing systems are
analyzed in terms of their value for various phases of group work and their
support for individuals' needs in coordinating their work.

%M C.INT.90.841
%T Characteristics of Well-Designed Electronic Communications Systems
%S Applications and Case Studies: Computer Supported Co-operative Work
%A Holleran, Patrick A.
%A Haller, Richard W.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 841-847
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X Software designed to facilitate communication among people has tremendous
potential to improve the quality and consequences of human cooperative effort.
The success of integrated electronic communications systems depends on both the
usability and functionality of the software.  The present paper briefly
discusses both general principles of software design and those specifically
relevant to communications systems.  It offers recommendations for the design
of communications systems which will optimize the accessibility, usability and
utility of this software.

%M C.INT.90.849
%T Process Modelling and CSCW: An Application of IPSE Technology to Medical
Office Work
%S Applications and Case Studies: Computer Supported Co-operative Work
%A Maresh, Janet
%A Wastell, David
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 849-852
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X An Integrated Process Support Environment (IPSE) refers to a work
environment (typically software development) in which the cooperative
activities of men and machines are coordinated by a computer system according
to a formally defined schema.  In this paper we demonstrate the use of the
process modelling language PML (developed in the Alvey-supported IPSE 2.5
project) to represent the cooperative structure of work underlying the
administration of hospital outpatients activity.  The semantics of PML and the
methodology of process modelling are discussed and consideration is given to
the implications of IPSE technology for the design of office systems.

%M C.INT.90.853
%T Tools that Support Human-Human Communication in the Automated Office
%S Applications and Case Studies: Computer Supported Co-operative Work
%A Benest, I. D.
%A Dukic, D.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 853-859
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper reports on the progress made so far on the development of a new
office automation environment.  Such an environment must support the technical
access to the very large quantities of information available in an office.  It
must also provide instinctive mechanisms that offer both casual and formal
access to that information.  It attempts to widen the keyhole effect that is
present in other office information systems, and also imposes a surreptitiously
managed work environment.  This contribution describes a set of tools (for
example electronic mail and computer conferencing) developed to support
human-human cooperative work in this automated office.

%M C.INT.90.863
%T Smartwriter: A Tool-Based Wordprocessor for Adult Literacy Students
%S Applications and Case Studies: Applications
%A Ellis, David
%A Horton, Jane
%A Black, Philip
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 863-868
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper describes the design and development of a computer-based Literacy
Tutor centred on a mouse-driven wordprocessor.  The appropriateness of the
design for literacy students is emphasised; the design objectives being
simplicity and consistency rather than the implementation of a large collection
of 'interesting' features.  A novel tool-based approach has been adopted for
the wordprocessor and associated learning modules.  The suitability of using an
object-oriented design methodology for this research project is clearly
demonstrated.  The subsequent development of the system for profoundly deaf
students further exposes the advantages of this approach.  Both systems have
been evaluated in the field.

%M C.INT.90.869
%T The Interface to a Hypertext Journal
%S Applications and Case Studies: Applications
%A Simpson, Annette
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 869-874
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper reports some of the findings of a study comparing two interfaces
to a hypertext database of academic journal articles.  The design of the
interface to the individual articles was derived from the results of previous
studies by the author.  The aim of the present investigation was to determine
whether those features found to assist readers in navigating through, and
extracting information from, individual journal articles were of benefit when
applied to the interface to a database of such articles.  The influence of
interface type on readers' ability to locate the information required to answer
two essay-type questions was examined.  Performance, both in terms of the
amount of information located and the efficiency with which it was located, was
significantly better when using an interface containing these features as
compared to an interface whose features were derived from the paper medium.

%M C.INT.90.875
%T A Fisheye Presentation Strategy: Aircraft Maintenance Data
%S Applications and Case Studies: Applications
%A Mitta, Deborah A.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 875-880
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X A computer interface that presents information in a usable format will
typically improve the quality of human-computer interaction (HCI).  One
presentation technique recently developed as a means of enhancing the quality
of HCI is known as the fisheye lens viewing strategy.  This paper will discuss
an application of the fisheye lens viewing strategy to the presentation of
aircraft maintenance data.  The research results presented in this paper will
demonstrate that the fisheye strategy, through its ability to prioritize
interface information, can be used as a mechanism for filtering details of
maintenance data.

%M C.INT.90.881
%T Supporting Exploratory Learning
%S Applications and Case Studies: Applications
%A Howes, Andrew
%A Payne, Stephen J.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 881-885
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper introduces the notion of a Learning Support Environment (LSE),
which is a collection of tools designed to support exploratory learning of
computer applications.  An implementation of an LSE for a particular
interactive device is motivated in terms of an analysis of the cognitive
problems faced by the exploratory learner.  The implementation includes four
support tools; a Task-action Trace, a Metaphor Micro-world, an Animation
Machine and a Buddy Learner.

%M C.INT.90.887
%T Application of Cognitive Modeling and Knowledge Measurement in Diagnosis and
Training of Complex Skills
%S Applications and Case Studies: Applications
%A Yufik, Yan M.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 887-892
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X We discuss an innovative approach to the design of intelligent training
systems (ITS), integrating methods of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive
Modeling and Hypermedia New ITS will facilitate personalized training in
complex technical domains, and will support a. acquisition of expert domain
models, b. simulation of expert strategies of models manipulation, c. analysis
and visualization of models structure, and d. quantitative comparison of
students and expert models.  The advantage of the proposed approach is the
underlying semiformal format of domain knowledge representation which is both
cognitively compatible and computer executable.  The paper starts by defining
the problem of knowledge measurement and transfer in complex interactive tasks,
and then discusses ITS architecture and training methods.

%M C.INT.90.895
%T Software Reusability: Delivering Productivity Gains or Short Cuts
%S Applications and Case Studies: Software Development
%A Sutcliffe, Alistair
%A Maiden, Neil
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 895-901
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X It has been claimed that software reuse can produce considerable
productivity gains in system development.  Although much software engineering
research has been undertaken to deliver reusability in CASE tools there is
little knowledge about how system developers actual reuse specifications.  This
paper reports practical research into reuse scenarios based on providing
analogous specifications for systems analysts.  The results are encouraging for
reuse but caution that reuse may also create mistakes in specifications by
erroneous transfer of knowledge.

%M C.INT.90.903
%T A Project-Orientated View of CSCW
%S Applications and Case Studies: Software Development
%A Seel, N. R.
%A Gilbert, G. N.
%A Morris, M. E.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 903-908
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X Project Support Environments (PSEs), a type of computer supported
cooperative work (CSCW) system, are examined in terms of the management forms
which their designs appear to assume.  Data-oriented PSEs can be seen as aiming
to support management by direct authority.  Process-oriented PSEs are aligned
to the exercise of technical authority.  However, much of the work of the
'professional communities' found in organisations is conducted, not under
either of these two more traditional forms of management, but under a pluralist
form, in which professionals are given a degree of responsible autonomy. 
Neither data- nor process-oriented PSEs are well suited to this management
form.  The characteristics of a PSE designed to support professional
communities are outlined.  Such a PSE, a 'Professional Community Support'
system, needs to provide resources for negotiated cooperation in order to
support what is argued to be the key activity of professionals -- issue
handling.  These resources must be designed to support explicitly both globally
and locally managed interactions, with it being possible to embed either within
the other.

%M C.INT.90.909
%T Satisfying the Need to Know: Interpersonal Information Access
%S Applications and Case Studies: Software Development
%A Kraut, Robert E.
%A Streeter, Lynn A.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 909-915
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X We examine the ability of traditional and computer-based communication
technologies to spread organizational and task knowledge in large scale
software development environments.  It is our contention that the principal
problems in software development are social and organizational, rather than
cognitive.  We review: (1) factors that make improving software development
formidable, and (2) technological aids and project management methods that have
been tried as possible "solutions," (3) a survey we are conducting on
coordination techniques in large projects and conclude by (4) discussing
candidate information/communication technologies to support coordination.

%M C.INT.90.917
%T ConversationBuilder: An Open Architecture for Collaborative Work
%S Applications and Case Studies: Software Development
%A Kaplan, Simon M.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 917-922
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X Software process support tools of necessity be highly tailorable to mesh
with the culture of, and tools used by, groups of programmers.  They must also
support the activities of groups in a natural and integrated manner.  The
ConversationBuilder is an 'open' tool in which provides support for
cooperative, goal-directed group activities such as the software process.

%M C.INT.90.925
%T Learning to Program in Another Language
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Scholtz, Jean
%A Wiedenbeck, Susan
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 925-930
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X Our objective in this study was to examine how programmers go about learning
new programming languages and to identify which areas of program development
presented difficulties.  Verbalizations from think aloud protocols were
classified as one of five kinds of knowledge: syntax, semantics, strategic
planning, tactical planning, and implementation planning.  Implementation
planning occupied over 50 percent of subjects' efforts, irrespective of
language and level of expertise.  Difficulties in a dissimilar language were
due to subjects' failure to construct appropriate tactical plans.  In a similar
language difficulties centered on subjects' inability to locate appropriate
constructs.

%M C.INT.90.931
%T {Upsi}πADAPTερ -- Individualizing Hypertext
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Bocker, Heinz-Dieter
%A Hohl, Hubertus
%A Schwab, Thomas
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 931-936
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X {Upsi}πADAPTερ is an adaptive Hypertext system that offers
individualized access to and presentations of tutorial information.  Depending
on the user's current knowledge state which is represented in a dynamic user
model, it identifies and suggests nodes of the network of tutorial topics which
may serve as starting points for a succeeding browsing session.  Within this
browser, the presentation of tutorial information is determined by the data
contained in the user model.  During the browsing session, the sequence of
knowledge units explored by the user is analyzed to infer the user's current
knowledge state and maintain the user model.

%M C.INT.90.937
%T Minimalist Planning Tools in an Instructional System for Smalltalk
Programming
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Singley, Mark K.
%A Carroll, John M.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 937-944
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X We describe the design of an instructional system for Smalltalk that
attempts to reify students' goals and plans through the application of
minimalist planning dialogues.  Minimalist planning dialogues are sparse in
that the planning knowledge is not stated explicitly but rather is imbedded
into the structure of a planning "tool."  They are situated in that the
planning tools are fully integrated into the physical problem space and in
essence provide an elaborated view of that space.  We contrast our system with
other current attempts at reifying students' goals and plans and sketch out
problems and prospects for future work.

%M C.INT.90.945
%T Why Program Comprehension is (or is Not) Affected by Surface Features
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Mynatt, Barbee T.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 945-950
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X The literature contains a variety of conflicting reports on the effect of
various surface features such as variable naming style, indenting and
commenting on program comprehension.  In some cases these features appear to
aid comprehension as intended, and in other cases they do not.  Studies done at
Bowling Green State University, reported here, have likewise shown conflicting
outcomes.  Pennington's (1987) model of programmer comprehension based on text
structure knowledge is used to reconcile many of the results.  According to her
model different levels of knowledge, ranging from operational to functional,
are extracted during comprehension.  It was hypothesized that poor variable
names would affect a programmer's comprehension of function, but would not
affect the other sorts of knowledge.  An experiment comparing comprehension of
programs using either meaningful or nonsense variable names found the predicted
result.  The implications of the results vis-a-vis the true effects of surface
features are discussed.

%M C.INT.90.951
%T The Generalized Unification Parser: Modelling the Parsing of Notations
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Green, T. R. G.
%A Borning, Andrea
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 951-957
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X Experienced readers of notations pick out structures such as 'plans' or
'cliches'.  It has been claimed that these are easier to perceive in some
notations than others, making some notations more 'role-expressive'.  We
present a computational model of parsing, derived from a natural language
parsing model, which has been applied to programming cliches and is capable of
using typographical features as parsing aids.  Preliminary results suggest that
languages where cliche-structures are marked by lexical key-words (e.g. the
Pascal family) are easier to parse than languages where cliche-structures are
not marked by surface cues (e.g. Prolog), and more significantly, that the
difference will increase rapidly with the complexity of the program. 
Experiments are in progress to test this prediction, which implies that support
tools for illuminating program structure may be needed.

%M C.INT.90.959
%T Program Comprehension Beyond the Line
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Robertson, Scott P.
%A Davis, Erle F.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 959-963
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X Comprehension of computer program code has often been compared with text
comprehension.  We argue, though, that the requirements of code comprehension
make it more of a problem-solving task that happens to use text-like material.
We present data on search patterns and reading times in code comprehension that
support this view.  Specifically, we found that programmers examine code in
repeated cycles that cover functionally relevant units.  We suggest some
problem-solving goals that guide search through code and show that line
scanning times vary with hypothesized problem-solving activities.  In a direct
comparison of programmers reading isolated lines versus lines in the context of
program comprehension we show that a simple model of microstructure parsing
predicts reading times better for isolated lines than for lines in the context
of a program.

%M C.INT.90.965
%T Expert Programmers Re-Establish Intentions when Debugging Another
Programmer's Program
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Waddington, Ray
%A Henry, Roger
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 965-970
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X When discussing software debugging, some authors have discussed the
experience of debugging another programmer's program as being somehow different
from that of debugging one's own program.  Software psychologists attempt to
understand the nature of debugging expertise, but have ignored the potentially
fruitful method of looking empirically at the differences between debugging in
the two situations.  We discuss a model of debugging expertise which addresses
the relationship of program authorship to debugging strategy.  This model
predicts that when debugging another programmer's program, experts will use a
strategy of re-establishing the original author's intentions in order to debug
it.  We report an experiment, conducted with expert programmers, which supports
this prediction.  We also discuss the implications of this result for the
design of debugging aids to support expert programmers when they are debugging
another programmer's program.

%M C.INT.90.971
%T Difficulties in Designing with an Object-Oriented Language: An Empirical
Study
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Detienne, Francoise
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 971-976
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X An experiment has been conducted to study the activity of program design
developed by programmers experienced in classical procedural languages as they
use an object-oriented programming (OOP) language.  This paper focuses on the
analysis of the difficulties programmers experienced in designing with OOP
language.  An important difficulty is to articulate the declarative and the
procedural characteristics of the solution.  This study highlights the
importance of a representation of the procedure so as to construct the static
relations between objects.  This result does not support the hypothesis on
naturalness of design with an OOP language made by advocates of OOP.  This
experiment also show that previous knowledge of programming languages may
produce negative effects in the acquisition of a new language.

%M C.INT.90.977
%T The Spreadsheet Interface: A Basis for End User Programming
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Nardi, Bonnie A.
%A Miller, James R.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 977-983
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper describes the properties of the spreadsheet interface and the
ways in which spread-sheets support users with little or no formal training in
programming.  We analyze the spreadsheet formula language through which users
express mathematical relations and the tabular grid which permits users to
view, structure and display data.  Based on our analysis of the formula
language and the tabular grid, we argue that user programming environments
should be characterized by (1) a limited set of carefully chosen, high-level,
task-specific operations that are sufficient for building applications within a
restricted domain, and (2) a strong visual format for structuring and
presenting data.

%M C.INT.90.985
%T Action Representation for Home Automation
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Sebillotte, Suzanne
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 985-990
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X A study on the representation of the actions in the context of programming
various home devices (oven, TV, heating etc.) is reported.  Previous studies
have shown that: 1) in a work situation, subjects' representations of their
task are based on hierarchical levels of abstraction, 2) in the context of
programming home devices subjects referred to general concepts of activities
(e.g. "tuning").  Two experiments, inspired by those of Galambos (1986) were
conducted in order to specify more fully these general concepts.  Result showed
that these concepts were deeply rooted in subjects' representations,
independently of the devices.  Implications of these results for home interface
design are described, concerning especially command naming.

%M C.INT.90.991
%T Browsing Through Program Execution
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Bocker, Heinz-Dieter
%A Herczeg, Jurgen
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 991-996
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X The system TRACK is a trace component for animation and debugging of
SMALLTALK-80 programs Unlike traditional tracers it is designed as a
construction kit utilizing interaction techniques based on graphical
visualization and direct manipulation.  A trace is specified by manipulating
graphical objects in a trace window.  Different trace windows may provide
insight into different parts of a program.  This paper describes how TRACK
interacts with the standard programming tools of SMALLTALK-80 (class browsers,
inspectors, debuggers, etc.) and how tracing and browsing techniques are
combined to visualize the execution of a program.

%M C.INT.90.997
%T Compressing and Comparing Metric Execution Spaces
%S Applications and Case Studies: Programming
%A Domingue, John
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 997-1002
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X To help programmers evaluate the efficiency of their code during debugging,
we are developing the Transparent Rule Interpreter Monitoring System (TRIMS). 
This provides the user with a visual representation of both behavioural and
performance aspects of rule-based programs.  Up to now, visualization within
TRIMS has been applied only to the qualitative behaviour of a program.  This
paper describes the recent incorporation of metric information into the system,
enabling the programmer to visualize the time various parts of the program take
to run.  The use of metric information is described in relation to two
facilities currently available in TRIMS: compression and comparison. 
Compression enables the programmer to hide away parts of the execution,
permitting the visualization of arbitrarily large execution spaces.  The
comparison of similar execution spaces can answer such questions as, 'Why does
my program run so slowly with this particular working memory set?'

%M C.INT.90.1005
%T A Psychology of Programming for Design
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Bellamy, Rachel K. E.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1005-1006
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1007
%T Cognitive Style and Intelligent Help
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Coventry, Lynne
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1007-1008
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1009
%T Support for Understanding and Participation in a Distributed Problem Solving
System
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Duursma, C. M.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1009-1010
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1011
%T The Role of Analogy in Training Computer Users
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Elcock, Jonathan
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1011-1012
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper summarises work on training by analogies.  Four studies are
discussed.  The conclusions drawn from these studies is that while analogies
have an effect in training that effect is not simply beneficial.  Theoretical
issues arising from these studies are then discussed.

%M C.INT.90.1013
%T Linguistic Models in the Design of Cooperative Help Systems
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Elliot, Charles
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1013-1014
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1015
%T An Environment to Support the Use of Program Examples while Learning to
Program in LISP
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Getao, Katherine Wanjiru
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1015-1016
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1017
%T Modelling Cognitive Aspects of Complex Control Tasks
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Grant, Simon
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1017-1018
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1019
%T Using Temporal Logic to Prototype Interactive Systems
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Johnson, C. W.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1019-1020
%K Formal methods, Prototyping, Rendering, Temporal logic
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1021
%T A Development Environment for the Design of Multimodal Colourgraphic
Human-Computer Interfaces
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Langen, M.
%A Rau, G.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1021-1024
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X The following object-oriented concept improves the design procedure of
complex human-computer interfaces by a suitable development environment.  This
environment supports the process of evolutionary prototyping, i.e. prototypes
are iteratively modified until a satisfying version is achieved.  In addition
to conventional approaches, this development environment integrates software
tools for multimodal interaction and interactive colour manipulation.  The
application of this environment is demonstrated in the design of the
human-computer interface of an anesthesia expert assist system.

%M C.INT.90.1025
%T Advanced User Interfaces for Distributed Group Communication
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Navarro, Leandro
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1025-1027
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X The aim of this work is to define an architecture framework of User
Interfaces (UI) for Group Communication (GC) activities.  After a brief
presentation of the background and objectives of this work we will discuss
several topics in the scenario of human to group interaction processes.  The
resulting UI model is based on the integration of several technologies and
components: object orientation, multimedia, intelligent agents, UI languages.

%M C.INT.90.1029
%T Logic Descriptions in Rapid Prototyping of Applications
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Oestreicher, Lars
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1029-1030
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper presents a description method for design of new systems, using
formal descriptions combined with rapid prototyping.  The basic formalism is
First Order Predicate Logic in the shape of Horn Clauses.  The descriptions are
used as conceptual models of the functionality, formed with main input from
task analysis of the user's expected work tasks with the system.  The
possibility to immediately execute the description as an executable
specification of the new system also brings this research result into the area
of rapid prototyping of new designs.

%M C.INT.90.1031
%T Graphical Treatment of Natural Language in HCI
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Singer, Ronald A.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1031-1032
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This paper discusses on-going research which indicates that graphical
interfaces can offer users a more effective means of communicating their
intentions to the system than is possible with NL.  The relationships between
user thoughts and graphical objects, must if they are to be natural and
effective, reflect the structure of human discourse.  This requires an
interface which can understand the relation of subsequent thoughts to preceding
ones.  Circuit I (Singer, 1989), an object-oriented prototype has clearly
demonstrated that the notion of embedding discourse phenomena (anaphora and
ellipsis) as handled by SOPHIE (Brown, Burton, et al, 1982) within a graphics
environment is a viable alternative to that of NL given the current unresolved
problems.  A small scale evaluation of the prototype has been carried out, and
preliminary findings have been very encouraging.

%M C.INT.90.1033
%T Run Time Interface Specification, Using Direct Manipulation
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Tibbitt-Eggleton, Robert
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1033-1034
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X A brief overview is given of a prototype User Interface Management System
(UIMS) that is being produced as part of a research degree.  One of the main
features of this UIMS is the ability to create/alter the interface to an
application as the application runs.

%M C.INT.90.1035
%T Learning a Word Processing Task: About Documentation, Help and Task
Complexity
%S Doctoral Programme
%A Van Laethem, Anne
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1035-1036
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This work is about learning to use a personal computer for a task of medium
complexity.

%M C.INT.90.1039
%T HCI Seen from the Perspective of Software Developers
%S Panel Sessions
%A Bennett, John L.
%A Conklin, Peter
%A Guevara, Karmen
%A Mackay, Wendy
%A Sancha, Tom
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1039-1042
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1043
%T User Participation in HCI Research -- Effects on Processes and Results
%S Panel Sessions
%A Wærn, Yvonne
%A Bannon, Liam
%A Timpka, Toomas
%A Schneider, Werner
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1043-1046
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1047
%T Interactively Supporting the Software Process
%S Panel Sessions
%A Kaplan, Simon M.
%A Finkelstein, Anthony
%A Kaiser, Gail
%A Ryan, Kevin
%A Schafer, Wilhelm
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1047-1048
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1051
%T Task Analysis: The Oft Missing Step in the Development of Computer-Human
Interfaces; Its Desirable Nature, Value, and Role
%S Panel Sessions
%A Anderson, Richard I.
%A Carroll, John M.
%A McGrew, John F.
%A Grudin, Jonathan
%A Scapin, Dominique L.
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1051-1054
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1055
%T New Approaches to Theory in HCI: How Should We Judge Their Acceptability?
%S Panel Sessions
%A Monk, Andrew
%A Carroll, John
%A Harrison, Michael
%A Long, John
%A Young, Richard
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1055-1058
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1059
%T Multi-Agent Interaction
%S Panel Sessions
%A Seel, Nigel
%A Galliers, Julia
%A Kiss, George
%A Scrivener, Stephen
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1059-1061
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1063
%T Multi-Dimensional Interfaces for Software Design
%S Panel Sessions
%A Dudley, Tim
%A Baecker, Ronald
%A Eisenstadt, Marc
%A Glinert, Ephraim
%A Rosson, Mary Beth
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1063-1066
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP

%M C.INT.90.1067
%T Usability Engineering on a Budget
%S Panel Sessions
%A Nielsen, Jakob
%A Dray, Susan M.
%A Foley, James D.
%A Walsh, Paul
%A Wright, Peter
%B Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction
%D 1990-08-27
%P 1067-1070
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IFIP
%X This panel will discuss how to get the "most bang for the buck" in usability
engineering.  What should one do when the budget is restricted and it is
impossible to do everything by the book?  How can one introduce usability
methods in companies that currently have no systematic usability efforts?