%M C.HYPER.93.1
%T The Architecture and Implementation of a Distributed Hypermedia Storage
System
%S Papers
%A Shackelford, Douglas E.
%A Smith, John B.
%A Smith, F. Donelson
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 1-13
%K Distributed data, Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), Distributed
file systems, Performance, Scalability, Hypertext
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p1-shackelford/p1-shackelford.pdf
%X Our project is studying the process by which groups of individuals work
together to build large, complex structures of ideas and is developing a
distributed hypermedia collaboration environment (called ABC) to support that
process.  This paper focuses on the architecture and implementation of the
Distributed Graph Storage (DGS) component of ABC.  The DGS supports a
graph-based data model, conservatively extended to meet hypermedia
requirements.  Some important issues addressed in the system include scale,
performance, concurrency semantics, access protection, location independence,
and replication (for fault tolerance).

%M C.HYPER.93.14
%T Concurrency Control in Collaborative Hypertext Systems
%S Papers
%A Wiil, Uffe Kock
%A Leggett, John J.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 14-24
%K Collaborative work, Distributed hypertext systems, Concurrency control,
Hyperbases, Open architectures, Extensibility, Supporting technologies,
User-controlled locking, Events, Transaction management, Version control
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p14-wiil/p14-wiil.pdf
%X Traditional concurrency control techniques for database systems (transaction
management based on locking protocols) have been successful in many multiuser
settings, but these techniques are inadequate in open, extensible and
distributed hypertext systems supporting multiple collaborating users.  The
term "multiple collaborating users" covers a group setting in which two or more
users are engaged in a shared task.  Group members can work simultaneously in
the same computing environment, use the same set of tools and share a network
of hypertext objects.  Hyperbase (hypertext database) systems must provide
special support for collaborative work, requiring adjustments and extensions to
normal concurrency control techniques.  Based on the experiences of two
collaborative hypertext authoring systems, this paper identifies and discusses
six concurrency control requirements that distinguish collaborative hypertext
systems from multiuser hypertext systems.  Approaches to the major issues
(locking, notification control and transaction management) are examined from a
supporting technologies point of view.  Finally, we discuss how existing
hyperbase systems fare with respect to the identified set of requirements. 
Many of the issues discussed in the paper are not limited to hypertext systems
and apply to other collaborative systems as well.

%M C.HYPER.93.25
%T Designing Dexter-Based Cooperative Hypermedia Systems
%S Papers
%A Grønbæk, Kaj
%A Hem, Jens A.
%A Madsen, Ole L.
%A Sloth, Lennert
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 25-38
%K Dexter model, Open hypermedia, CSCW, Shared materials, Object oriented
database
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p25-gronbaek/p25-gronbaek.pdf
%X This paper discusses issues for the design of a Dexter-based cooperative
hypermedia architecture and a specific system, DeVise Hypermedia (DHM),
developed from this architecture.  The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model
[Hala90] was used as basis for designing the architecture.  The Dexter model
provides a general and solid foundation for designing a general hypermedia
architecture.  It introduces central concepts and proposes a layering of the
architecture.  However, to handle cooperative work aspects, such as sharing
material and cooperative authoring, we have to go beyond the Dexter model
concepts.  To deal with such aspects we have extended our implementation of the
Dexter concepts with support for long-term transactions, locking and event
notification as called for by Halasz [Hala88].  The result is a platform
independent architecture for developing cooperative hypermedia systems.  The
architecture consists of a portable kernel that constitutes an object oriented
framework for developing Dexter compliant hypermedia systems.  It is a
client/server architecture including an object oriented database (OODB) to
store the objects implementing the Dexter Storage Layer.  We use a general OODB
being co-developed to support long term transactions, flexible locking, and
event notification.  The transaction and locking mechanism support several
modes of cooperation on shared hypermedia materials, and the notification
mechanism supports the users in maintaining awareness of each others' activity.
The portable kernel was used to implement the DHM system on two quite different
platforms: UNIX/X-windows and Apple Macintosh.

%M C.HYPER.93.39
%T MORE: Multimedia Object Retrieval Environment
%S Papers
%A Lucarella, Dario
%A Parisotto, Stefano
%A Zanzi, Antonella
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 39-50
%K Graph-oriented models, Hypertext querying, Information retrieval, Visual
interface, Direct object manipulation, Multimedia databases
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p39-lucarella/p39-lucarella.pdf
%X In this paper, we present a graph-based object model that will be used as a
uniform framework for direct manipulation of multimedia information.
   Essentially, we propose a graph representation of the conceptual schema, the
object instances, and the user queries. The resulting uniform approach is well
suited to a visual interface in which the user, supported by appropriate tools,
manipulates directly on the screen object graphs for different purposes as
schema definition, querying, browsing, and viewing.  Next, we give formal
definitions of such operations along with examples concerning a real multimedia
application we have developed in order to experiment with the proposed
approach.
   Finally, design and implementation issues are discussed for MORE, a
prototype system that, combining effectively browsing and querying techniques,
provides a visual environment for multimedia information retrieval.

%M C.HYPER.93.51
%T Should Anchors be Typed Too?  An Experiment with MacWeb
%S Papers
%A Nanard, Jocelyne
%A Nanard, Marc
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 51-62
%K Knowledge-based hypertext, Anchoring, Dynamic links, Virtual documents
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p51-nanard/p51-nanard.pdf
%X Macweb is a hypertext system that uses types to incorporate knowledge in
hypertext.  In this paper, we examine an application developed with the system
for accessing a technical document base in the context of a task.  This
application gives us the opportunity to discuss the extension of typing to
anchors.  We show that attaching knowledge to anchors through types must take
into account the context of use of the anchored text.  Thus, we introduce the
notion of semantic anchoring of concepts within documents.  We show how Macweb
makes it possible to implement this approach without adding any new features
and how it provides an answer to the famous sentence "Don't link me in". 
Beyond the experiment itself, the foundations of the approach and its
connection with hypertext systems modeling is presented.

%M C.HYPER.93.63
%T Another Dimension to Hypermedia Access
%S Papers
%A Ichimura, Satoshi
%A Matsushita, Yutaka
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 63-72
%K Hypermedia, Information retrieval, Book metaphor, ISM-CSA
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p63-ichimura/p63-ichimura.pdf
%X The OpenBook system using a book metaphor allows a user to leaf through a
set of nodes retrieved from a hypermedia just like a book.  While leafing
through the book, the reader does not need to pay attention to the detailed
description written in pages, but impressive information such as chapter titles
and figures catches reader's eyes.  In other words, leafing through an
electronic book takes advantage of a cognitive capability to skim the outlines
of the contents.  Moreover, the system supports a query-based access mechanism
which supports a structure search mechanism for the purpose of finding
potentially useful nodes.  Furthermore, this paper describes a method of
linearizing complex hyper-networked nodes to facilitate high speed browsing,
which is a unique aspect of OpenBook.

%M C.HYPER.93.73
%T Hypercubes Grow on Trees (and Other Observations from the Land of Hypersets)
%S Papers
%A Parunak, H. Van Dyke
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 73-81
%K Information structures, Taxonomic reasoning, Classification, Authoring,
Retrieval
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p73-van_dyke_parunak/p73-van_dyke_parunak.pdf
%X Much of the power of hypermedia comes from the development of techniques for
information management that closely match natural cognitive processes. 
HyperSet, a hypermedia environment tailored for taxonomic reasoning [Parunak
91], is an example of this philosophy.  People perform taxonomic reasoning when
they classify, store, and retrieve a number of similar information objects
(such as biological specimens, or linguistic constructions, or research
projects).  The process is essentially set-based.  The user sorts objects into
sets based on their characteristics; looks together at members of a single set
to search for correlations or discernible subsets among them; examines the
different sets of which one item is a member to see whether there are relations
among them; and generates new sets from old ones.
   Two years of experience in using HyperSet has led to a deeper understanding
of the patterns and processes of taxonomic reasoning and the kind of computer
methods that can effectively support it.  This paper reports on three of these
insights:
 1. The set of sets that develops as classification takes place is not flat, but
    hierarchical.  Analysis of this hierarchy yields a representation that
    combines the flexibility of a directed acyclic graph with the navigational
    properties of strict trees.
 2. It is useful for a taxonomic information system to support a simple dualism
    between sets and their elements, permitting one to do set operations on
    artifacts as well as on sets.
 3. Similarity measures among different sets are most usefully computed for a
    hypercube of such sets, a hypercube that emerges naturally from the
    hierarchical structure of sets.

%M C.HYPER.93.82
%T Dynamic Hypertext and Knowledge Agent Systems for Multimedia Information
Networks
%S Papers
%A Shibata, Yoshitaka
%A Katsumoto, Michiaki
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 82-93
%K Multimedia, Hypermedia, Human interface, Agent, Knowledge-base
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p82-shibata/p82-shibata.pdf
%X In this paper, a new intelligent human interface which can provide simple
and flexible user access capabilities, based on the concept of dynamic
hypertext System is introduced for multimedia information networks.  In this
dynamic hypertext system, Metanodes and Metalinks are defined as abstract nodes
and flexible links, and organize a dynamic information space where user can
easily retrieve the desired information objects by asking to the knowledge
agent.  The knowledge agent based on the knowledge-base can decide the link
from the current reference point to the suitable Metanodes among the multimedia
databases distributed over the network.  The knowledge agent also performs
media format conversion of the original information units to adjust to the
users workstation capabilities and temporal synchronization among different
media.  In order to evaluate the functions of the suggested human interface,
two applications are introduced and developed on the prototyped multimedia
information network.

%M C.HYPER.93.94
%T Applying AI Models to the Design of Exploratory Hypermedia Systems
%S Papers
%A Bareiss, Ray
%A Osgood, Richard
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 94-105
%K Hypermedia, Task models, Indexing, Exploratory systems
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p94-bareiss/p94-bareiss.pdf
%X Hypermedia systems offer great promise for capturing expertise and
subsequently providing multifaceted access in support of a user engaged in a
complex task.  A primary issue in building such systems is how to structure the
knowledge contained in them such that a user with a problem can find the most
appropriate knowledge easily and naturally.  Our artificial intelligence-based
research has produced two approaches to structuring knowledge that show promise
for organizing hypermedia knowledge bases.  The first is the use of abstract
models of a user's problem solving task to provide a global structure for the
knowledge base and to reflect that structure in a meaningful human interface to
the system.  The second is the use of a conversational model to provide local
coherence of the links among pieces of information in the knowledge base. 
These two types of models have been applied in the construction of Trans-ASK, a
large hypermedia system in the domain of military transportation planning. 
This paper discusses the theory underlying the models, their application within
Trans-ASK, and finally provides a preliminary evaluation of the resulting
system.

%M C.HYPER.93.106
%T The Knowledge Weasel Hypermedia Annotation System
%S Papers
%A Lawton, Daryl T.
%A Smith, Ian E.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 106-117
%K Hypermedia, Collaborative annotation, Query-based navigation, Link-based
navigation
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p106-lawton/p106-lawton.pdf
%X We describe the organization and implementation of the Knowledge Weasel (KW)
Hypermedia Annotation System which we are using to explore knowledge
structuring by collaborative annotation.  Knowledge Weasel incorporates many
useful features: a common record format for representing annotations in
different media for uniform access; dynamic user control of the presentation of
annotations as a navigational aid; global navigation using queries and local
navigation using link following; support for collecting related sets of
annotations into groups for contextual reference and communication.  KW
purposely leverages off of free, publicly available software so it doesn't
require building specialized tools and also so it can be freely available.  We
discuss some of the issues involved with annotating non-textual material such
as images and sound and conclude with a brief discussion of ongoing and future
work.

%M C.HYPER.93.118
%T Hypertext by Link-Resolving Components
%S Papers
%A Tompa, Frank Wm.
%A Blake, G. Elizabeth
%A Raymond, Darrell R.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 118-130
%K Hypertext system architecture, Dynamic linking, Link resolution, Database
keys
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p118-tompa/p118-tompa.pdf
%X In conventional hypertexts, links are explicit connections between specific
regions of a text.  We describe an architecture that treats links as the
outcome of responses to user pokes.  In this architecture, a hypertext is a
collection of link-resolving components, each interpreting a user's request
according to its own resolution algorithm.  Each link-resolving component is a
set of cooperative processes, communicating with a central network manager. 
When a user points at some location within a window, each link-resolving
component is given a key derived according to a previously-stored algorithm;
the link-resolving components concurrently update their displays according to
their algorithms for resolving the keys.  Multiple applications can easily
share a common source and be invoked simultaneously, providing a concurrent
browsing mechanism.  Two example hypertexts employing this architecture are
described.

%M C.HYPER.93.131
%T Selective Text Utilization and Text Traversal
%S Papers
%A Salton, Gerard
%A Allan, James
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 131-144
%K Full-text access, Information retrieval, Passage retrieval, Text analysis,
Global text comparisons, Local context checking, Automatic text linking,
Selective text reading, Text summarization
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p131-salton/p131-salton.pdf
%X Many large collections of full-text documents are currently stored in
machine-readable form and processed automatically in various ways.  These
collections may include different types of documents, such as messages,
research articles, and books, and the subject matter may vary widely.  To
process such collections, robust text analysis methods must be used, capable of
handling materials in arbitrary subject areas, and flexible access must be
provided to texts and text excerpts of varying size.
   In this study, global text comparison methods are used to identify
similarities between text elements, followed by local context-checking
operations that resolve ambiguities and distinguish superficially similar texts
from texts that actually cover identical topics.  A linked text structure is
then created that relates similar texts at various levels of detail.  In
particular, text links are available for full texts, as well as text sections,
paragraphs, and sentence groups.  The linked structures are usable to identify
important text passages, to traverse texts selectively both within particular
documents and between documents, and to provide flexible text access to large
text collections in response to various kinds of user needs.  An automated
29-volume encyclopedia is used as an example to illustrate the text accessing
and traversal operations.

%M C.HYPER.93.145
%T HieNet: A User-Centered Approach for Automatic Link Generation
%S Papers
%A Chang, Daniel T.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 145-158
%K Links, Link generation, Vector space model, Link apprentice, SGML
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p145-chang/p145-chang.pdf
%X Most hypertext systems facilitate one-at-a-time link creation, but only a
few support automatic link generation.  In systems that do support automatic
link generation, user interests are either ignored or explicit user actions are
required to enter a set of keywords and queries.
   In this paper we present a new linking mechanism called HieNet, implemented
on top of a commercial hypertext system, that generates new links based on
previously-created user links.  Our approach allows users direct control over
similarity thresholds, node granularity, and the extent of linking in composite
nodes.  Our work derives from Salton's work on automatic generation of links
using term vectors, and extends the ideas incorporated in Bernstein's Link
Apprentice and Lotus SmarText.  Preliminary tests show that HieNet generates
plausible links with acceptable performance and that users can learn to control
the link generation parameters.

%M C.HYPER.93.159
%T Media-Based Navigation for Hypermedia Systems
%S Papers
%A Hirata, Kyoji
%A Hara, Yoshinori
%A Shibata, Naoki
%A Hirabayashi, Fusako
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 159-173
%K Hypermedia database, Media-based navigation, Pattern matching, Information
retrieval, Indexing
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p159-hirata/p159-hirata.pdf
%X In this paper, we present the concept and the general framework of a new
navigation style for hypermedia systems, the media-based navigation.  The user
browses through a hypermedia system using the specific clues such as shape,
color, construction for still image, motion for movie, and tone or melody for
auditory data.  In this navigation, the user and the system interact with each
other without translating the textual representation.  We describe the
visual-based navigation and show its algorithms.  The algorithms are
implemented on an experimental hypermedia database system called "Miyabi." We
show some experimental results and our current evaluation.  We also describe
the implementation of the algorithms for large scale hypermedia systems and
show that these algorithms can effectively apply to the system which have more
than 10000 images.  We also describe the auditory media-based navigation.  The
media-based navigation is a useful interface for hypermedia systems to improve
human-machine interactive interfaces.

%M C.HYPER.93.174
%T Hypertext and the Author/Reader Dialogue
%S Papers
%A Michalak, Susan
%A Coney, Mary
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 174-182
%K Hypertext, Literary theory, Implied author, Rhetoric, Reader roles,
Reader-response criticism
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p174-michalak/p174-michalak.pdf
%X Hypertext theorists tend to approach the hypertext concept from radically
different philosophical positions.  Some theorists stress hypertext's utility
as an information storage and retrieval device; others praise hypertext's
ability to free the reader from linear media; still others applaud hypertext's
connectivity and its ability to create a basis for the communal creation of
knowledge.  The hypertext documents that these theorists envision (and create)
are quite different from one another because they are based on each theorist's
particular perspective on hypertext.  Recently, many hypertext theorists have
acknowledged a need for hypertext authors to develop a better rhetorical
understanding of their readers; however, the reader roles that most hypertext
theorists have thus far anticipated do not encompass all of the reader roles
that hypertext can accommodate.  Coney (Cone92a) has offered a comprehensive
"taxonomy of readers" that -- although it was originally conceived as a
taxonomy of readers of conventional print -- provides deeper insight into
hypertext reader roles.  In this paper, we will discuss the philosophical
traditions invoked by various hypertext theorists and the reader roles that are
accommodated or required by those traditions.  Finally, we will discuss the
hypertext author's virtual presence, the implied author, as a corollary of
reader role.

%M C.HYPER.93.183
%T Links in Hypermedia: The Requirement for Context
%S Papers
%A Hardman, Lynda
%A Bulterman, Dick C. A.
%A van Rossum, Guido
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 183-191
%K Hypermedia links, Context for links, Structured multimedia, Hypermedia
presentation
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p183-hardman/p183-hardman.pdf
%X Taking the concept of a link from hypertext and adding to it the rich
collection of information formats found in multimedia systems provides an
extension to hypertext that is often called hypermedia.  Unfortunately, the
implicit assumptions under which hypertext links work do not extend well to
time-based presentations that consist of a number of simultaneously active
media items.  It is not obvious where links should lead and there are no
standard rules that indicate what should happen to other parts of the
presentation that are active.
   This paper addresses the problems associated with links in hypermedia.  In
order to provide a solution, we introduce the notion of context for the source
and the destination of a link.  A context makes explicit which part of a
presentation is affected when a link is followed from an anchor in the
presentation.  Given explicit source and destination contexts for a link, an
author is able to state the desired presentation characteristics for following
a link, including whether the presentation currently playing should continue
playing or be replaced.
   We first give an intuitive description of contexts for links, then present a
structure-based approach.  We go on to describe the implementation of contexts
in our hypermedia authoring system CMIFed.

%M C.HYPER.93.192
%T Exploring Large Hyperdocuments: Fisheye Views of Nested Networks
%S Papers
%A Noik, Emanuel G.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 192-205
%K Nested hypertext networks, Graphs, Navigation, Overviews, Fisheye views
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p192-noik/p192-noik.pdf
%X Browsing large hypertexts by following links can be difficult and confusing,
especially if links span distant nodes.  Often, a user would like to explore
several regions of a network simultaneously, when studying the end points of
one or more links, for example.  Although this can be achieved by displaying
each area of interest in a separate zoomed-in window, the union of such views
is not always meaningful.  In particular, valuable context showing the
relationships between the views is lost.  By balancing local detail and global
context, fisheye views display information at several levels of abstraction
simultaneously.  We have devised a novel technique for generating fisheye views
of hierarchically nested graphs with multiple variable magnification focal
points.  In this paper we demonstrate its feasibility as a tool for exploring
large nested hypertext networks.

%M C.HYPER.93.206
%T Browsing Through Querying: Designing for Electronic Books
%S Papers
%A Charoenkitkarn, Nipon
%A Tam, Jim
%A Chignell, Mark H.
%A Golovchinsky, Gene
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 206-216
%K Information retrieval, Pen-based navigation, Electronic books, Hand-held
computing, Relevance feedback, Text analysis
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p206-charoenkitkarn/p206-charoenkitkarn.pdf
%X The emerging technologies of pen-based navigation and hand-held computing
pose a number of challenges for hypertext and the development of electronic
books.  In this paper we explore methods of query-based browsing that meet some
of these challenges.  We describe an existing prototype (Queries-R-Links) that
we have developed and we then discuss an enhanced version of query-based
browsing that uses methods of text analysis and related approaches to provide a
more focused set of hits (links) during browsing.

%M C.HYPER.93.217
%T Searching for the Missing Link: Discovering Implicit Structure in Spatial
Hypertext
%S Papers
%A Marshall, Catherine C.
%A Shipman, Frank M., III
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 217-230
%K Implicit structure, Spatial hypertext, Link automation
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p217-marshall/p217-marshall.pdf
%X Hypertexts may be implicitly structured, based on either node content or
context.  In this paper, we examine implicit structures that rely on the
interpretation of node's spatial context.  Hypertext authors and readers can
perceive and understand these idiosyncratic structures, but, because they are
implicit, they cannot be used by the system to support users' activities.  We
have explored spatially structured hypertext authored in three different
systems, and have developed heuristic recognition algorithms based on the
results of our analyses of the kinds of structures that people build.  Our
results indicate that (1) recognition of implicit structures in spatial
hypertext is feasible, (2) interaction will be important in guiding such
recognition, and (3) the hypertext system can provide layout facilities that
will render later systematic interpretation much easier.  Found structures can
be used as a basis for supporting information management, as a straightforward
way of promoting knowledge-base evolution, as a way of solving representational
problems endemic to many hypertext systems, or as a basis for collaboration or
interaction.

%M C.HYPER.93.231
%T The Microcosm Link Service: An Integrating Technology
%S Videos
%A Hall, Wendy
%A Davis, Hugh
%A Pickering, Adrian
%A Hutchings, Gerard
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 231-232
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p231-hall/p231-hall.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.233
%T Miyabi: A Hypertext Database with Media-Based Navigation
%S Videos
%A Hirata, Kyoji
%A Takano, Hajime
%A Hara, Yoshinori
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 233-234
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p233-hirata/p233-hirata.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.235
%T The SEPIA Hypermedia System as Part of the POLIKOM Telecooperation Scenario
%S Videos
%A Haake, Jorg
%A Knopik, Thomas
%A Streitz, Norbert
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 235-237
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p235-haake/p235-haake.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.238
%T WAX or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees
%S Videos
%A Blair, David
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 238-239
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p238-blair/p238-blair.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.240
%T FRESS Hypertext System
%S Videos
%A Durand, David G.
%A DeRose, Steven J.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 240
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p240-durand/p240-durand.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.241
%T The Perseus Project
%S Videos
%A Mylonas, Elli
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 241
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p241-mylonas/p241-mylonas.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.242
%T Enactment in Information Farming
%S Technical Briefings
%A Bernstein, Mark
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 242-249
%K Design, Rhetoric, Enactment, Collaboration, Information farming
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p242-bernstein/p242-bernstein.pdf
%X Information farming views the cultivation of information as a continuing,
collaborative activity performed by groups of people working together to
achieve changing individual and common goals.  Failure to differentiate
information farming from related but distinct activities like information
mining and data factories has been a fruitful source of misunderstanding and
discord in the hypertext literature and in the design of hypertext
environments.  Dramatic enactment and visual salience -- not recall, precision,
or usability -- assume primary roles in design for information gardening.  In
this technical briefing, we examine how enactment contribute to the success and
failure of a variety of Hypergate and Storyspace features.

%M C.HYPER.93.250
%T Technologically Assisted Focussing in Psychotherapy with Couples: A
Hypertext Application for Clients, Clinicians & Researchers
%S Technical Briefings
%A Raphaely, Den'
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 250-255
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p250-raphaely/p250-raphaely.pdf
%X Video, controlled by computer, can be used in psychotherapy to give a couple
feedback on how they interact.  Organized hypertextually, these clips can be
cross-referenced with other video-records (e.g. other sessions with this couple
or another couple; movies; documentaries) and with other kinds of texts (e.g.
therapist notes, scholarly references, genograms, cartoons).  But how are these
to be organized practically?  And on what theoretical basis?  This
demonstration will show how a hypertext shell (the nWAYZ Project) built on
HyperCard and VideoToolkit can be used to construct a hypertext for use by
clients, therapists and researchers.

%M C.HYPER.93.256
%T The Microcosm Link Service
%S Technical Briefings
%A Hall, Wendy
%A Hill, Gary
%A Davis, Hugh
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 256-259
%K Open, Integrated, Link service
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p256-hall/p256-hall.pdf

%M C.HYPER.93.260
%T Information Retrieval Techniques for Hypertext in the Semi-Structured
Toolkit
%S Technical Briefings
%A Perlman, Gary
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 260-267
%K Information retrieval, Underlying technologies, Hypertext, Indexing,
Linking, Outlining, Open systems
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p260-perlman/p260-perlman.pdf
%X The Semi-Structured Toolkit (SST) is a C library that provides universal
functions based on abstractions for storage format- and data type-dependencies
of semi-structured/frame-based information units.  The SST provides searching,
sorting, viewing, and linking operations for data stored in its native formats,
without requiring proprietary formats or conversion.  Hypertext capabilities
such as linking and outlining are implemented in the SST with inverted indices
for each of the fields in semi-structured records.  This paper describes the
implementation of hypertext capabilities in the SST.

%M C.HYPER.93.268
%T Design of Hypermedia Script Languages: The KMS Experience
%S Technical Briefings
%A Akscyn, Robert M.
%A McCracken, Donald L.
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 268-269
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p268-akscyn/p268-akscyn.pdf
%X This briefing describes the design of the KMS script language and some of
the lessons learned from experience using it.  The language -- the result of
over 20 years of ZOG/KMS development -- is a procedural, block-structured
language characterized by a simple 'command line' syntax, a large number of
intrinsic commands (approximately 800), and the use of nodes and links as a
central aspect of the syntax and semantics of the language.  The intrinsic use
of nodes and links in the script language provides interesting opportunities,
not only for the design of other aspects of the language such as control
structures, but also for the use of hypermedia as a programming environment to
facilitate development and maintenance of scripts.  In addition to designing
the language, we have used it extensively to develop many hypermedia-based
applications.  Our experience, and that of end-user organizations, strongly
reinforces our general belief that a script language is a valuable adjunct to
hypermedia systems and instrumental to the utility of hypermedia for real world
task environments.

%M C.HYPER.93.270
%T The Perseus Project: Developing Version 2.0
%S Technical Briefings
%A Mylonas, Elli
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 270-273
%K Hypertext systems, Classics, Evaluation, Perseus, Education
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p270-mylonas/p270-mylonas.pdf
%X A discussion of the improvements and changes from Perseus 1.0 to Perseus
2.0, and the motivations for these changes.

%M C.HYPER.93.-
%T Hypertext Fiction: Structure and Narrative
%S Panels
%A Coover, Robert
%A Becker, Howard
%A Douglas, Jane
%A Joyce, Michael
%A Moulthrop, Stuart
%A McDaid, John
%A Arnold, Mary-Kim
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P --
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%X Serious literary hypertexts (notably the work of the so-called "Eastgate
School") have emerged in recent years as a growing influence on both mainstream
hypertext writing and on the larger literary community.  By exploring the
interaction between structure and narrative, and the hypertextual interplay
between reader and writer, these works break ground of equal importance to
literature, scholarship, and technical communication.  The panel will create a
constructive, collaborative hypertext live and onstage.

%M C.HYPER.93.-
%T Designing and Building Structure
%S Panels
%A Russell, Daniel M.
%A Landow, George P.
%A Streitz, Norbert
%A Moulthrop, Stuart
%A Bolter, Jay David
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P --
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%X Does a priori structure lead to well designed hypertexts?  Or merely dull
hypertexts?  Moderator Daniel Russell begins with a comparative technical
briefing, exploring structure-building in Storyspace, IDE, and MacWeb.  A
free-wheeling panel discussion follows, exploring shifting opinion on this
vital issue.

%M C.HYPER.93.274
%T Argumentation in Action
%S Panels
%A Bernstein, Mark
%A Marshall, Catherine C.
%A Streitz, Norbert
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 274-275
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168750/p274-bernstein/p274-bernstein.pdf
%Y Storyspace: Lightweight Structures and The Process of Writing
	Mark Bernstein
Aquanet
	Catherine C. Marshall
SEPIA: Supporting Argumentation as Authoring via Multiple Representations
	Norbert Streitz
%X Can explicit hypertext structure shed light on complicated arguments?  Three
hypertext systems -- Storyspace, Aquanet, and SEPIA -- will be used to explore
and to represent issues from the Hypertext 93 panel, "Hypertext Fiction:
Structure and Narrative." Through a realistic experiment in capturing a
particularly challenging exchange of views, this panel seeks to illuminate
different approaches to hypertext argumentation.

%M C.HYPER.93.-
%T The Business of Hypertext
%S Panels
%A Glushko, Bob
%A Dougherty, Dale
%A Egan, Dennis
%A Kimber, Eliot
%A Martin, Peter
%A Mylonas, Elli
%A Warren, Bruce
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P --
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery
%X An expert and diverse panel, drawn from business and academe, and from large
corporations and entrepreneurial small businesses, discusses the business and
management of serious hypertext projects.  Topics include the transition from
research to practice, the role of standards, identifying markets and customers,
and organizations and mechanisms that ensure editorial quality, successful
deployment, and commercial viability.

%M C.HYPER.93.276
%T Index
%A Simpson, Rosemary
%B Proceedings of ACM Hypertext'93
%D 1993-11-14
%P 276-294
%* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery