%M J.IESW.4.1.6
%T Classifying Software for Reusability
%S Features
%A Prieto-Diaz, Ruben
%A Freeman, Peter
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 1
%P 6-16
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X To reuse a software component, you first have to find it.  The faceted
scheme described here is a partial solution to this classification and
retrieval problem.

%M J.IESW.4.1.29
%T Visual Languages: A Tutorial and Survey
%S Features
%A Chang, Shi-Kuo
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 1
%P 29-39
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Research into visual languages is varied, and growing in popularity.  The
concept of generalized icons is a framework for the design of the next
generation of visual languages.

%M J.IESW.4.1.56
%T An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs
%S Features
%A Pemberton, Steven
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 1
%P 56-64
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X ABC is a simple language for personal computing.  Intended as an alternative
to Basic, it has grown to be a powerful tool for expert users, too.

%M J.IESW.4.2.4
%T Muse: A Multimedia Filing System
%S Theme Articles
%A Gibbs, Simon
%A Tsichritzis, Dennis
%A Fitas, Akis
%A Konstantas, Dimitri
%A Yeorgaroudakis, Yiannis
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 2
%P 4-15
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X New technology is changing the way we store documents.  This experimental
system features flexible document retrieval, a distributed architecture, and
the capacity to store many very large documents.

%M J.IESW.4.2.25
%T The Tedium Development Environment for Information Systems
%S Theme Articles
%A Blum, Bruce I.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 2
%P 25-34
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X This adaptable, flexible environment offers insights on how to enhance
software development productivity and maintainability.

%M J.IESW.4.2.41
%T Reusability Framework, Assessment, and Directions
%S Special Features
%A Biggerstaff, Ted
%A Richter, Charles
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 2
%P 41-49
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Reusability remains a puzzle despite its promise.  Why?  What can be done? 
The authors discuss some answers and possibilities.

%M J.IESW.4.2.50
%T Reusability: The Case for Object-Oriented Design
%S Special Features
%A Meyer, Bertrand
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 2
%P 50-64
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Simply being more organized will not make the reuse problem go away.  The
issues are technical, not managerial.  The answers lie in object-oriented
design.

%M J.IESW.4.3.8
%T VIPS: A Visual Debugger
%S Special Features
%A Isoda, Sadahiro
%A Shimomura, Takao
%A Ono, Yuji
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 3
%P 8-19
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Testing Ada programs is easier with this visual debugger that graphically
depicts what the program is doing -- and how it is being done.

%M J.IESW.4.3.20
%T Knowledge-Based Program Debugging Systems
%S Special Features
%A Seviora, Rudolph E.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 3
%P 20-32
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X No one likes to debug programs, and there is as yet no way to automate the
task.  However, knowledge-based approaches offer some possibilities for the
future.

%M J.IESW.4.3.50
%T Experimental Prototyping in Smalltalk
%S Articles
%A Diederich, Jim
%A Milton, Jack
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 3
%P 50-64
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Smalltalk promotes fearless programming.  User can significantly alter an
application -- even the system itself -- without fearing unrecoverable
disasters.

%M J.IESW.4.3.101
%T "Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer
Interaction," by Ben Shneiderman
%S Departments: Book Reviews
%A Maciaszek, Leszek A.
%A Stafford, Gary J.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 3
%P 101-102
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE

%M J.IESW.4.4.6
%T Reusability Comes of Age
%S Theme Articles
%A Tracz, Will
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 6-8
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Reusability has long held out the promise of issuing in software's
industrial revolution, of transforming a cottage industry into a
mass-production system.  The tools to do this are now appearing.

%M J.IESW.4.4.9
%T Frame-Based Software Engineering
%S Theme Articles
%A Bassett, Paul G.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 9-16
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X One of reusability's main problems is how to easily modify available
components.  This frame-based approach handles the problem.

%M J.IESW.4.4.17
%T Melding Software Systems from Reusable Building Blocks
%S Theme Articles
%A Kaiser, Gail E.
%A Garlan, David
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 17-24
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X This declarative language takes the best features from the three most
popular reusability approaches, but overcomes their flaws.  It supports
language independence, component composition, and tailoring.

%M J.IESW.4.4.25
%T The Reusable Software Library
%S Theme Articles
%A Burton, Bruce A.
%A Aragon, Rhonda Wienk
%A Bailey, Stephen A.
%A Koehler, Kenneth D.
%A Mayes, Lauren A.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 25-33
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X The RSL couples a passive database with interactive design tools to make
reuse an integral part of the software development process.

%M J.IESW.4.4.34
%T Software Reuse through Building Blocks
%S Theme Articles
%A Lenz, Manfred
%A Schmid, Hans Albrecht
%A Wolf, Peter F.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 34-42
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Specification, design, and code can all be reused easily if handled as a
building block.  An IBM group recently developed this concept and applied it to
systems programming -- with success.

%M J.IESW.4.4.43
%T Reusability Issues with Ada
%S Theme Articles
%A Gargaro, Anthony
%A Pappas, T. L. (Frank)
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 43-51
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X How do you write reusable code when your methodology doesn't address
reusability?  These guidelines developed by a major defense contractor may
help.

%M J.IESW.4.4.52
%T Can Programmers Reuse Software?
%S Theme Articles
%A Woodfield, Scott N.
%A Embley, David W.
%A Scott, Del T.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 52-59
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X An experiment asked programmers untrained in reuse to evaluate component
reusability.  They did poorly.  Are reusability's promises hollow?  Or are
there some answers?

%M J.IESW.4.4.60
%T Cognitive View of Reuse and Redesign
%S Theme Articles
%A Fischer, Gerhard
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 60-72
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Reusable components are not enough.  Program designers need tools that help
them understand the components and how to use them.  Fortunately, some support
tools do exist.

%M J.IESW.4.4.108
%T "Programming Productivity," by Capers Jones
%S Departments: Book Reviews
%A Cartwright, Jeff
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 4
%P 108
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE

%M J.IESW.4.5.62
%T Programmer as Reader
%S Special Features
%A Goldberg, Adele
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 5
%P 62-70
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Research has focused on training programmers to write readable programs. 
New exploratory environments, like Smalltalk-80, offer improvements in system
support for program reading as well as writing.

%M J.IESW.4.5.86
%T Creating Software Users Can and Will Use
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 5
%P 86-87
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE

%M J.IESW.4.6.16
%T Working in the Garden Environment for Conceptual Programming
%S Theme Articles: Integrated Environments
%A Reiss, Steven P.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 6
%P 16-27
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X Program developers use a variety of techniques when creating their systems.
This automated design system conforms to the programmer.

%M J.IESW.4.6.36
%T The Symbolics Genera Programming Environment
%S Theme Articles: Integrated Environments
%A Walker, Janet H.
%A Moon, David A.
%A Weinreb, Daniel L.
%A McMahon, Mike
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 6
%P 36-45
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE
%X This Lisp-based system helps designers get from prototype to product faster.
The key is an open architecture and highly integrated development tools.

%M J.IESW.4.6.90
%T Where Human Factors Fits in the Design Process
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1987
%V 4
%N 6
%P 90-92
%* (c) Copyright 1987 IEEE

%M J.IESW.5.1.85
%T Getting the Most Out of Design Guidelines
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 1
%P 85-86
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE

%M J.IESW.5.2.8
%T Software Technology People Can Really Use
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Chikofsky, Elliot J.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 8-10
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X More than a decade after its introduction, CASE is emerging as a real-world
technology whose promises are being fulfilled.

%M J.IESW.5.2.11
%T CASE: Reliability Engineering for Information Systems
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Chikofsky, Elliot J.
%A Rubenstein, Burt L.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 11-16
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X You can use CASE environments in new ways to support the entire software
life cycle, including reliability engineering, maintenance, documentation, and
auditing.

%M J.IESW.5.2.18
%T The Future of Unix in the CASE Renaissance
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Cureton, Bill
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 18-22
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X The CASE renaissance will link the commercial and scientific computing
communities.  A standard version of Unix will be the bridge.

%M J.IESW.5.2.23
%T Hypertext and CASE
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Bigelow, James
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 23-27
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X CASE systems must tie text and code into coherent documentation and keep a
complete version history of everything.  A hypertext database fits the bill.

%M J.IESW.5.2.30
%T The Metaview System for Many Specification Environments
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Sorenson, Paul G.
%A Tremblay, Jean-Paul
%A McAllister, Andrew J.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 30-38
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Metasystems can automatically generate the major parts of a
software-development environment.  Although such systems are still in their
infancy, they hold significant promise for CASE.

%M J.IESW.5.2.39
%T Looking Beyond CASE
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Acly, Ed
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 39-43
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Traditionally, new software tools have contributed to instability and
incompatibility.  For the CASE market to evolve, the user's need for stability
and integration must be addressed.

%M J.IESW.5.2.46
%T Second-Generation CASE Tools: A Challenge to Vendors
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Martin, Charles F.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 46-49
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Today's tools help systems analysts, so why aren't they widely used? 
Because current tools have inherent limits that a new generation of tools must
overcome.

%M J.IESW.5.2.50
%T Creating a Software-Engineering Knowledge Base
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Symonds, Andrew J.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 50-56
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Combining knowledge-engineering and software-engineering concepts can lead
to a powerful CASE environment.  IBM's CASE/MVS project is applying this
approach to operating-system development.

%M J.IESW.5.2.58
%T ASPIS: A Knowledge-Based CASE Environment
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Puncello, P. Paulo
%A Torrigiani, Piero
%A Pietri, Francesco
%A Burlon, Riccardo
%A Cardile, Bruno
%A Conti, Mirella
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 58-65
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X This project seeks to improve the quality and productivity of the first
phases of the life cycle by combining artificial intelligence with software
engineering techniques.

%M J.IESW.5.2.66
%T A Computer-Aided Prototyping System
%S Theme Articles: Real CASE
%A Luqi, A
%A Ketabchi, Mohammad
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 66-72
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Computer-aided prototyping shows promise.  One system under development
frees designers from implementation details by executing specifications via
reusable components.

%M J.IESW.5.2.73
%T Characterizing the Software Process: A Maturity Framework
%S Special Features: Software Management
%A Humphrey, Watts S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 73-79
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Software quality and productivity must improve.  But where to start?  This
model helps organizations identify their highest priority problems and start
making improvements.

%M J.IESW.5.2.89
%T Setting Objectives for Measurably Better Software
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 2
%P 89-90
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE

%M J.IESW.5.3.10
%T What is Object-Oriented Programming?
%S Theme Articles: Object-Oriented
%A Stroustrup, Bjorne
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 10-20
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Object-oriented has become a buzzword that implies "good" programming.  But
when it comes to really supporting this paradigm, not all languages are equal.

%M J.IESW.5.3.40
%T Intelligent Assistance for Software Development and Maintenance
%S Special Features: Intelligent Assistance
%A Kaiser, Gail E.
%A Feiler, Peter H.
%A Popovich, Steven S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 40-49
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Using relatively simple technology, Marvel understands the user's actions
and their consequences.  In many cases it will do tasks automatically,
lightening the workload.

%M J.IESW.5.3.50
%T MicroScope: A Knowledge-Based Programming Environment
%S Special Features: Intelligent Assistance
%A Ambras, James
%A O'Day, Vicky
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 50-58
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X More than ever, maintenance programmers need help to understand today's
huge, complex systems.  The developers of this system recognize that
yesterday's techniques are inadequate.

%M J.IESW.5.3.59
%T The Macintosh Programmer's Workshop
%S Special Features: Macintosh Development
%A Meyers, Richard J.
%A Parrish, Jeff W.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 59-66
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X The Macintosh development environment combines a graphical interface,
Unix-like command language, and immediate command execution in any window. 
Here's how it works.

%M J.IESW.5.3.68
%T Teaching Software Engineering in a Workstation Environment
%S Special Features: Teaching Technique
%A Sherman, Mark
%A Drysdale, Robert L., III
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 68-76
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Networked, interactive environments are better than traditional environments
for teaching good software-engineering practices.

%M J.IESW.5.3.78
%T Delaying Commitment
%S Special Features: Development Strategies
%A Thimbleby, Harold
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 78-86
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Delaying commitment means keeping your options open, with inventive
consequences.  Algorithms and other techniques make delaying commitment an
effective strategy.

%M J.IESW.5.3.97
%T Do Icons Make User Interfaces Easier to Use?
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 3
%P 97-99
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE

%M J.IESW.5.4.25
%T Building Application Generators
%S Special Features: Automating Development
%A Cleveland, J. Craig
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 4
%P 25-33
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Application generators offer increased productivity through customized
reusable software.  But how do you build them?

%M J.IESW.5.4.36
%T Briding the Gap between Object-Oriented and Logic Programming
%S Special Features: Language Interface
%A Koschmann, Timothy
%A Evans, Martha Walton
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 4
%P 36-42
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Object-oriented and logic programming each have advantages.  This interface
bridges the two styles, letting you take equal advantage of both.

%M J.IESW.5.4.43
%T A Visual Process Connector for Unix
%S Special Features: Visual Program
%A Bhattacharyya, Mitali
%A Cohrs, David
%A Miller, Barton
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 4
%P 43-50
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Distributed programming benefits greatly from visual tools that help you
separate the interactions of processes from their implementation.  Upconn is
such a tool for Unix programmers.

%M J.IESW.5.4.51
%T An Icon-Based Design Method for Prolog
%S Special Features: Visual Program
%A Karam, Gerald M.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 4
%P 51-65
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Too often, Prolog programs are written without regard for established
software-engineering principles.  This design method seeks to impose some order
on Prolog applications.

%M J.IESW.5.4.89
%T 10 Tips for Getting Useful Information from Users
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 4
%P 89-90
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%Y 1.	Include real users, not their representatives.
2.	Don't ask users to do your job.
3.	Overcome resistance to change.
4.	Use data to settle differences of opinion.
5.	Leave room for users to change their minds.
6.	Keep an open mind.
7.	Live in their camp for a while.
8.	Get some communications help.
9.	Don't rely on memory or general impressions.
10.	Don't rush to write things off as too difficult.

%M J.IESW.5.5.39
%T Focusing Real-Time Systems Analysis on User Operations
%S Theme Articles: Real Time
%A Deutsch, Michael S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 5
%P 39-50
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X How do you model real-time systems with all their complexity and still
factor in the needs of the customer, user, and implementer?  Here is one
approach.

%M J.IESW.5.5.91
%T What's Wrong with Standard User Interfaces?
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 5
%P 91-92
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE

%M J.IESW.5.6.15
%T Expert Systems
%S Theme Articles: Expert Systems
%A Tanik, Murat M.
%A Yeh, Raymond T.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 15-16
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Expert systems try to capture a domain expert's knowledge so others can use
it.  Expert-system tools can help provide the discipline and expertise software
engineers need to tackle complex projects.

%M J.IESW.5.6.17
%T A Tool to Coordinate Tools
%S Theme Articles: Expert Systems
%A Bisiani, Roberto
%A Lecouat, Francois
%A Ambriola, Vincenzo
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 17-25
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Many development tasks are tedious and clerical.  Tomorrow's environments
will ease the burden, but what about today's environments like Unix?  One aid
is this planner.

%M J.IESW.5.6.28
%T Intelligent Support for Specifications Transformation
%S Theme Articles: Expert Systems
%A Tsai, Jeffrey J.-P.
%A Ridge, Joel C.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 28-35
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Because software development is knowledge-intensive, it makes sense for
developers to use expert systems.  The prototype specification-transformation
system described here proves this.

%M J.IESW.5.6.37
%T Critiquing Software Specifications
%S Theme Articles: Expert Systems
%A Fickas, Stephen
%A Nagarajan, P.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 37-47
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Systems analysts bring a wealth of past experience with them.  Their
knowledge can be put to use in an automated critic for specification debugging.

%M J.IESW.5.6.50
%T Adding Data Abstraction to Fortran Software
%S Special Features: Language Extension
%A Miller, Keith W.
%A Morell, Larry J.
%A Stevens, Fred
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 50-58
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X Fortran is an important language despite its flaws.  The FAD system adds a
data-abstraction facility to encourage information hiding and more structured
reuse of software.

%M J.IESW.5.6.61
%T An Abstract Pretty Printer
%S Special Features: Pretty Printer
%A Cameron, Robert D.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 61-67
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X When you encapsulate a basic pretty-printer algorithm into an abstract form,
you get a versatile tool that can do much more than format your printouts.

%M J.IESW.5.6.68
%T A Full-Screen Facility for Defining Relational and Entity-Relationship
Database Schemas
%S Special Features: Database Interface
%A Sockut, Gary H.
%A Malhotra, Ashok
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 68-78
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE
%X While you can use linear languages to define database schemas, it is not
very convenient to do so.  The main goal of this interactive system is ease of
use.

%M J.IESW.5.6.83
%T Recipe for a Usability Test
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 83-84
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE

%M J.IESW.5.6.106
%T "How to Write a Usable User Manual," by Edmond H. Weiss
%S Departments: Book Reviews
%A Phillips, Dwayne
%J IEEE Software
%D 1988
%V 5
%N 6
%P 106
%* (c) Copyright 1988 IEEE

%M J.IESW.6.1.8
%T User Interfaces Opening a Window on the Computer
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Hix, Deborah
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 8-10
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X We must support the revolution in user interfaces with new methods,
techniques, and tools.

%M J.IESW.6.1.15
%T User-Interface Tools: Introduction and Survey
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Myers, Brad A.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 15-23
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X A good interface is vital, yet very hard to produce.  User-interface tools
seek to ease the burden.  This article surveys the state of the art.

%M J.IESW.6.1.25
%T Defining User Interfaces at a High Level of Abstraction
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Foley, James
%A Kim, Won Chul
%A Kovacevic, Srdjan
%A Murray, Kevin
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 25-32
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X Using a knowledge base to store a conceptual design, this system goes beyond
traditional UIMSs by letting the designer work at a higher level of
abstraction.

%M J.IESW.6.1.37
%T A Construction Set for Multimedia Applications
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Hodges, Matthew E.
%A Sasnett, Russell M.
%A Ackerman, Mark S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 37-43
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X The Athena Muse system combines four representation schemes to simplify the
construction of multimedia educational software that lets teachers and students
explore subjects from many views.

%M J.IESW.6.1.44
%T Human-Computer Interaction Software: Lessons Learned, Challenges Ahead
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Fischer, Gerhard
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 44-52
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X HCI software should augment human intelligence.  Despite the progress that
has been made over the last few years, the big challenge is to create truly
cooperative problem-solving systems.

%M J.IESW.6.1.54
%T Reflections on Using a UIMS for Complex Applications
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Kasik, David J.
%A Lund, Michelle A.
%A Ramsey, Henry W.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 54-61
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X In theory, a UIMS should improve the productivity of users and developers,
particularly when the system involves complex interactions.  This project puts
the theory to test.

%M J.IESW.6.1.62
%T User-Interface Management Control and Communication
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Hartson, Rex
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 62-70
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X Almost everyone agrees that dialogue and computation components must be
separated.  But an ideal situation is hard to define and even harder to
achieve.

%M J.IESW.6.1.71
%T Modeling User Interface-Application Interactions
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Hurley, William D.
%A Sibert, John L.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 71-77
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X One obstacle to developing UIMSs is the absence of a good model to describe
the interaction between the user interface and application.  This model seeks
to fill the void.

%M J.IESW.6.1.78
%T Minimizing Ecological Gaps in Interface Design
%S Theme Articles: Interface Systems
%A Thomas, John C.
%A Kellogg, Wendy A.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 78-86
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X Usability testing is necessary but not sufficient.  This article presents
further techniques to help ensure usability in the real world.

%M J.IESW.6.1.112
%T Evaluating How Your User Interfaces Are Used
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Perlman, Gary
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 1
%P 112-113
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%Y Expert Commentary, Customer Interviews
Video/Audio Protocols of Users
Survey Questionnaires
Program Instrumentation

%M J.IESW.6.2.86
%T Management: The Key to Success
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 2
%P 86-88
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE

%M J.IESW.6.3.73
%T The Experience of Learning and Using Smalltalk
%S Special Features: Object Oriented
%A Nielsen, Jakob
%A Richards, John T.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 3
%P 73-77
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X As Smalltalk's influence and availability spread, it is worthwhile to
examine how it could be improved.  One way is to make it more accessible to new
users.
   Smalltalk is a large system and, like many large systems, it is fairly
difficult for new users to penetrate.  One of the most vexing problems is the
distributed nature of the code.
   Some programmers will see Smalltalk's rich selection of data structures as
powerful; others will be overwhelmed.  A novice will no doubt be overwhelmed.
   It is certainly true of most systems that they are easier to learn with the
assistance of colleagues who already know them.  The large scale and complexity
of Smalltalk make this help even more critical.

%M J.IESW.6.3.91
%T Modular Implementation Benefits Developers, Users
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 3
%P 91-105
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE

%M J.IESW.6.3.110
%T "The Psychology of Everyday Things," by Donald A. Norman
%S Departments: Book Reviews
%A Phillips, Dwayne
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 3
%P 110
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE

%M J.IESW.6.3.112
%T "Human-Computer Interaction: A Design Guide," by Mark K. Jones
%S Departments: Book Reviews
%A Levine, Richard S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 3
%P 112
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE

%M J.IESW.6.4.105
%T When a Usability Test is Not the Answer
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 4
%P 105-106
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE

%M J.IESW.6.5.50
%T A Generic Iconic Tool for Viewing Databases
%S Special Features
%A Ramanathan, Jay
%A Hartung, Ronald L.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 5
%P 50-57
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE
%X Improved data-gathering techniques threaten to drown us in information. 
Adapt is a display tool that can depict both the structure and content of
databases graphically.

%M J.IESW.6.5.85
%T Mental Models: Helping Users Understand Software
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1989
%V 6
%N 5
%P 85-88
%* (c) Copyright 1989 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.1.122
%T Pruning Your Programs' Unused Functions
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 1
%P 122-124
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.2.96
%T How to Build a Usability Lab
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Glaser, Howard
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 2
%P 96-97
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.3.31
%T User-Interface Development Tools
%S Tools Fair
%A Lee, Ed
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 3
%P 31-36
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X The demand for qualified user-interface programmers far outstrips the
supply.  This situation has created an obvious need for better user-interface
software architectures and productivity tools.

%M J.IESW.7.3.90
%T A Hypertext System to Manage Software Life-Cycle Documents
%S Special Features
%A Garg, Pankaj K.
%A Scacchi, Walt
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 3
%P 90-98
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X Traditional systems don't handle the documentation requirements of
large-scale, multiproject software development.  But this hypertext-based
system does.

%M J.IESW.7.3.107
%T Big Paybacks from 'Discount' Usability Engineering
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Nielsen, Jakob
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 3
%P 107-108
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.4.12
%T A Graphical Specification System for User-Interface Design
%S Cover Articles: User-Interface Design
%A Harbert, Andrew
%A Lively, William
%A Shappard, Sallie
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 4
%P 12-20
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X GSS combines graphical and minimal low-level textual specification with a
prototyping capability for rapid user-interface design and evaluation.

%M J.IESW.7.4.21
%T Drawing Dynamic Trees
%S Cover Articles: User-Interface Design
%A Moen, Sven
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 4
%P 21-28
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X A simple yet flexible algorithm lets you draw compact trees for
user-interface code and update them efficiently.

%M J.IESW.7.4.29
%T IFS: A Tool to Build Application Systems
%S Cover Articles: User-Interface Design
%A Vo, Kiem-Phong
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 4
%P 29-36
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X The Interpretive Frame System separates high-level design and user-interface
programming from domain-specific programming, making tool reuse easy.

%M J.IESW.7.4.82
%T Create the Best First Impression
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Potosnak, Kathleen
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 4
%P 82-83
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.5.77
%T Generations of User-Interface Management Systems
%S Special Features
%A Hix, Deborah
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 5
%P 77-87
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X UIMSs have evolved from programming-intensive systems limited to part of the
life cycle to interactive tools that interface specialists can use throughout
the development effort.

%M J.IESW.7.5.91
%T A Primer on Speech Technologies
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Thomas, John
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 5
%P 91-92
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.6.63
%T Iconic Programming: Where to Go?
%S Theme Articles: Software Challenges
%A Ichikawa, Tadao
%A Hirakawa, Masahito
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 6
%P 63-68
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE
%X Iconic languages can offer much to developers if used with, not as a
replacement for, traditional textual languages.  Past research points to how
this may happen.

%M J.IESW.7.6.85
%T Teaching User-Interface Development
%S Departments: Human Factors
%A Perlman, Gary
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 6
%P 85-86
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.7.6.99
%T "Using Computer Color Effectively: An Illustrated Reference," by Lisa G.
Thorell and Wanda J. Smith
%S Departments: Book Reviews
%A Levine, Richard
%J IEEE Software
%D 1990
%V 7
%N 6
%P 99-100
%* (c) Copyright 1990 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.1.86
%T Display Color Coding: 10 Rules of Thumb
%S Departments: Interface
%A Rice, John F.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 1
%P 86-88
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.1.99
%T "Envisioning Information," by Edward R. Tufte
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Levine, Richard S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 1
%P 99
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.1.99
%T "Mastering Technical Writing," by Joseph C. Mancuso
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Phillips, Dwayne
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 1
%P 99-100
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.2.26
%T Experience in Testing the Motif Interface
%S Cover Articles: Testing
%A Su, Jason
%A Ritter, Paul R.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 2
%P 26-33
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE
%X The right tools helped the engineers on this user-interface project develop
and test 100,000 lines of code in just seven months.

%M J.IESW.8.2.75
%T A Tool Shell for Tracking Design Decisions
%S Features
%A Arango, Guillermo
%A Bruneau, Laurent
%A Cloarec, Jean-Francois
%A Feroldi, Albert
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 2
%P 75-83
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE
%X This extensible tool shell lets designers capture and manipulate decisions
independently of method.  It is a step toward the reuse of decision structures
in system design and maintenance.

%M J.IESW.8.2.93
%T Touch Screens Now Offer Compelling Uses
%S Departments: Interface
%A Shneiderman, Ben
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 2
%P 93-107
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.2.108
%T "The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical
Computer Skill," by John M. Carroll
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Etlinger, Henry A.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 2
%P 108-109
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.3.99
%T Changing Your Methods from the Inside
%S Departments: Interface
%A Rideout, Tom
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 3
%P 99-111
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.3.114
%T "Intelligent Systems Design: Integrating Expert Systems, Hypermedia and
Database Technologies," by Larry Bielawski and Robert Lewand
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Wolf, Walter
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 3
%P 114
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.4.81
%T Representing Design Dependencies in an Issue-Based Style
%S Features
%A Lubars, Mitchell D.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 4
%P 81-89
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE
%X Capturing design rationale is critical, but typical truth-maintenance
systems cannot capture informal, rhetorical information.  Adding an issue-based
style of presentation overcomes this.

%M J.IESW.8.4.90
%T Giving Real Meaning to 'Easy-to-Use' Interfaces
%S Departments: Interface
%A Habermann, Frits
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 4
%P 90-91
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.5.94
%T Walkthroughs: Efficient Collaborative Testing
%S Departments: Interface
%A Bias, Randolph
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 5
%P 94-95
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.8.6.70
%T Japan's Research Focus Shifts to Interfaces
%S Departments: Interface
%A Curtis, Bill
%A Halbert, Alan
%J IEEE Software
%D 1991
%V 8
%N 6
%P 70-77
%* (c) Copyright 1991 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.1.78
%T Carving a Niche in the Organization Chart
%S Departments: Interface
%A Curtis, Bill
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 1
%P 78-101
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.1.106
%T "Hypertext and Hypermedia," by Jakob Nielsen
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Burdick, Tracy
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 1
%P 106
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.2.84
%T Defining a Place for Interface Engineering
%S Departments: Interface
%A Curtis, Bill
%A Hefley, Bill
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 2
%P 84-86
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.2.103
%T "Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency," edited by Jakob Nielsen
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Levine, Richard S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 2
%P 103
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.3.80
%T An Integrated Environment for Requirements Engineering
%S Special Features
%A Palmer, James D.
%A Fields, N. Ann
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 3
%P 80-85
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X Studies show that the greatest leverage to improve quality lies in
supporting the collection of correct, unambiguous requirements.  Such an
environment must support collaborative work.

%M J.IESW.9.3.93
%T Defining a Metaphor for Group Work
%S Departments: Interface
%A Olson, Gary M.
%A Olson, Judith S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 3
%P 93-95
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.4.70
%T Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction
%S Departments: Interface
%A Henderson, Austin
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 4
%P 70-71
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.4.79
%T CHI'92 Foretells Future Away from Flat Screen
%S Departments: Proceedings
%A Nielsen, Jakob
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 4
%P 78-79
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X The trend is to disconnect the interface from the screen and relate it to
the physical world.
   Avant-garde interfaces may hit major payoffs in the entertainment and
home-computing markets.

%M J.IESW.9.5.97
%T Usability Evaluation: Science of Trade-Offs
%S Departments: Interface
%A Miller, James R.
%A Jeffries, Robin
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 5
%P 97-102
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.5.115
%T "Intelligent Systems Design: Integrating Expert Systems, Hypermedia, and
Database Technologies," by Larry Bielawski and Robert Lewand
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Wolf, Walter
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 5
%P 115
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.5.116
%T "Taking Software Design Seriously: Practical Techniques in Human-Computer
Interaction Design," edited by John Karat
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Levine, Richard S.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 5
%P 116
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE

%M J.IESW.9.6.11
%T Completing the Job of Interface Design
%S Theme Articles: Interface Design
%A Rudolf, Jim
%A Waite, Cathy
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 11-22
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X HyperNews lets you separate application and interface design to link a new
interface to an old application with very little programming.

%M J.IESW.9.6.24
%T Designing Maintainable, Reusable Interfaces
%S Theme Articles: Interface Design
%A Ege, Raimund K.
%A Stary, Christian
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 24-32
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X By capturing task relationships in the interface specification and
explicitly representing constraints, designers can create interfaces that meet
the often elusive user requirements.

%M J.IESW.9.6.33
%T Error Reporting with Graduated Color
%S Theme Articles: Interface Design
%A Oberg, Bruce
%A Notkin, David
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 33-38
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X A technique to avoid interruptions during programming uses color and
information hiding to provide error reports on demand, rather than when you
least want them.

%M J.IESW.9.6.39
%T Porting Multimedia Applications to the Open System Environment
%S Features
%A Schneeman, Richard D.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 39-47
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X The US government is mandating OSE-based standards to enhance portability,
yet good migration strategies are scarce.  The author describes on such effort
and offers advice to developers who must port from any platform or operating
system to the OSE.

%M J.IESW.9.6.48
%T Measuring Dynamic Program Complexity
%S Features
%A Munson, John C.
%A Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 48-55
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%X Relative complexity combines the features of many complexity metrics to
predict performance and reliability.

%M J.IESW.9.6.95
%T Top 10 Ways to Muck Up an Interface Project
%S Departments: Interface
%A Bias, Randolph G.
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 95-96
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE
%Y 10.	Don't hire human factors professionals.
9.	Don't assign any effort or resources to address usability.
8.	Isolate the human-factors department both operationally and physically.
7.	Make the human-factors department part of the publications group.
6.	Give the human-factors department responsibility for writing usability
	guidelines.
5.	Minimize physical support for the human-factors department.
4.	Waste no resources on technology transfer.
3.	Support human factors verbally.
2.	Decentralize the human-factors support and take no part in maintaining
	the human-factors community.
1.	Take all this advice seriously.
%Y Top 10 List for Human-Factors Professionals:
10.	Don't do anything until the product managers ask for your help.
9.	Write usability guidelines and just throw them over the transom.
8.	Demand that all usability assessments follow the tenets of good
	experimental design.
7.	If you are mainstreamed into a development group, be sure to complain
	and do nothing.
6.	If you are in a centralized usability department, require that all
	requests for assistance go through the proper channels.
5.	Scoff at developers who work late into the night.
4.	Don't waste time finding out about actual customers.
3.	Pay no attention to the constraints of real-world software development.
2.	Be uncompromising when you identify the right solution to a usability
	problem.
1.	Don't take the managers' or this top 10 list seriously.

%M J.IESW.9.6.119
%T "Human-Machine Interactive Systems," edited by Allen Klinger
%S Departments: Bookshelf (Book Reviews)
%A Wolf, Walter
%J IEEE Software
%D 1992
%V 9
%N 6
%P 119
%* (c) Copyright 1992 IEEE