%M C.HFES.11.1
%T Work Schedules and Fatigue Management Strategies in Air Traffic Control
(ATC)
%S Aerospace Systems: AS1 - Work Schedules and Fatigue Management Strategies in
Air Traffic Control
%A Orasanu, Judith
%A Nesthus, Thomas E.
%A Parke, Bonny
%A Hobbs, Alan
%A Dulchinos, Vicki
%A Kraft, Norbert O.
%A McDonnell, Lori
%A Anderson, Barrett
%A Tada, Yuri
%A Mallis, Melissa
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1-5
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551001
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1
%X This panel will address the role of fatigue in air traffic control (ATC)
operations and strategies for developing evidence-based fatigue risk mitigation
strategies. Following an introduction to the history of ATC fatigue research,
panelists will describe a two-part study with current air traffic controllers
involving a web-based survey (available to all U.S. controllers) and validated
objective measures of fatigue and alertness. Approaches to modeling and
requirements for a Fatigue Risk Management System will be discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.6
%T Effectiveness of a Spatial Algorithm for Air Traffic Controller Use in
Airport Surface Conformance Monitoring
%S Aerospace Systems: AS2 - Impact of Automation in Aviation Systems
%A Stelzer, Emily M.
%A Klein, Kathryn A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 6-10
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551002
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/6
%X The MITRE Corporation examined the effectiveness of a spatial algorithm to
assess pilot conformance to assigned surface taxi routes. This capability,
designed and developed by Mosaic ATM, is envisioned by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) to be implemented as part of the Next Generation Air
Transportation System (NextGen) to improve surface safety and efficiency.
Thirteen participants were asked to serve as ground controllers in a tower
simulator at The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System
Development (CAASD), moving simulated traffic from the ramp area to the runway
edge while monitoring each aircraft's conformance to taxi clearances. Results
indicate that the algorithm was sufficient for improving detection accuracy of
pilot deviations. In addition, controllers reported high trust in the system,
likely due to their ability to understand its simplistic logic and predict its
behavior. However, the lack of predictive information resulted in alert onsets
that were too late and failed to improve detection response time. Results
suggest that spatial algorithms, which consider only the aircraft's position on
the airport surface and use no predictive information, can be useful in
supporting effective event detection, but that predictive information may be
useful in maximizing their benefit.

%M C.HFES.11.11
%T Pilot workload under non-normal event resolution: Assessment of Levels of
Automation and a Voice Interface
%S Aerospace Systems: AS2 - Impact of Automation in Aviation Systems
%A Thomas, Lisa C.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 11-15
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551003
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/11
%X This study evaluated the effects of increased automation and voice interface
on pilots' ability to resolve a non-normal flight deck event where automation
performed all, some, or none of the checklist tasks. In addition, the number of
voice messages was varied to inform the pilot of all, some, or none of the
automation's actions. Subjective workload ratings indicated that pilots'
workload was reduced when they were able to interact with the automation
similarly to how they interact with a copilot, compared to conditions with too
much, too little, or no automation. Pilots strongly preferred to have the
automation perform tasks, and also to hear the associated voice messages. The
results suggest that in order for increased automation to be an effective aid
to the pilot, the appropriate level of automation needs to be determined.
Pilots showed a clear preference for automation that performed a limited set of
tasks and allowed them insight into the automation's actions.

%M C.HFES.11.16
%T The Crew Workload Manager: An Open-loop Adaptive System Design for Next
Generation Flight Decks
%S Aerospace Systems: AS2 - Impact of Automation in Aviation Systems
%A Dorneich, Michael C.
%A Passinger, Bretislav
%A Hamblin, Christopher
%A Keinrath, Claudia
%A Vašek, Jiri
%A Whitlow, Stephen D.
%A Beekhuyzen, Martijn
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 16-20
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551004
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/16
%X This paper presents an open loop adaptive system intended to address
workload imbalances in future, high-workload flight decks. Air traffic in
Europe is expected to more than double by 2020. New technologies being proposed
will significantly add to pilot roles and responsibilities, and has the
potential to add further periods of high workload to pilot operations. The
CAMMI (Cognitive Adaptive Man Machine Interface) program addresses human
factors priorities in the aviation domain by developing concepts that balance
operator workload, support added future operator roles and responsibilities and
resulting new task and information requirements, while allowing operators to
focus on the most safety critical tasks. The Crew Workload Manager (CWLM) is a
research prototype that objectively measures, compares, and displays the
workload between pilots, and can recommend task sharing or automate lower order
tasks as necessary. It is expected that the CWLM will minimize the time pilots
spend in unbalanced workload conditions, and thereby reduce errors and pilot
fatigue, and improve crew resource management. An evaluation plan is outlined
that utilizes the novel Shared Aviation Task Battery.

%M C.HFES.11.21
%T Designing a Mixed-Initiative Decision-Support System for Multi-UAS Mission
Planning
%S Aerospace Systems: AS2 - Impact of Automation in Aviation Systems
%A Bruni, Sylvain
%A Schurr, Nathan
%A Cooke, Nancy
%A Riordan, Brian
%A Freeman, Jared
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 21-25
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551005
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/21
%X Aptima and the Cognitive Engineering Research Institute are developing a
mixed-initiative decision-support system for planning multi-Unmanned Aerial
System (UAS) missions. The prototype capability is called MIMIC: Mixed
Initiative Machine for Instructed Computing. At the core of the system is a
model that employs machine learning algorithms to learn from operators during
mission planning, and to use what is learned to aid subsequent mission planning
tasks. This paper reports on the design of the prototype algorithms, the early
interface design, and a series of three experiments performed to support the
design of the system. First, machine learning algorithms were implemented that
use Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) and Bayesian inference to learn a model of
the human operator's strategies. Second, a mission planning graphical user
interface was designed to enable an operator to conduct basic multi-UAS mission
planning, and to allow MIMIC to easily capture operator actions. Finally, three
experiments were conducted (1) to identify typical operator planning
priorities, in order to define the model's features and to gather planning data
to train the algorithms, (2) to evaluate the model by comparing its outputs to
operators' self-assessments of priorities and goals, and (3) to test the
model's ability to predict what an operator's next actions will be, and compare
the predictions to the actual operator actions. The MIMIC project represents a
step toward increasing levels of UAS autonomy allowing for multi-UAS control by
single operators.

%M C.HFES.11.26
%T Moderating Effects of Alarm Technology, Type of Automation, and Information
Processing Stage on Decision Making in UAS Operations
%S Aerospace Systems: AS2 - Impact of Automation in Aviation Systems
%A Vargas, Joseph C.
%A Bustamante, Ernesto A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 26-30
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551006
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/26
%X The goal of this research was to examine potential effects of alarm
technology and automation type on decision-making accuracy and bias, as well as
to investigate the differences in accuracy and bias in the two information
processing stages of the two-stage signal detection theory model developed by
Bustamante (2008a). We examined the influence of these factors in conjunction
with decision support tools (DSTs) within the context of Unmanned Aerial
Systems (UAS). We compared false-alarm prone (FP) and missprone (MP) DSTs
equipped with either binary alarm technology (BAT) or likelihood alarm
technology (LAT). Results showed that accuracy was greater during the second
stage of information processing, especially when individuals interacted with
the FP system equipped with LAT. Results also showed that bias was lower when
individuals interacted with the FP system equipped with LAT. This insight
gained through this research in regards to the relationships between
decision-making accuracy and bias with the use of DSTs is important in the
design and application of effective DSTs.

%M C.HFES.11.31
%T An Assessment of Pilots' Concurrent Use of Runway Entrance Lights and
Surface Movement Control System Guidance System Stop Bars
%S Aerospace Systems: AS3 - Advanced Display Concepts for Aviation Systems
%A McGarry, Kathleen
%A Stelzer, Emily
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 31-35
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551007
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/31
%X Two Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulations were conducted to investigate the
concurrent use of Runway Entrance Lights (RELs) and Surface Movement Guidance
Control System (SMGCS) stop bars. The first study investigated use by 11 pilots
who received training on the use of these lighting systems simultaneously,
while the second study investigated use by 8 pilots who did not receive
training. The commercial pilots were asked to taxi a mid-fidelity simulated
aircraft under low visibility conditions. Results suggest that pilots who have
not received the proper clearance from ATC are not likely to cross the
illuminated stop bar, even when RELs extinguish indicating that the runway is
not actively being used. In addition, RELs were found to generate stopping
responses on 100% of trials for the trained pilots, and 67.5% of trials for the
untrained pilots when they were erroneously cleared onto an active runway.
While the lighting systems were effective in reducing the number of runway
incursions, pilots ignored or did not respond to the RELs in 32.5% of trials in
the untrained group. Though the performance data suggest that these lighting
systems can enhance runway safety, some pilots' subjective reports indicate
that the concurrent use of the systems could cause some confusion. Results
point to the importance of an effective training program, and notification that
the systems are concurrently being used in an airport environment to ensure
their full effectiveness.

%M C.HFES.11.36
%T Designing a Flight Deck Predictive Weather Forecast Interface Supporting
In-flight Trajectory Planning
%S Aerospace Systems: AS3 - Advanced Display Concepts for Aviation Systems
%A Wu, Shu-Chieh
%A Duong, Constance G.
%A Koteskey, Robert W.
%A Johnson, Walter W.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 36-40
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551008
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/36
%X It is envisioned that in the near future predictive weather forecasts will
be available and assimilated into decision making processes for in-flight
trajectory planning on the flight deck. However, there has been limited
discussion on how in-flight trajectory planning for weather avoidance is to be
made and executed. The present study examined three prototype methods by which
predictive weather forecasts can be viewed in conjunction with tools to modify
flight trajectories. Eighteen transport pilots participated in a part-task
experiment where they were asked to modify flight trajectories using one of the
three methods. Subjective evaluations by the pilots showed overall acceptance
of the concepts behind all of the methods, with room for improvement in the
implementation of each. No single method was found to be the clear winner based
on performance results. Implications on designing interfaces to support weather
decisions on the flight deck will be discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.41
%T Studying Collision Avoidance by Nearly Colliding: A Flight Test Evaluation
%S Aerospace Systems: AS3 - Advanced Display Concepts for Aviation Systems
%A Keillor, Jocelyn
%A Ellis, Kris
%A Craig, Gregory
%A Rozovski, David
%A Erdos, Robert
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 41-45
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551009
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/41
%X As the next generation of air traffic systems (NextGen) moves forward, human
factors analyses related to warnings and graphical depictions of air traffic
conflicts become increasingly important. Despite this, related human-factors
research involving traffic has been conducted in simulation where the
contributions of traffic display systems and ultimately visual detection of
traffic cannot be fully assessed. We report a flight trial involving 12
deliberate near miss (as little as 160 ft) configurations of differing
intercept angles. We evaluate the workload and track error of the intruder test
pilot for flight trials in which a custom iPod™ Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)-driven display was used. Constant and variable
error of trajectory tracks were differentially affected by the availability of
three-dimensional real world information for the intercept approach. We
consider the components of spatial representation common to planned
interceptions and traffic avoidance and discuss the implications for the design
of cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) systems and the role of
automation in collision avoidance systems.

%M C.HFES.11.46
%T Transition of Attention in Terminal Area NextGen Operations Using Synthetic
Vision Systems
%S Aerospace Systems: AS3 - Advanced Display Concepts for Aviation Systems
%A Ellis, Kyle K. E.
%A Kramer, Lynda J.
%A Shelton, Kevin J.
%A Arthur, J. J. (Trey), III
%A Prinzel, Lance J., III
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 46-50
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551010
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/46
%X This experiment investigates the capability of Synthetic Vision Systems
(SVS) to provide significant situation awareness in terminal area operations,
specifically in low visibility conditions. The use of a Head-Up Display (HUD)
and Head-Down Displays (HDD) with SVS is contrasted to baseline standard head
down displays in terms of induced workload and pilot behavior in 1400 RVR
visibility levels. Variances across performance and pilot behavior were
reviewed for acceptability when using HUD or HDD with SVS under reduced
minimums to acquire the necessary visual components to continue to land. The
data suggest superior performance for HUD implementations. Improved attentional
behavior is also suggested for HDD implementations of SVS for low-visibility
approach and landing operations.

%M C.HFES.11.51
%T What Happens When Data Communication Fails? -- A Simulation Study
%S Aerospace Systems: AS3 - Advanced Display Concepts for Aviation Systems
%A Hah, Sehchang
%A Willems, Ben
%A Schulz, Kenneth
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 51-55
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551011
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/51
%X One of the key enabling technologies required to achieve the Federal
Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Next Generation Air Transportation System
(NextGen) goals is Data Communication (Data Comm) between controllers and
pilots. It reduces voice communication congestion and errors. A concern about
Data Comm is that it can fail. Our en route simulation experimental results
showed that controllers talked with pilots more frequently after failure
compared to the same scenario without failure. Workload also increased, but the
difference was not statistically significant. We did not find any significant
increase in the frequencies of clearances issued after failure. The participant
controllers responded that partial and system failures were detrimental to
their performance. They commented that the aircraft failure symbol needed to be
more pronounced and that they would need help after partial and total system
failures in heavy traffic. We present recommendations to alleviate the problems
from Data Comm failure.

%M C.HFES.11.56
%T Assessing the Human Contribution to Risk in NextGen
%S Aerospace Systems: AS4 - Air Traffic Control: Impact of Technology
%A Sawyer, Michael W.
%A Berry, Katherine A.
%A Blanding, Ryan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 56-60
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551012
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/56
%X In an effort to modernize the National Airspace System, the Federal Aviation
Administration has introduced the Next Generation Air Transportation System
(NextGen). The introduction of new systems and procedures as described in
NextGen offers the potential for significant changes to the daily activities of
air traffic controllers. Each change presents the opportunity for both positive
and negative effects on the overall safety of the NAS and the role of the air
traffic manager. This paper presents a methodology for prospectively
identifying hazards to the performance of air traffic controllers as well as a
summary of the categorization of the hazards by task. Scenarios describing
NextGen airport departure operations and operations with varying levels of
equipage presented the most significant human performance hazards. These
identified hazards represent rich opportunities for future human factors
research.

%M C.HFES.11.61
%T A Field Demonstration of the Air Traffic Control Tower Flight Data Manager
Prototype*
%S Aerospace Systems: AS4 - Air Traffic Control: Impact of Technology
%A Reynolds, Hayley J. Davison
%A Kuffner, Maria Picardi
%A Yenson, Sarah K.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 61-65
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551013
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/61
%X The development and evaluation process of the Tower Flight Data Manager
prototype at Dallas Ft. Worth airport is described. Key results from the first
field evaluation are presented, including lessons learned about making
electronic flight information acceptable to controllers. Iteration of the field
evaluation methods are discussed for practitioner benefit.

%M C.HFES.11.66
%T Human-in-the-Loop Investigation of Variable Separation Standards in the En
Route Air Traffic Control Environment
%S Aerospace Systems: AS4 - Air Traffic Control: Impact of Technology
%A Sollenberger, Randy L.
%A Hale, Mark
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 66-70
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551014
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/66
%X Human factors researchers from the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center
conducted a human-in-the-loop simulation to investigate variable lateral
separation standards in the en route air traffic control environment. Twelve
Certified Professional Controllers participated in the study. In addition to
the typical 5-mile separation standard for the en route environment, we used
reduced and increased separation requirements in the study. We simulated
reduced separation requirements (i.e., 3 miles) using a Single Sensor Radar
Site Adaptation as well as for aircraft with either Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast or Performance-Based Navigation equipment. We simulated
increased separation (i.e., 10 miles) for Unmanned Aircraft Systems. In
addition, we simulated variable wake turbulence separation requirements for
Airbus 380s and Very Light Jets. We also developed a set of support tools to
assist the controllers in using the variable separation procedures. We
identified several human factors issues that may affect air traffic controllers
when using variable separation standards in the en route environment.

%M C.HFES.11.71
%T Frame Rate Effects on Visual Discrimination of Landing Aircraft
Deceleration: Implications for Virtual Tower Design and Speed Perception
%S Aerospace Systems: AS4 - Air Traffic Control: Impact of Technology
%A Ellis, Stephen R.
%A Fürstenau, Norbert
%A Mittendorf, Monika
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 71-75
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551015
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/71
%X In order to help determine the required visual frame rate for the design of
remote/virtual airport towers, thirteen active air traffic controllers viewed
high dynamic-fidelity simulations of landing aircraft and decided whether the
aircraft would stop before the end of the runway, as if to be able to make a
runway turnoff. The viewing conditions and simulation dynamics replicated
visual rates and environments of transport aircraft landing at small commercial
airports. Three frame rates were used: 6, 12, and 24 fps. The frame rate that
would be needed to produce asymptotic performance was estimated from a model
fit to perceptual discriminability (d′) of the condition in which the
aircraft would stop. The required frame rate appears to range from 30-60 fps,
but definitive recommendations require further testing at a higher rate in the
range of 45-60 fps. Errors and reports of judgment certainty show performance
was roughly steady state. Anecdotal reports of increased apparent speed due to
low frame rates are objectively confirmed. Some implications for the perceptual
design of a remote tower are briefly discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.76
%T ATC-Monitoring When One Controller Operates Two Airports: Research for
Remote Tower Centres
%S Aerospace Systems: AS4 - Air Traffic Control: Impact of Technology
%A Moehlenbrink, Christoph
%A Papenfuss, Anne
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 76-80
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551016
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/76
%X The paper aims at understanding crucial variables that influence the control
of visual attention of tower controllers. Novel concepts for aerodrome control
of regional airports consider to remotely control two or more airports at a
time from one remote center. A simulation experiment was set up where 12
professional tower controllers operated parallel traffic of two airports. Eye
gaze recording and questionnaires were used. Two feedback loops are considered
to influence the controllers monitoring behavior: The accessibility of the
information of the "far-view" and controller strategies. The results show that
both variables have a crucial influence on how often the controller updates the
information of one airport. This implies that monitoring performance depends on
system design and behavioral strategies. These dependencies can be applied to
the design of novel ATC-workplaces.

%M C.HFES.11.81
%T Designing Airspace Displays to Support Rapid Immersion for UAS Handoffs
%S Aerospace Systems: AS5 - Next-Generation Unmanned Air Vehicle Concepts
%A Fern, Lisa
%A Shively, Jay
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 81-85
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551017
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/81
%X Future concepts of operations for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) will result
in control paradigms whereby a single operator, or teams of operators, control
multiple vehicles. This shift in control paradigms will require novel
human-automation interfaces to help operators manage new demands placed on
performance, workload and situation awareness (SA) as they manage task
switching and handoffs between vehicles, payloads, missions, targets, and crew.
A simulation experiment was conducted to compare the effects of various
airspace display formats on operator workload, performance and SA. The
experiment followed structured interviews conducted with U.S. Army and Air
Force UAS operators in which airspace and clearance information was identified
as one of the key issues for UAS operations and handoffs. Based on these
interviews, a dedicated airspace transition display was proposed to support
handoffs during UAS operations. Operators were tasked with taking over an
ongoing UAS mission in order to evaluate four different airspace display
formats: an Internet Relay Chat room window based on current military
operations; a text-based transition page embedded in the Multi-Function Display
(MFD); a graphics-based transition page in the MFD; and a graphical display
overlaid directly onto the operators' current map display. Objective
performance data, SA data, and subjective user ratings were collected. Results
indicated improved task performance and SA, as well as lower workload ratings
with the dedicated airspace transition displays compared to current baseline
operations, with preference by operators given to graphical (as opposed to
text-based) presentation formats.

%M C.HFES.11.86
%T Tools and Techniques for MOMU (Multiple Operator Multiple UAV) Environments;
an Operational Perspective
%S Aerospace Systems: AS5 - Next-Generation Unmanned Air Vehicle Concepts
%A Oron-Gilad, Tal
%A Porat, Talya
%A Fern, Lisa
%A Draper, Mark
%A Shively, R. Jay
%A Silbiger, Jacob
%A Rottem-Hovev, Michal
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 86-90
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551018
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/86
%X Multiple operators controlling multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (MOMU) can
be an efficient operational setup for reconnaissance and surveillance missions.
However, it dictates switching and coordination among operators. Efficient
switching is time-critical and cognitively demanding, thus vitally affecting
mission accomplishment. As such, tools and techniques (T&Ts) to facilitate
switching and coordination among operators are required. Furthermore,
development of metrics and test-scenarios becomes essential to evaluate,
refine, and adjust T&Ts to the specifics of the operational environment. To
illustrate, tools that were designed and developed for MOMU operations as part
of a US-Israel collaborative research project are described and associated
research findings are summarized.

%M C.HFES.11.91
%T SUAVE: Integrating UAV Video Using a 3D Model
%S Aerospace Systems: AS5 - Next-Generation Unmanned Air Vehicle Concepts
%A Abedin, Shafiq
%A Lewis, Michael
%A Brooks, Nathan
%A Owens, Sean
%A Scerri, Paul
%A Sycara, Katia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 91-94
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551019
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/91
%X Controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) requires the operator to
perform continuous surveillance and path planning. The operator's situation
awareness degrades as an increasing number of surveillance videos must be
viewed and integrated. The Picture-in-Picture display (PiP) provides a solution
for integrating multiple UAV camera video by allowing the operator to view the
video feed in the context of surrounding terrain. The experimental SUAVE
(Simple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Environment) display extends PiP methods by
sampling imagery from the video stream to texture a 3D map of the terrain. The
operator can then inspect this imagery using world in miniature (WIM) or
flythrough methods. We investigate the properties and advantages of SUAVE in
the context of a search mission with 3 UAVs.

%M C.HFES.11.95
%T Delegating to Automation: Performance, Complacency and Bias Effects under
Non-Optimal Conditions
%S Aerospace Systems: AS5 - Next-Generation Unmanned Air Vehicle Concepts
%A Miller, Christopher A.
%A Shaw, Tyler
%A Emfield, Adam
%A Hamell, Joshua
%A deVisser, Ewart
%A Parasuraman, Raja
%A Musliner, David
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 95-99
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551020
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/95
%X We have advocated adaptable automation approaches -- those in which the
human retains the role of instructing and tasking -- and specifically have used
the metaphor of a sports team's "playbook". Several prior experiments have
shown benefits to flexible play calling, so the present work focuses on
performance in "non-optimal play environments" (NOPEs) where the defined plays
are a poor fit resulting in a need to either modify them dynamically (provide
additional instruction) or to abandon play-level automation and resort to more
manual levels of control. We might expect that prolonged play usage under
optimal conditions would result in automation complacency effects and even loss
of training. In two reported experiments, we find little evidence for
complacency effects and, instead, show that having access to plays sometimes
provides benefits even during NOPE intervals where they were not (directly)
useful.

%M C.HFES.11.100
%T Challenges of NextGen Technologies for Coordinated Decision Making and the
Exchange of Information between Pilots and Controllers
%S Aerospace Systems: AS6 - Teamwork in Aviation Systems
%A Bearman, C.
%A Miller, R.
%A Orasanu, J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 100-104
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551021
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/100
%X Introduction: This paper presents two studies that explore the implications
of NextGen technologies for pilot/controller information exchange and
coordinated decision making. Method: In Study 1 five participative focus groups
were conducted with human factors experts. In Study 2 fifteen interviews were
conducted with air traffic controllers. Both studies employed a thematic
analysis. Results and Discussion: Results from Study 1 suggest that changes to
pilot and controller information acquisition will alter rather than reduce
breakdowns in coordinated decision making. Study 2 identified some basic issues
in information exchange with NextGen technologies and suggests that some
important non-operational information will be lost. Conclusion: The two studies
highlight some important challenges that need to be carefully considered as the
NextGen technologies move towards maturity.

%M C.HFES.11.105
%T Flexible Airspace Management Operator Roles, Task Distribution, and
Coordination Mechanisms
%S Aerospace Systems: AS6 - Teamwork in Aviation Systems
%A Mainini, Matthew J.
%A Lee, Paul U.
%A Homola, Jeffrey R.
%A Lee, Hwasoo E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 105-109
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551022
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/105
%X A human-in-the-loop study was conducted to further test the potential
benefits of the Flexible Airspace Management concept and to begin exploring the
required coordination aspects of the concept. The air navigation service
providers were able to dynamically alter sector boundaries to reduce traffic
overload, thereby potentially increasing airspace utilization, increasing route
efficiency, and minimizing excessive delays. Although prior studies have shown
benefits of the concept, the operational procedures have yet to be sufficiently
prototyped. To address this issue, the current study investigated the roles,
task distribution, and coordination mechanisms involved in Flexible Airspace
Management operations, specifically in regard to the Area Supervisor and the
Traffic Management Coordinator positions. Results suggest that sharing the
airspace management function between the Area Supervisors and Traffic
Management Coordinators was appropriate and worked well when their roles were
clearly defined and the Traffic Management Coordinators had the final authority
for implementing the airspace configuration change. New data communication
functions were prototyped to share airspace configuration proposals among the
team members and the new functions were considered highly useful and usable.
Coordination mechanisms that combined voice and data communication worked well
and posed little difficulty to the operators.

%M C.HFES.11.110
%T Teamwork in an Emergency: How Distributed Leadership Improves Decision
Making
%S Aerospace Systems: AS6 - Teamwork in Aviation Systems
%A Bienefeld, Nadine
%A Gudela, Grote
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 110-114
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551023
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/110
%X During highly stressful, dynamic, and life threatening situations such as an
emergency on board an aircraft, decision making is subjected to particularly
challenging conditions which increase the potential for errors. Several authors
have studied traps for such errors in the cockpit, but to our knowledge so far,
nobody has considered the role of the cabin crew, who have to closely
collaborate with pilots in these situations. This study investigates decision
making and distributed leadership (i.e. leadership functions are carried out by
formal & informal leaders depending on situational demands) in 84 cockpit
and cabin crews (N=504) during a simulated emergency in the A320 cabin-cockpit
flight simulator. Results indicate that distributed leadership plays an
important role in decision making and strongly correlates with the quality of
the decision and crew performance. In crews who reached the correct decision
(N=63) both formal and informal leaders displayed significantly more leadership
behavior (M = 4.68, SE =.14, t (82) = 2.88, p < .01) than crews who made a
wrong decision (N=21) (M =3.71, SE = .37). Interestingly, the effect of
informal leadership, entered as a second factor into the hierarchical
regression model, predicted crew performance even more strongly than leadership
demonstrated by formal leaders. To conclude, we discuss the implications of
those results for decision making in aviation and recommend changes in the
design and content of CRM (Crew Resource Management) training which could also
be useful for interdisciplinary teams in other high risk areas such as
medicine, railway, power plants, policing or fire fighting.

%M C.HFES.11.115
%T Reliability and Validity of the SHAPE Teamwork Questionnaire
%S Aerospace Systems: AS6 - Teamwork in Aviation Systems
%A Jipp, Meike
%A Papenfuss, Anne
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 115-119
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551024
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/115
%X Teamwork is performance-determining in aviation; therefore, design decisions
on novel flight guidance systems use teamwork quality besides individual
estimates as a major criterion. The SKATE model and questionnaire was developed
to assess teamwork. The revision of the questionnaire yielded the SHAPE
teamwork questionnaire (STQ), whose reliability and validity was analyzed in
this paper. A study with 12 professional tower controllers was conducted,
during which airports were controlled applying a standard team situation in
three simulation runs. The STQ was administered after each run. The reliability
analyses showed that the Cronbach's Alphas of all six subscales were greater
than α =.85. The criterion and construct validity analyses, however,
revealed difficulties: The scales could not be replicated and the effect
patterns with external criteria also opposed the expected ones. These results
highlight the need to further analyze the STQ and the construct addressed by
it, to be able to soundly decide on novel flight guidance systems.

%M C.HFES.11.120
%T Framing the Design, Evaluation, and Certification Process for NextGen
Technologies and Procedures: Automation Roles and Responsibilities
%S Aerospace Systems: AS7 - Tools for Designing, Evaluating, and Certifying
NextGen Technologies and Procedures: Automation Roles and Responsibilities
%A McCloy, Tom
%A Harper-Sciarini, Michelle
%A Durso, Frank
%A Jentsch, Florian
%A Kanki, Barbara
%A Rogers, William
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 120-122
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551025
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/120
%X To address the foreseeable safety and environmental issues associated with
the projected increase in air traffic, an overhaul of the existing air traffic
management system, referred to as NextGen, is underway. To support NextGen
capabilities, a system of new technologies and procedures will replace or be
integrated with current technologies and procedures. This overhaul will, no
doubt, change a pilot's roles and responsibilities, in addition to challenging
their existing and future interactions with flight deck automation. To address
these challenges, current efforts are being made to develop taxonomies,
guidelines, and recommendation that aid with designing, evaluating, and
certifying NextGen technologies and procedures. The specific focus for these
products is on mitigating pilot error that results from the poor design and
integration of NextGen technologies and procedures. The goal of the proposed
panel will be to introduce these products, and gain insight and receive
feedback from the audience on their methodology and their practical
application.

%M C.HFES.11.123
%T Designing Realistic, Full-Mission, Human-in-the-Loop Aviation Simulation
Studies: Lessons Learned
%S Aerospace Systems: AS8 - Training in Diverse Aviation Domains
%A Pruchnicki, Shawn
%A Burian, Barbara K.
%A Christopher, Bonny
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 123-127
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551026
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/123
%X The design of simulator based research can be an intimidating task for even
an experienced researcher. We present some of the lessons learned from a
complex simulator-based research study requiring sophisticated flight scenarios
with realistic environmental conditions that was designed and conducted by a
large group of researchers distributed across multiple sites. We offer readers
both suggestions for approach to design as well as solutions to some of the
problems we encountered.

%M C.HFES.11.128
%T Should Students Learn General Air Traffic Management Skills Before NextGen
Tools?
%S Aerospace Systems: AS8 - Training in Diverse Aviation Domains
%A Billinghurst, S. S.
%A Morgan, C.
%A Rorie, R. C.
%A Kiken, A.
%A Bacon, L. P.
%A Vu, K.-P. L.
%A Strybel, T. Z.
%A Battiste, V.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 128-132
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551027
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/128
%X The goal of the present study was to determine whether the order of training
of three specific NextGen tools (conflict detection, conflict probes, and Data
Comm) affected student learning of air traffic management procedures, and,
subsequently, their performance, workload, and situation awareness. We found
that performance benefited from recent training of current-day air traffic
management skills regardless of the order in which students were exposed to
these skills. Overall, students were able to quickly learn how to use the
NextGen tools implemented in the stimulation. Implications of these findings
and directions for future research are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.133
%T Utility of Motion and Motion-Cueing to Support Simulated In-Flight
Rotary-Wing Emergency Training
%S Aerospace Systems: AS8 - Training in Diverse Aviation Domains
%A Pasma, Derek L.
%A Grant, Stuart C.
%A Gamble, Murray
%A Kruk, Ronald V.
%A Herdman, Chris M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 133-137
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551028
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/133
%X The aim of the current study was to evaluate the utility of three flight
simulator motion conditions (fixed-base, motion-cueing seat, and full-motion)
to support training of in-flight rotary-wing emergency recovery procedures.
Military helicopter pilots were randomly assigned to two of three possible
motion configurations and subject to three in-flight emergencies. Pilot
handling ratings indicate wide acceptance of the training device in each of the
three configurations. Subjective workload assessments showed no difference
between motion configurations. Results will be discussed with reference to the
importance of pilot simulator acceptance during flight training.

%M C.HFES.11.138
%T Pilot Error During Visual Flight Into Instrument Weather: An Experiment
Using Advanced Simulation and Analysis Methods
%S Aerospace Systems: AS8 - Training in Diverse Aviation Domains
%A Johnson, Christopher M.
%A Wiegmann, Douglas A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 138-142
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551029
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/138
%X This study details competing literature findings surrounding visual flight
rules (VFR) flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and it
utilizes advanced simulation to fulfill training inadequacies and bring clarity
to the research. An experiment involving 16 visual-only pilots was conducted to
simulate cross-country flight in marginal weather. Participants' abilities to
aviate, navigate, communicate, and process weather information were measured
and correlated with demographics and the pilots' abilities to adhere to visual
flight regulations. 11 out of the 16 pilots committed violations, and the
pilots' previous exposure to instrument weather made them better at collecting
in-flight weather reports and obeying VFR regulations. Pilots that penetrated
simulated IMC were found to be more reliant on cockpit automation such as
autopilot and navigation equipment. Misuse of automation often lead pilots to
become overwhelmed by IMC, and in severe cases, pilots displayed flight
profiles characteristic of spatial disorientation and lost control of the
aircraft or they wandered at dangerously low altitudes in zero visibility,
putting them at risk for controlled flight into terrain. This study represents
a validation of the advancement of weather simulation to improve flight
training, practical examination, and investigation.

%M C.HFES.11.143
%T Automation Influence on Unmanned Aerial System Operator Training
%S Aerospace Systems: AS8 - Training in Diverse Aviation Domains
%A Blitch, John G.
%A Clegg, Benjamin A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 143-146
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551030
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/143
%X The impact of the use of automation during training was investigated using
an Unmanned Aerial System simulator. Participants were trained in a series of
basic maneuvers, with half receiving automated support for some controls on a
subset of maneuvers. A subsequent novel landing test showed poorer performance
for the group that received assistance from automation during training.
Implications of these findings are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.147
%T The Effects of Domain General and Health Knowledge in Processing General and
Health Texts among Older Adults with Hypertension
%S Aging: A1 - Understanding and Improving Older Adults' Health and
Independence
%A Chin, Jessie
%A Stine-Morrow, Elizabeth A. L.
%A Morrow, Dan
%A Gao, Xuefei
%A Conner-Garcia, Thembi
%A Graumlich, James F.
%A Murray, Michael D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 147-151
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551031
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/147
%X While there is much evidence that health knowledge supports understanding of
health texts, little is known about the processing mechanisms underlying this
effect. We used the moving window paradigm to examine attentional allocation to
reading health and domain-general texts among older adults with hypertension
who varied in verbal ability (general knowledge) and health knowledge. More
knowledgeable readers allocated less time to word-level processing and more to
conceptual integration. Domain knowledge further engendered earlier conceptual
integration in the health texts, as measured by differential allocation to
intrasentence integration but less at the end of the sentence compared to less
knowledgeable readers. This suggests that knowledge gave readers a head start
in building a textbase representation of the ideas conveyed by the sentence.
Thus, knowledge helped structure comprehension by supporting conceptual
integration. Implications for the design of patients' education materials are
discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.152
%T Older Adults' Needs for Assistance as a Function of Living Environment
%S Aging: A1 - Understanding and Improving Older Adults' Health and
Independence
%A Mitzner, Tracy L.
%A Chen, Tiffany L.
%A Kemp, Charles C.
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 152-156
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551032
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/152
%X As the older adult population grows and becomes more diverse, so will their
needs and preferences for living environments. Many adults over 65 years of age
require assistance in their living environment (Administration on Aging, 2009),
however it is important for their feelings of well-being that the assistance
does not restrict their autonomy (e.g., Barkay & Tabak, 2002). Moreover,
autonomy enhancement may improve older adults' functionality (e.g., Greiner et
al., 1996). This paper provides an overview of older adults' diverse living
situations and an assessment of their needs for assistance with activities of
daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) when
living in the community or in a long-term care residence, such as assisted
living or skilled nursing. We also examine older adults' residential mobility
patterns to understand potential unmet needs for assistance. This needs
assessment highlights the specific areas that could benefit from human factors
interventions to support older adults in making choice-driven decisions about
where they live.

%M C.HFES.11.157
%T Can Virtual Reality Be Used As A Gait Training Tool For Older Adults?
%S Aging: A1 - Understanding and Improving Older Adults' Health and
Independence
%A Parijat, Prakriti
%A Lockhart, Thurmon E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 157-161
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551033
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/157
%X The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Virtual Reality
(VR) habituation on the kinematic and gait variability changes in older adults.
Sixteen healthy older adults participated in the study. The experiment
consisted of walking session on a walkway, followed by walking on the treadmill
with and without a head mounted display of a VR scene. Kinematic data were
collected using a motion capture system. Additionally, a cyber-sickness
questionnaire was administered to the participants during and after the
experiment to evaluate motion sickness symptoms. Statistical analyses indicated
an increased variability in stride length, stride velocity, and step width
during the initial 5-10 min in the VR. Kinematic data indicated an increased
ankle plantar flexion, knee flexion, and trunk flexion in the initial VR
period. All parameters approximated normal treadmill walking within 20 min of
VR walking. The cyber sickness scores indicated no presence of cyber sickness
during or after the VR experiment. It was concluded that the habituation time
in VR may have significant effect on gait behavior in older adults and
therefore it should be considered while designing a VR locomotion training
study.

%M C.HFES.11.162
%T The Role of Age-Related Neural Timing Variability in Speech Processing
%S Aging: A1 - Understanding and Improving Older Adults' Health and
Independence
%A Taylor, Brian A.
%A Roberts, Daniel M.
%A Baldwin, Carryl L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 162-166
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551034
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/162
%X Age-related difficulties in speech processing remain a concern, especially
as technology continues to depend heavily on successful speech comprehension on
the part of users. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have frequently been used to
assess age-related changes in the processing of language. Specifically, the
amplitude of the ERP is often compared between conditions or groups of
interest. In constructing ERPs, many neurophysiologic responses are averaged
together to reduce the contribution of uncorrelated background activity in the
electroencephalogram (EEG). However, if variability in the timing of each
potential on a trial-by-trial basis (i.e., "latency jitter") is confounded with
a variable of interest, then the presence of amplitude differences observed in
the average ERP might not be solely the result of genuine amplitude
differences, but also timing variability. We examined the role latency jitter
may play in the well-established observation of age-related changes in the
processing of natural speech as indexed by the N400. Older and younger adults
were presented with sentences that ended in either expected or unexpected final
words. In agreement with previous findings, a reduction in N400 amplitude was
observed in the older adults compared with the younger adults in response to
the unexpected final words. However, analyzing ERPs on a single trial basis
reveals the older adults to have significantly greater intra-subject
variability in N400 latency for incongruent speech stimuli, in comparison to
younger adults. This increased intra-individual latency variability may
contribute to the smaller N400 amplitudes observed in each subject's average
ERP. Age-related reductions in N400 amplitudes may indicate less precise timing
of neurological processes. Conversely, they may indicate that the older brain
exhibits greater specificity in the processing of individual sentence stimuli.

%M C.HFES.11.167
%T Effect of transfer with younger and older adults on control solution testing
using two blood glucometers
%S Aging: A1 - Understanding and Improving Older Adults' Health and
Independence
%A Carpenter, Eric D.
%A Mayhorn, Christopher B.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 167-171
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551035
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/167
%X As of 2005, 5.5% of the American population had some form of diabetes, with
an increasing rate of diagnosis. Adults 65 years of age and over are at an
increased risk for developing diabetes. Sixty-four participants completed 10
trials of control solution testing. MANOVA results indicated main effects of
participant age and order of glucometer use on dependent variables. Follow-up
ANOVAs revealed a main effect of age on task time, errors during training, and
near transfer errors, and a main effect of glucometer use on rate of near and
far transfer errors committed. Results and avenues of further investigation are
discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.172
%T Understanding Predictors of Computer Communication Technology Use by Older
Adults
%S Aging: A2 - Designing Technology for the Older User
%A Burnett, John S.
%A Mitzner, Tracy L.
%A Charness, Neil
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 172-176
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551036
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/172
%X Technologies have evolved to allow older adults the ability to communicate
in a variety of ways, yet little work examines the perceptions that older
adults have of these technologies. Our research explored older adults' use of
computers for communication activities. We analyzed questionnaire data from two
hundred and eighty-one participants with computer experience who answered
questions about their background; the amount of experience they had with
computers and other technologies, their perception of the importance of several
communication activities for their quality of life, and how useful a computer
is for those activities. A regression analysis explored the degree to which
demographic variables, the importance of activities for their quality of life,
and prior experience predicted respondents' attitudes about the computer's
usefulness for communication activities. The findings, based on a group of
older adult computer users, suggest that the importance of communication
activities for an older adult's quality of life and their prior experience with
computers are strong predictors of the perception of a computer's usefulness
for communication activities. Previous research has found that one's
experiences with a computer system are critical for adoption. Our work
reaffirms that tenet, yet finds that the degree to which an activity is
important for one's quality of life is also predictive of how useful a computer
will be for that activity. Our findings also suggest that certain communication
activities, such as email, are more preferred than other activities, such as
chat groups. This present survey of experienced older adult computer users can
guide development of training materials and products for older adults by
informing designers of the ways by which older adults form perceptions about
the usefulness of technologies.

%M C.HFES.11.177
%T Examining Age and Experience Differences in Use of Knowledge in the World in
Everyday Technology Interactions
%S Aging: A2 - Designing Technology for the Older User
%A O'Brien, Marita A.
%A Weger, Kristin
%A DeFour, Mary E.
%A Reeves, Sarah M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 177-181
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551037
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/177
%X Competence in technology use during everyday activities is required for
continued independence of older adults, and rapid technological changes have
made effective design of learning support beyond formal training crucial to
maintain this competence. Older adults have reported a preference for specific
training and text manuals when they learn to use technologies, but no research
has systematically examined what is actually used in everyday life. This study
examined age and experience differences in the use of external support
(knowledge in the world) over a ten day period. Interviews with participants
about technology encounters during this period were analyzed. Three categories
of knowledge in the world were identified: social support, instruction, and
on-device information. Age differences were found in use of social support and
instruction. Age and experience differences were found in use of on-device
information. These results confirm the importance of good instructional support
for older adults that accommodates age-related declines and differences in
specific knowledge. Data also suggest that development of a simple and reliable
method for older adults to obtain social support may help low technology older
adults to more effectively use everyday technologies and to resolve problems.

%M C.HFES.11.182
%T Product Physical Interface Design Characteristics for Older Adults with Hand
Use Limitations: Exploration of Users' Experiences
%S Aging: A2 - Designing Technology for the Older User
%A Yen, Wei-Ting
%A Sommerich, Carolyn
%A Lavender, Steven
%A Flinn, Sharon
%A Sanders, Elizabeth
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 182-186
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551038
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/182
%X The aim of the study is to apply ergonomics and product design research
methodologies in concert, including questionnaires, focus groups, and a
collaborative design process, to explore the associations between product
interface design characteristics and user experiences of older adults with hand
use limitations. There is a research void in understanding the relationship
between product interface design characteristics and hand dysfunction levels in
older populations. Taking jar lids as an example of the product interface as
the focus of this study, associations between jar lid design characteristics,
e.g. diameter, height, shape, and texture, and the user experiences of older
people with hand use limitations were explored. In addition, several new lid
design features that could possibly improve user performance have been proposed
and will be assessed. When investigating jar lid design characteristics, prior
research has focused on healthy study participants. To the best of our
knowledge, no prior published research specifically studied older people who
were known to have difficulties opening or closing jar lids or who reported
experiencing hand pain around the time of their study participation.

%M C.HFES.11.187
%T Video Game Design for Older Adults: Usability Observations from an
Intervention Study
%S Aging: A2 - Designing Technology for the Older User
%A Whitlock, Laura A.
%A McLaughlin, Anne Collins
%A Allaire, Jason C.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 187-191
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551039
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/187
%X Video games are increasingly used as tools in therapeutic interventions,
both for younger and older adults. However, relatively little is known about
video game usability for older adults, and age-related changes may affect some
older players' capacity to benefit from video games. We examined video
recordings and open-ended questionnaire responses of 56 older adults taking
part in a video game-based cognitive intervention study. Usability findings and
recommendations for inclusive video game design for older adults are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.192
%T Can Behavioral, Neuroimaging, and Molecular Genetic Studies of "Cognitive
Superstars" Tell Us How to Augment Cognition?
%S Augmented Cognition: AC1 - Assessing Individual and Team Cognitive State
%A Parasuraman, Raja
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 192-196
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551040
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/192
%X Some individuals exhibit very high levels of performance on perceptual and
cognitive tasks -- they are "cognitive superstars." I report on such
exceptional performance in individuals with extraordinary abilities on tests of
vigilance, selective attention, and working memory, among others. Neuroimaging
and molecular genetic data are also presented, in an exploration of the neural
and hereditary basis of exceptional cognition. Extraordinary cognitive ability
reflects a complex mix of factors including genetics, experience, and training.
While it is difficult to generalize from individual case studies, and such
cases are by definition, very rare, implications can be drawn for selection and
training methods aimed at enhancing the normal range of cognition.

%M C.HFES.11.197
%T Adaptive Automation as a Task Switching and Task Congruence Challenge
%S Augmented Cognition: AC1 - Assessing Individual and Team Cognitive State
%A Reinerman-Jones, Lauren
%A Taylor, Grant
%A Sprouse, Kimberly
%A Barber, Daniel
%A Hudson, Irwin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 197-201
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551041
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/197
%X Adaptive automation refers to a system capability that enables task sharing
between a human operator and a system. The purpose for this type of
collaborative sharing is to maintain a moderate level of task load,
particularly in a multi-tasking environment. However, some costs might accrue
from switching automation on and off, as is shown from task switching
literature. Additionally, it is possible that congruency between task demand
and the level of automation affects performance. Thus, before system-controlled
adaptive automation is implemented into an operational environment, the goal
for the present experiment is to examine the costs associated with turning
automation on and off and to investigate the effects of demand/automation
congruence. Analysis of the congruence effects revealed performance to benefit
from higher levels of automation, regardless of task load. Task switching
caused by adaptive automation was found to be detrimental to performance during
periods of high task demand, but was beneficial during periods of low demand.

%M C.HFES.11.202
%T Workload Classification Across Subjects Using EEG
%S Augmented Cognition: AC1 - Assessing Individual and Team Cognitive State
%A Hope, Ryan M.
%A Wang, Ziheng
%A Wang, Zuoguan
%A Ji, Qiang
%A Gray, Wayne D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 202-206
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551042
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/202
%X EEG data has been used to discriminate levels of mental workload when
classifiers are created for each subject, but the reliability of classifiers
trained on multiple subjects has yet to be investigated. Artificial neural
network and naive Bayesian classifiers were trained with data from single and
multiple subjects and their ability to discriminate among three difficulty
conditions was tested. When trained on data from multiple subjects, both types
of classifiers poorly discriminated between the three levels. However, a novel
model, the naive Bayesian classifier with a hidden node, performed nearly as
well as the models trained and tested on individuals.

%M C.HFES.11.207
%T Method for Characterizing and Identifying Task Evoked Pupillary Responses
During Varying Workload Levels
%S Augmented Cognition: AC1 - Assessing Individual and Team Cognitive State
%A Fong, Allan
%A Sibley, Ciara
%A Coyne, Joseph
%A Baldwin, Carryl
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 207-211
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551043
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/207
%X Understanding when operators are experiencing high workload is important in
the design and implementation of Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. Fortunately
physiological metrics, such as pupillary reflexes, have been shown to correlate
with increases in mental workload. This paper proposes an automated method for
characterizing and identifying task evoked pupillary responses (TEPR) during
various workload levels. This method captures findings and observations from
previous TEPR studies in an automated algorithm. This algorithm characterizes
the rate of pupil dilation and constriction into a TEPR area metric, which is
then used to identify times of increased operator workload. Independent trial
analysis shows the benefits of using the TEPR area for distinguishing different
workload responses but additional investigation is needed to make the algorithm
more robust to individual variability.

%M C.HFES.11.212
%T Mapping Neurophysiologic Synchrony Attractor States and Entropy Fluctuations
during Submarine Piloting and Navigation
%S Augmented Cognition: AC1 - Assessing Individual and Team Cognitive State
%A Stevens, Ronald
%A Galloway, Trysha
%A Wang, Peter
%A Berka, Chris
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 212-216
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551044
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/212
%X Our objective was to apply ideas from complexity theory to derive expanded
models of Submarine Piloting and Navigation (SPAN) showing how teams
cognitively respond to task changes and how this was altered with experience.
The cognitive measure highlighted was an electroencephalography (EEG)-derived
measure of engagement (EEG-E) that was modeled into a collective team variable
termed neurophysiologic synchronies of engagement (NS_E) thus showing the
engagement of each of 6 team members as well as the engagement of the team as a
whole. We show that the dominant NS_E patterns were different for novice and
experienced teams, and that experienced teams used a larger repertoire of
potential NS_E patterns. Estimates of the Shannon entropy of the NS_E data
streams provided a quantitative history of NS_E fluctuations which were
associated with the efficiency of the SPAN teams in updating the ship's
position.

%M C.HFES.11.217
%T EEG Alpha Spindles as Indicators for Prolonged Brake Reaction Time During
Auditory Secondary Tasks in a Real Road Driving Study
%S Augmented Cognition: AC2 - Engineering and Augmenting with
Psychophysiological Measurement
%A Schrauf, Michael
%A Sonnleitner, Andreas
%A Simon, Michael
%A Kincses, Wilhelm E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 217-221
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551045
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/217
%X Driver distraction accounts for a substantial number of traffic accidents.
Therefore, the impact of auditory secondary tasks on driving performance was
examined. In addition to performance measures, i.e. reaction time on emergency
brakings of a leading vehicle, mental driver states were described by
electroencephalographic (EEG: alpha spindles, alpha band power) as well as
cardiac activity (ECG: heart rate variability). Results show that brake
reaction time (RT) increased with time-on-task during all conditions
(p<.001), and was significantly higher while performing the secondary task
(p<.001). Physiological measures showed similar effects. Alpha spindle rate,
alpha band power as well as heart rate variability (HRV) increased with
time-on-task and were significantly different during the secondary task,
indicating inhibited visual information processing and reduced concentration
ability. This study shows that reduced driving performance measured by means of
prolonged brake reactions during increased cognitive load elicited by auditory
secondary tasks is indicated by EEG measures as well as cardiac activity,
enabling the direct quantification of driver distraction in experiments during
real road driving.

%M C.HFES.11.222
%T An eye movement analysis of contextual cueing effects
%S Augmented Cognition: AC2 - Engineering and Augmenting with
Psychophysiological Measurement
%A Liechty, Molly M.
%A Madhavan, Poornima
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 222-226
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551046
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/222
%X Contextual cueing is the implicit association of objects (or 'cues') in a
visual scene due to repeated exposure, either spatially or semantically. Such
associations can aid people in detecting a specific target more quickly and
easily when it appears in a familiar context. The goal of this study was to
investigate whether and how people utilize "distractors" as contextual cues
during a visual target search. Ten undergraduate participants performed a
luggage-screening task during which they were connected to an eye tracker.
First, participants were trained using 25 luggage images, each of which
contained a target (i.e., knife) and a specific distractor (i.e., iPod). During
the post-training session, participants screened 100 bags with target base rate
set at 50%. The bags contained, either, the distractor and the target (25
bags), the target only (25 bags), the distractor only (25 bags), or neither the
distractor nor the target (25 bags). Participants' fixation counts, saccade
counts, saccade amplitudes, and scan paths were assessed. It was found that in
the presence of the distractor, participants demonstrated fewer fixations and
saccades as well as shorter saccade amplitudes than in the absence of the
distractor. This was particularly salient in the absence of the target. The
results suggest a higher level of search efficiency when the distractor cue was
present, and less organized and more aggressive search pattern in the absence
of the distractor cue. We contend that participants formed an implicit
association between the distractor and the target and used this association to
improve the efficiency of their visual search.

%M C.HFES.11.227
%T A neurophysiological and behavioral investigation of tactile spatial
exploration for sighted and non-sighted adults
%S Augmented Cognition: AC2 - Engineering and Augmenting with
Psychophysiological Measurement
%A Campus, Claudio
%A Brayda, Luca
%A Chellali, Ryad
%A Martinoli, Cristina
%A Rodriguez, Guido
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 227-231
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551047
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/227
%X In this work we report on preliminary results about a new method to evaluate
the cues used for constructing mental maps of virtual objects, presented
through interaction with a tactile device. Both behavioral and
neurophysiological metrics are considered to evaluate the process of
identifying virtual structures, in both sighted and non-sighted adults. The
possible dependency on the kind of virtual object or on the sensory impairment
is investigated. Results also show similarities between sighted and non-sighted
subjects in the identification process. Our method may facilitate researchers
in understanding and assessing human-system integration in the context of
touch-based interfaces for non-sighted people.

%M C.HFES.11.232
%T Effects of Emotional Priming on Visual Threat Detection
%S Augmented Cognition: AC2 - Engineering and Augmenting with
Psychophysiological Measurement
%A Culley, Kimberly E.
%A Madhavan, Poornima
%A Heikens, Ray
%A Brown, Jeremy
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 232-236
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551048
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/232
%X Research on the effects of negative emotions on risky decision making has
shown that emotions significantly impact the perception of risk; anger reduces
perceived risk and increases optimism whereas fear heightens perceived risk and
reduces optimism. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of
three negative emotions on airport security screeners. Participants (n = 100)
performed a simulated airline luggage screening task after being 'primed' with
three emotion-inducing stimuli -- anger, fear, and sorrow. Results revealed
that with sufficient practice, fear and sorrow induced appropriate levels of
liberal responding thereby increasing hit rates but not false alarms. However,
anger increased false alarms without a corresponding increase in hits.
Sensitivities were not impacted significantly by emotional state. The results
of this research have implications for developing training solutions to
optimize decision making of security personnel.

%M C.HFES.11.237
%T Pupil Dilation as an Index of Learning
%S Augmented Cognition: AC2 - Engineering and Augmenting with
Psychophysiological Measurement
%A Sibley, Ciara
%A Coyne, Joseph
%A Baldwin, Carryl
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 237-241
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551049
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/237
%X Physiological assessment of cognitive processes has become a topic of
increased interest. The value of understanding and measuring brain function at
work has the potential to improve performance. The emphasis of this paper is to
discuss how pupil diameter can be applied to learning. The link between pupil
diameter and task difficulty, or cognitive load, has been repeatedly
demonstrated for the past 40 years. However there has been little work to date
on measuring cognitive load during training or looking at how real time metrics
of cognitive load could be used to adapt training. According to Cognitive Load
Theory, cognitive load should be reduced as an individual learns a task and
he/she relies more on long term memory than working memory. Ten participants
completed a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle task in which they had to
identify targets and report their direction of movement. There were three
levels of increased difficulty. As expected, pupil diameter significantly
dropped within each block as participants learned the task, and then increased
again at the start of the next level of difficulty. The results suggest that
pupil diameter may be a useful metric for assessing when an individual has
transferred information into long term memory. Implications for how pupil
diameter can be used to drive an adaptive training system are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.242
%T The Mediating Effect of Perceived Task Complexity on Perceived Team
Sharedness and Performance
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE1 - Team Performance
%A Oglesby, James M.
%A Brown, Kendra T.
%A Pavlas, Davin
%A Fiore, Stephen M.
%A Salas, Eduardo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 242-246
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551050
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/242
%X An empirical study was conducted to observe macro-cognition and
interpersonal interactions between team members during a collaborative resource
management task. Teams consisting of three members each were instructed to work
together to complete scenario objectives in a simulated military task
environment. The task scenarios were manipulated to vary the complexity of the
scenario objectives. An exploratory analysis of the results revealed a
mediating effect of perceived complexity on the relationship between perceived
sharedness and performance. Additionally, a partial mediating effect for
perceived complexity on the relationship between perceived sharedness team
knowledge building was found. Results indicate that perceived complexity of a
collaborative task may play a greater role in the relationship between team
level factors and performance than previously thought. Implications for these
results are provided alongside suggestions for future research. Specifically,
we call for research to determine the mechanism through which perceptions of
task complexity influence collective performance.

%M C.HFES.11.247
%T Understanding Cognitive and Collaborative Work: Observations in an Electric
Transmission Operations Control Center
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE1 - Team Performance
%A Obradovich, Jodi Heintz
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 247-251
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551051
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/247
%X This paper describes research that is part of an ongoing project to design
tools to assist in the integration of renewable energy into the electric grid.
These tools will support control room dispatchers in real-time system
operations of the electric power transmission system that serves much of the
Western United States. Field observations comprise the first phase of this
research in which 15 operators have been observed over various shifts and times
of day for approximately 90 hours. Findings describing some of the cognitive
and environmental challenges of managing the dynamically changing electric grid
are presented.

%M C.HFES.11.252
%T Evaluating a Macrocognition Model of Team Collaboration using Real-world
Data from the Haiti Relief Effort
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE1 - Team Performance
%A Hutchins, Susan G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 252-256
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551052
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/252
%X On January 12, 2010, a massive earthquake ravished Haiti's capital city of
Port-au-Prince. Throughout the relief effort the communications that transpired
between responders were recorded in the All Partners Access Network (APAN)
collaboration system. A lexical link analysis (LLA) provided a systematic way
to select a subset of the large amount of data for analysis by selecting
several themes to analyze from initiation to completion. We analyzed the
collaborative information exchanges for the Haiti humanitarian assistance/
disaster relief effort by applying definitions of the macrocognitive processes
included in a model of team collaboration. The goal for the research reported
here is to understand the role of cognition in teams who are collaborating to
solve unique, challenging, information-rich problems. Results indicate the task
environment will influence which macrocognitive processes are used and evidence
was found for several additional macrocognitive processes.

%M C.HFES.11.257
%T The Impact of Uncertainty Visualizations on Team Decision Making and Problem
Solving
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE1 - Team Performance
%A Dong, Xiao
%A Hayes, Caroline
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 257-261
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551053
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/257
%X This paper describes a study comparing two decision support systems (DSS)
and their impact on team decision making processes. One DSS provided a simple
way for users to describe and visualize the relative uncertainty in each
alternative under consideration. The other did not. We found that the
"uncertainty" DSS significantly improved designers' ability to assess whether
or not they had sufficient information to choose the "best" from a set of
alternatives. Additionally, teams that used the "uncertainty" DSS were far more
likely to spend time discussing the uncertainty and how to manage it. These
results indicate that a relatively simply visualization can change the way in
which design teams think about design, and how they structure their
discussions.

%M C.HFES.11.262
%T Team Performance and Communication within Networked Supervisory Control
Human-Machine Systems
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE1 - Team Performance
%A McKendrick, Ryan
%A Shaw, Tyler
%A Saqer, Haneen
%A de Visser, Ewart
%A Parasuraman, Raja
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 262-266
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551054
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/262
%X The effects of task load, automation reliability and team communication on
supervisory control performance were examined using a multi-UAV simulation with
two operators. Performance was degraded by high task load and improved with an
automated decision aid. In addition, team working memory, defined as the
average of individual working memory capacity scores, was associated with
superior team performance. Higher levels of task load increased the amount of
information communicated by teams whereas the presence of an automated decision
aid decreased the amount of information communicated by teams. The results are
discussed in relation to models of team cognition for teams performing similar
tasks in a shared, networked human-machine system.

%M C.HFES.11.267
%T Current State of Human Factors in Systems Design
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE2 - Current State of Human
Factors in Systems Design
%A Feigh, Karen
%A Chua, Zarrin
%A Garg, Chaya
%A Jacobsen, Alan
%A O'Hara, John
%A Rogers, William
%A Shutko, John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 267-271
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551055
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/267
%X Many papers at previous HFES Meetings have touched on the theme of how to
either incorporate human factors earlier in the design process, including
development of new methods and discussion of what existing methods and tools
are applicable at the preliminary and conceptual design phases. To many HFES
members, these questions are not an academic exercise, but daily challenges.
The goal of this discussion panel is to summarize the current state of human
factors in systems design, particularly outside of the context of human
factors-centric operations and to assess the gaps in human factors methods to
support the incorporation of human factors earlier in the design process. Panel
members represent industry organizations who work daily to incorporate good
human factors principles into design.

%M C.HFES.11.272
%T Control Task Analysis in Action: Collaboration in the Operating Room
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE3 - Tasks and Needs Analysis in
Health Care
%A Ashoori, Maryam
%A Burns, Catherine
%A Momtahan, Kathryn
%A d'Entremont, Barbara
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 272-276
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551056
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/272
%X Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) is gaining momentum for analyzing complex
socio-technical systems but it does not yet have the specific tools and
techniques that allow it to address teamwork explicitly enough to provide good
guidance on how to support teams. This paper focuses on expansion of control
task analysis (ConTA), the second phase of CWA, to understand the collaborative
decision making of a surgical team during Cesarean section surgery.

%M C.HFES.11.277
%T Recreation to nursing facilities tenant Coloring
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE3 - Tasks and Needs Analysis in
Health Care
%A Kawabata, Shinichiro
%A Nasu, Maki
%A Yamamoto, Akiyoshi
%A Kuwahara, Noriaki
%A Hamada, Hiroyuki
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 277-280
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551057
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/277
%X In Japan aging has proceed at a rapid rate and the number of dementias
patient also increase commensurately. Coloring is suggested to have an effect
to activate the brain and hopefully prevent dementias to reach advanced stage.
In this study coloring was taken place at the pay home for the assisted-living
resident as a part of recreation. The number of fall accident and nurse call
was counted before and after the recreation. Moreover concentration level was
examined during coloring work with a brain activity measuring instrument, to
find out most effective writing equipment for an activation of the brain. The
averages of fall accident decreased to 4.6 times from 10.7 times and the
frequency of the nurse call decreased to average of 832 from 1469 per month.
This result showed that coloring has favorable influence to nursing facilities
tenant and so it is thought that coloring is an activity that should be taken
as one of the recreations taken place at the senior care home.

%M C.HFES.11.281
%T A Cognitive Analysis of Color-Coded Wristband Use in Health Care
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE3 - Tasks and Needs Analysis in
Health Care
%A Wood, Scott D.
%A Bagian, James P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 281-285
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551058
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/281
%X In this paper we examine human factors involved in the use of color-coded
wristbands by analyzing cases that resulted in adverse events. We consider such
cases in terms of which stage of care the events occurred, the health care
roles involved in the event, and the cognitive factors seen as most likely to
be causative in the event. We discuss a common theme in this analysis, that
perhaps we are expecting too much from color-coding, and propose a number of
possible solutions and suggestions for improving patient safety. We conclude
that relying on color alone for any health care task is both risky and
ineffective.

%M C.HFES.11.286
%T Supporting the Management of Osteoarthritis Pain: A Needs Analysis
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE3 - Tasks and Needs Analysis in
Health Care
%A McBride, Sara E.
%A Tsai, Wang-Chin
%A Knott, Camilla C.
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 286-290
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551059
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/286
%X Osteoarthritis is expected to affect approximately 72 million older adults
by the year 2030. It is one of the top causes of disability, mobility problems,
and chronic pain among older adults. With so many individuals affected, it is
important to identify how to effectively manage the pain associated with
osteoarthritis. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the
factors and knowledge critical to the successful management of osteoarthritis
pain and to evaluate the management tools currently available to the general
public. We conducted structured interviews with three subject matter experts
(SMEs). The interviews identified critical variables in pain management, such
as physical activity, mood, and medication taking behavior, as well as common
misconceptions about pain management held by many older adults. In addition, we
assessed the usability of available pain management tools with six older adults
and conducted a heuristic analysis of several additional pain management tools
available on the market. All of the tools reviewed were found to be lacking in
several key areas, such as failing to include critical variables and difficulty
integrating the data collected into a meaningful representation of one's pain
experience. Resolving these issues will improve the quality of life for
individuals suffering from osteoarthritis.

%M C.HFES.11.291
%T Needs Assessment for Certified Nursing Assistants Providing Personal Care
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE3 - Tasks and Needs Analysis in
Health Care
%A Beer, Jenay M.
%A Springman, Jennifer M.
%A McBride, Sara E.
%A Mitzner, Tracy L.
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 291-295
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551060
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/291
%X Home health care allows individuals to receive care in a home setting rather
than a medical facility. This increasingly popular alternative to health care
has many benefits; however, providing health care in a home setting involves
unique challenges and difficulties for the health care providers, such as
certified nursing assistants (CNAs). Human factors interventions and
technological supports may ease difficulties home health care providers
experience performing caregiving tasks. However, for such interventions to be
effective there is a need to understand patient care within the context of a
home environment. The purpose of this research was to conduct a needs
assessment to identify 1) personal caretask characteristics, including the
context in which they are carried out, and 2) challenges encountered during
these tasks. Eight CNAs participated in structured interviews where in they
were asked to describe difficulties and frustrations experienced when
performing the tasks of toileting, bathing, and transfer. The results were
categorized as patient- or provider-based difficulties, as well as along
dimensions related to the environment, device design, and social influences.
These data provide an understanding of the complexity of each task, and a means
of highlighting areas of difficulty to provide guidance for designers of
assistive technologies and other supportive interventions.

%M C.HFES.11.296
%T What Makes Us Resilient to Interruptions? Understanding the Role of
Individual Differences in Resumption
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE4 - Effects of Interruption and
Memory on Human Performance
%A Werner, Nicole E.
%A Cades, David M.
%A Boehm-Davis, Deborah A.
%A Chang, Jessica
%A Khan, Hibah
%A Thi, Gia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 296-300
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551062
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/296
%X Interruptions are an inescapable reality in our lives and they sometimes
lead to unfortunate consequences. Most of the interruptions literature focuses
on aspects of the interruption task that makes them more or less disruptive to
performance. However, it is important to consider what might make a person
resilient to the deleterious effects of interruptions. This research seeks to
explore the individual performer and the specific cognitive aspects that might
make someone better or worse at dealing with an interruption. Based on the
current theory, we predicted that participants with better working memory
capacity and spatial abilities would be faster at resuming an interrupted task
than those who scored lower on those measures. We found that those that scored
higher on the working memory capacity measure were faster at resuming from an
interruption and those that scored higher on one of the spatial ability
measures (mental rotation) were faster at resuming. The paper folding task
measure of spatial ability did not predict interrupted task performance.

%M C.HFES.11.301
%T Does Cognitive Lockup Depend on the Situation, on the Person, or on an
Interaction of Both?
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE4 - Effects of Interruption and
Memory on Human Performance
%A Jipp, Meike
%A Moehlenbrink, Christoph
%A Wies, Matthias
%A Lenz, Helge
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 301-305
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551063
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/301
%X This paper focuses on investigating (a) whether cognitive lockup can be
provoked in an experimental setup in a realistic, generic cockpit simulator and
(b) whether the occurrence of cognitive lockup further depends on the pilot or
on an interaction between the aviation situation and the pilot. To investigate
these research questions, an experiment was conducted during which pilots
aviated two scenarios. Both scenarios reflect an approach situation in which
the second autopilot failed as a first event and the runway was changed as a
second event. The main difference of the scenarios is the timing of the
autopilot failure and the runway change: In the experimental condition, the
events occurred later in time, which reduced the time frame available for the
briefing. While aviating, the aircraft's maximum deviation from the specified
route was recorded. Statistical analyses showed that pilots were more drawn to
cognitive lockup in the situation with more time-pressure resulting in a
performance degradation in the aviation task. Aviation performance was further
predicted by a significant interaction between the person and the situation,
which shows a need to also consider person-related variables when explaining
the occurrence of cognitive lockup.

%M C.HFES.11.306
%T The Effect of Incongruent Instruction/Execution Pairs on Working Memory
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE4 - Effects of Interruption and
Memory on Human Performance
%A Whitaker, Carson
%A Musters, Adrian
%A Drews, Frank
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 306-310
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551064
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/306
%X This study tests how information is encoded into working memory when the
type of instruction is incongruent with a task. To determine where information
is encoded in working memory interruptions will be used to disrupt performance.
A spatial Lego® construction task and a verbal letter arrangement task will
be compared. Operation Span will be measured against performance. The
conclusions drawn from this study will impact the understanding of working
memory which will help in discovering effective types of instruction and in
dealing with interruptions.

%M C.HFES.11.311
%T How Performance Feedback and Reflection Affect Transactive Memory
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE4 - Effects of Interruption and
Memory on Human Performance
%A van der Kleij, Rick
%A Hoeppermans, Maarten
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 311-315
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551065
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/311
%X Research on transactive memory has showed the positive effects of training
together. This study investigated how feedback and reflection affect
transactive memory in settings where there is no time for elaborate team
training. Newly formed teams were given accurate, false or no feedback about
their individual performance on a prior administration of an intellective task.
Team receiving no feedback either were given time for reflection to discuss
their prior performance or not. Our findings suggest the need to support
newly-formed teams in their attempt to determine how expertise is distributed
among its members along with the potential of feedback to create transactive
memory systems.

%M C.HFES.11.316
%T Medication Adherence among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Current
Practices and Potential Technology Solution
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE4 - Effects of Interruption and
Memory on Human Performance
%A Ozok, Ant
%A Patel, Aktta
%A Wu, Huijuan
%A Gurses, Ayse P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 316-320
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551170
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/316
%X Lack of medication adherence among elderly has severe health-related and
financial consequences, including being the likely cause of 10% of hospital
admissions and 23% of nursing home admissions in the U.S. Older adults living
independently in their houses and independent living facilities can benefit
from assistance with the management of their medications especially as their
cognitive abilities diminish. To understand medication adherence practices and
barriers among older adults and their potential attitudes and potential
acceptance of a technology intervention to improve adherence, we surveyed 65
individuals between the ages of 67 and 96 in an independent living facility.
The average age of the sample was 83 and participants reported taking six
prescription medications on average per day. Our results indicated an average
adherence level of 63% among this population, with daily memorized routines
being the most common practice to maintain adherence. Participants had positive
attitudes regarding a potential self-managed adherence technology to improve
their adherence and thought of it as potentially useful. Interestingly,
participants did not show much interest in receiving help from their facility
for their adherence. Findings can inform future efforts in the development and
deployment of medication adherence technologies for daily use based on a human
factors framework.

%M C.HFES.11.321
%T Pioneers in Cognitive Engineering & Decision Making Research --
Foundational Contributions to the Science of Human-Automation Interaction
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: Panel
%A Kaber, David
%A Hancock, Peter
%A Jagacinski, Richard
%A Parasurman, Raja
%A Wickens, Chris
%A Wilson, Glenn
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 321-325
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551066
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/321
%X The objective of this Cognitive Engineering & Decision Making (CEDM)
Technical Group (TG) panel is to recognize "Pioneers in Human-Automation
Interaction Research" and to provide Annual Meeting attendees with knowledge of
the origins of adaptive automation, control theoretic approaches to human
performance, implications of levels of complex system automation for human
performance, and methods for operator functional state classification. Based on
their seminal contributions to research in these areas, Drs. Peter Hancock,
Richard Jagacinski, Raja Parasuraman, Chris Wickens and Glenn Wilson will
participate in the session. Dr. Hancock will provide a personal retrospective
on adaptive automation. Dr. Jagacinski will draw parallels between manual
control and decision theories. Dr. Parasuraman will trace the history of
adaptive automation research. Dr. Wickens will discuss failures in conventional
wisdom on human-automation interaction (HAI) and methods for systems design and
Dr. Wilson will address the use of physiological measures for operator
functional state classification in adaptive systems. The panel session is
expected to promote further understanding among human factors researchers of
concepts, theories and design principles of HAI and why we are at where we are
today.

%M C.HFES.11.326
%T Estimating User's Preferred Response Bias in an Automated Diagnostic Aid: A
Psychophysical Approach
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE6 - Measures and Methods in
Complex Environments
%A McCarley, Jason S.
%A Rubinstein, Joshua
%A Steelman, Kelly S.
%A Swanson, Leah
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 326-329
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551067
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/326
%X Operators often perform a target detection task better when assisted by a
diagnostic aid of conservative response bias than when assisted by an aid of
liberal bias. Little is known, however, about the factors that might influence
the preferred level of automation response bias across task contexts. The
present study used a psychophysical staircase technique to assess the influence
of signal frequency and automation sensitivity on users' preferences. Subjects
performed a signal detection task with the assistance of an automated aid, and
were allowed to adjust the aid's response criterion across trials. A staircase
procedure gauged the subjects' preferred level of automation response bias
across factorially-manipulated levels of signal rate (25% vs. 75%) and aid
sensitivity (d*prime; = 1.5 vs. 3.0). The preferred level of bias was generally
conservative, but varied as an interaction of signal rate and aid's
sensitivity.

%M C.HFES.11.330
%T A dynamic model of decision making in ATC: Adaptation of criterion across
angle and time
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE6 - Measures and Methods in
Complex Environments
%A Vuckovic, Anita
%A Kwantes, Peter
%A Neal, Andrew
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 330-334
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551068
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/330
%X Signal Detection Theory (SDT; Green & Swets, 1966) is a well-established
method for understanding performance on decision making tasks. Despite its
popularity within the human factors community, this method does not take into
account the dynamic nature of decision making and the speed-accuracy tradeoffs
that affect performance (Balakrishnan, Busemeyer, MacDonald, & Lin, 2003).
This study tested a model of decision making that accounts for the dynamic
processes affecting performance. Tested within the applied context of an Air
Traffic Control conflict detection task, the model provided a viable
explanation of conflict decisions and decision times across a range of
experimental conditions. At a practical level, a successful model of conflict
detection may inform the development and assessment of design attempts aimed at
assisting controllers achieve optimal performance outcomes and reduce their
workload.

%M C.HFES.11.335
%T Mapping Ecologically to Modalities
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE6 - Measures and Methods in
Complex Environments
%A Burns, Catherine M.
%A Ho, Geoffrey
%A Arrabito, G. Robert
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 335-339
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551069
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/335
%X Ecological interface design (EID) is an approach to designing user
interfaces that is based on the objective of providing functional system
relationships to users in ways that reduce perceptual load. While EID has
strong methods for determining the needed functional relationships through the
analytical methods of Cognitive Work Analysis (Vicente, 1999), relatively
little attention has been paid to establishing the design mappings that reduce
perceptual load. We propose that different kinds of information should be
assessed for perceptual fit to various modalities. In particular, those
mappings that combine appropriate forms of reference with strong perceptual
affordances will likely be the most successful. A case study applying this
approach to the design of a multimodal ground control station for uninhabited
aerial vehicle control is discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.340
%T How can they do it? A structured approach to the strategies analysis phase
of Cognitive Work Analysis
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE6 - Measures and Methods in
Complex Environments
%A Cornelissen, Miranda
%A Salmon, Paul M.
%A Jenkins, Daniel P.
%A Lenné, Michael G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 340-344
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551070
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/340
%X Cognitive work analysis is a widely applied method within Human Factors. To
date, applications have mainly focused on the first two stages of the method --
Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis. The latter stages have been
neglected and are consequently not as well developed methodologically. This
paper proposes an approach for strategies analysis, the third phase, which
builds upon the output of the earlier phases and provides a structured,
repeatable method for identifying potential strategies for completing control
tasks. An Apple iPod is used to exemplify and evaluate the proposed approach.
Future directions include validation of the approach with more complex systems.

%M C.HFES.11.345
%T Air Traffic Controller Operating Modes and Cognitive Complexity Regulation
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE6 - Measures and Methods in
Complex Environments
%A Histon, Jonathan
%A Hansman, R. John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 345-349
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551071
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/345
%X Observations of air traffic controller operating practices suggest that
controllers operate in distinct operating modes in response to changes in the
cognitive demands of the air traffic situation. These modes appear to
correspond to differences in the use of structure-based strategies and
abstractions identified primarily from rich but uncontrolled settings. In order
to investigate the effects of manipulating traffic levels on controller use of
structure, a part-task human-in-the-loop experiment was conducted. Participant
actions are examined for changes in the use of standard flow and critical point
abstractions and transitions between controller operating modes. The results
provide evidence of transitions between distinct operating modes as
participants modified their use of standard flows as traffic levels increased.

%M C.HFES.11.350
%T Effects of First Automation Failure on Situation Awareness and Performance
in an Air Traffic Control Task
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE7 - Situation Awareness
%A Sethumadhavan, Arathi
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 350-354
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551072
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/350
%X The effects of first automation failure (e.g., Wickens & Xu, 2002) on
performance of individuals in a subsequent failure trial when they worked with
automated systems applied to different stages of information processing (e.g.,
Parasuraman, Sheridan, & Wickens, 2000), was examined using the domain of
air traffic control. The results revealed that even after exposure to an
automation failure, individuals working with higher order automation continued
to have lower situation awareness and were slower in responding to a subsequent
automation failure compared to those in the information acquisition condition.
Results from this experiment have practical implications for automation design
and operator training.

%M C.HFES.11.355
%T Situation Awareness Reacquisition in a Supervisory Control Task
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE7 - Situation Awareness
%A Gartenberg, Daniel
%A McCurry, Malcolm
%A Trafton, Greg
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 355-359
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551073
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/355
%X External interruptions, task switching, distractions, and multi-tasking can
all affect situation awareness (SA). This study focused on how SA is reacquired
after a brief task-related break. Participants controlled multiple unmanned
aerial vehicles, avoiding hazards and navigating vehicles to their target
destination. In the dual-task condition, participants completed a payload
sub-task after engaging a vehicle for mission completion. In the single task
condition, participants did not complete the additional sub-task after engaging
a vehicle for mission completion. Patterns of eye fixations were found that
characterized instances when SA was being reacquired (dual task) and instances
when there was continuous task performance (single task). After a task break,
SA was reacquired by quickly scanning a diverse group of objects that had been
previously looked at. When there was no task break, participants slowly fixated
on a few objects that were novel. We interpret these findings as suggesting
that when SA needs to be reacquired, previous goals and plans need to be
reinstated, while during normal task behavior, participants seek novel and
changing events. These findings support the Memory for Goals (MFG) model and
the integrated framework for maintaining and recovering SA. We discuss
implications for developing process models that evaluate SA in real-time.

%M C.HFES.11.360
%T Knowing What You Know: The Role of Meta-Situation Awareness in Predicting
Situation Awareness
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE7 - Situation Awareness
%A Sethumadhavan, Arathi
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 360-364
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551074
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/360
%X To help operators handle increasing task demands, automated systems are
increasingly being used in modern work settings. However, a potential
consequence of such systems is the out of the loop performance syndrome, which
refers to the reduced ability of operators working with high levels of
automation support to take over manual control in the event of an automation
failure (e.g., Wiener & Curry, 1980). One of the main factors considered
responsible for this is a loss of operator situation awareness (SA; Endsley
& Kiris, 1995). In order to improve SA and consequently improve
performance, it becomes important to better understand the process of SA and
the underlying factors that predict SA (e.g., Durso & Sethumadhavan, 2008).
The role of meta-SA in predicting SA when individuals control air traffic with
automation support is investigated in this paper. Results have practical
implications for the development of SA training programs.

%M C.HFES.11.365
%T Team and Shared Situation Awareness in Disaster Action Teams
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE7 - Situation Awareness
%A Cuevas, Haydee M.
%A Jones, Rashaad E. T.
%A Mossey, Mary E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 365-369
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551075
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/365
%X Disaster Action Teams assist with American Red Cross disaster relief
operations by providing support and services to people who are affected by
local emergencies, such as fire or water damage to a home. Ensuring the
successful performance of these teams requires promoting not only the situation
awareness (SA) of individual team members, but also the SA of the team as a
whole as well as their shared SA. In this paper, we demonstrate how the
Goal-Directed Task Analysis methodology can be utilized to identify the
critical information requirements of Disaster Action Teams, at both the
individual and team level. We also illustrate how SA-Oriented Design Principles
can be applied to meet their information demands by effectively presenting
these information requirements.

%M C.HFES.11.370
%T Applying Knowledge and Confidence Information to Predict Achievement in
Forecasting
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE7 - Situation Awareness
%A Miller, Sarah
%A Kirlik, Alex
%A Hendren, Nathan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 370-374
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551076
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/370
%X In this paper, we explore the relationship between confidence and basic
knowledge information collected prior to a forecast and forecast performance
(i.e. achievement). Forecasters were asked at the beginning of the 2008 Major
League Baseball season to predict end-of-year performance in five statistical
categories for both hitters and pitchers. At the time of the initial forecast,
participants were asked to rate the confidence in their forecast (0-100 scale)
and were asked simple knowledge-based questions related to the player they were
making forecasts about (e.g. player position and team). A regression analysis
was used to compare the participant's performance on the statistical categories
with their knowledge and confidence. In general, there was a significant
relationship between performance in the statistical categories and both
knowledge and confidence when compared individually. However, given both
confidence and knowledge, confidence provides no additional significant
information.

%M C.HFES.11.375
%T The Effects of Design Features on Users' Trust in and Reliance on a Combat
Identification System
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE8 - Visualizations and Displays
%A Wang, Lu
%A Jamieson, Greg A.
%A Hollands, Justin G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 375-379
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551077
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/375
%X In a previous study, we found that users' trust in and reliance on an
individual combat identification system is influenced by the system's
reliability as well as users' awareness of the reliability. In this exploratory
study we test the effects of design features of the same system on users'
target identification performance as well as their trust in and reliance on the
system. In a simulated task environment, we varied the automation activation
mode (i.e., automatic vs. manual) and the presentation of the "unknown"
feedback (i.e., explicit vs. implicit). Participants responded fastest when the
"unknown" feedback was provided automatically with explicit indication. In
addition, participants trusted the explicit "unknown" feedback more than the
implicit feedback. However, neither reliance behavior nor identification
accuracy changed significantly across conditions. This study has implications
for the design of combat identification systems to achieve appropriate trust.
In addition, the results suggest that when studying trust in automation using a
simulation, it is important to simulate the design features.

%M C.HFES.11.380
%T Using Salience to Guide Searches in Digital Displays
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE8 - Visualizations and Displays
%A Kramer, Heidi S.
%A Drews, Frank A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 380-384
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551078
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/380
%X Technological innovations including software applications and the internet
have increased the ability to collect and store information. However, the
increasing amounts of information are used by operators who are constrained by
their limited cognitive processing capacity. One common approach to improve the
search for information in digital displays is the concept of increased
stimulus-driven salience to guide the user. To examine search efficiency,
sufficiency and decision accuracy we conducted an experiment to explore the
effect of the congruence of salience and relevance and the effect of salience
manipulation (position or size). Our study adapted the Wason selection task and
manipulated salience by size in a tag cloud and position in a list. The results
show that increased salience of relevant items does not insure an optimal
search. Care should be taken to match salience with relevance; however,
increased salience should not be expected to promote a sufficient search with
increased decision accuracy.

%M C.HFES.11.385
%T Interactive Visualizations to Improve Bayesian Reasoning
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE8 - Visualizations and Displays
%A Tsai, Jennifer
%A Miller, Sarah
%A Kirlik, Alex
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 385-389
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551079
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/385
%X Proper Bayesian reasoning is critical in a variety of domains that require
practitioners to make predictions about the probability of events contingent
upon earlier actions or events. However, much research on judgment has shown
that people who are unfamiliar with Bayes' Theorem often reason quite poorly
with conditional probabilities due to various cognitive biases. Owing to
previous successes of visualization techniques for debiasing judges and
improving judgment performance, we created an interactive computer
visualization designed to aid Bayes-naïve people in solving conditional
probability problems that would not require a training period to use, and would
be flexible enough to accommodate many problem types. Results are suggestive
that participants using our interactive visualization were able to
substantially improve their Bayesian reasoning performance above that of
previous debiasing methods. This finding has significant implications for
expanding the toolbox of techniques that can be used to more accurately elicit
predictions and forecasts from judges whose expertise lies beyond the realm of
statistics.

%M C.HFES.11.390
%T Ambiguity and Content Mapping among Display Types
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE8 - Visualizations and Displays
%A Holt, Jerred
%A Bennett, Kevin
%A Flach, John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 390-393
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551080
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/390
%X Abstract: The present study examines the efficacy of four display types. We
tested digital, bar graph, polar graphic (Coury, Boulette, & Smith, 1989)
and a coordinate display type. Participants completed a state classification
task as described by Coury et al. Results indicate a clear performance
difference among displays. The coordinate display showed significantly higher
response accuracy and lower response times. The polar graphic display performed
the poorest on both outcomes. Bar and digital displays demonstrated
approximately equivalent performance. These results lend further support to the
importance of ecological interface design and are consistent with the
principles of semantic mapping. Directions for further study are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.394
%T Comparing Rate-of-Change Cues in Trend Displays for a Process Control System
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE8 - Visualizations and Displays
%A Yin, Shanqing
%A Wickens, Christopher D.
%A Hong-Xiang, Pang
%A Helander, Martin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 394-398
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551081
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/394
%X This study explored whether explicitly presenting rate-of-change cues, an
information that is otherwise only implicitly derived in today's process
control operations, would benefit operator performance. Operators rely on
rate-of-change (ROC) information to help anticipate and arrest problems and
take early action. Currently ROC is derived implicitly via Trends displays,
which plot historical data over time. A simulated experiment conducted using
university undergraduates presented explicit rate-of-change (ROC) information,
either in numerical or linear-shape format, into a modified Trends displays.
Findings revealed performance improvement patterns and particularly strong
performance benefits when ROC was presented in linear-shape format. Results
provide first step towards integrating ROC representation into industry
displays.

%M C.HFES.11.399
%T Energy Management in Large Enterprises: A field study
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE9 - Models of Cognitive
Workflow and Readiness
%A Hilliard, Antony
%A Jamieson, Greg A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 399-403
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551082
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/399
%X Energy managers are responsible for controlling business energy consumption.
Wider adoption of energy management behavior would enable more efficient energy
systems; however the costs of current energy management tools, tasks and
training are beyond many small enterprises. Efforts to support more widespread
energy management would benefit from better understanding the expert cognitive
work performed at large enterprises. A preliminary study of this work was
conducted by interview and participant observation. Energy managers apply skill
in energy analysis, business management, and agreeable communication to
cost-effectively monitor and report business-relevant energy findings. These
activities are complicated by uncertainty in energy data and variability in
business structure, which introduce tradeoffs between costs of social data
interpretation and maintenance of complex datasets and models. To help clarify
debate on appropriate design of energy management tools, tasks, and training,
we propose four human-centered research topics of cues, trust, strategies, and
sensors.

%M C.HFES.11.404
%T Cognitive Readiness at the Tactical Level: A Review of Measures
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE9 - Models of Cognitive
Workflow and Readiness
%A Grier, Rebecca A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 404-408
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551083
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/404
%X The emerging concept of military Cognitive Readiness (CR) is focused on the
research and assessment of an individual's potential for performance in the
cognitively demanding area of military operations. In this paper, measures of
CR for use in the tactical environment are reviewed. To frame this review, the
paper begins with a discussion of the factors important to cognitive
performance in military operations. Recommendations for future work towards the
development of valid and practical CR measures for use in the tactical
environment are also provided.

%M C.HFES.11.409
%T An exploratory study of workflow support for tactical teams
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE9 - Models of Cognitive
Workflow and Readiness
%A St. John, Mark F.
%A Lacson, Frank C.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 409-413
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551084
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/409
%X Tactical teams need tools to support their collaboration and help coordinate
their workflow. We developed the concept of workflow coordinating
representations (WCRs) to provide a common workspace and coordination space.
Two questions are whether there are general good design properties for WCRs,
and whether there are limits to the types of tasks to which these properties
can be applied successfully. Experiment 1 examined a range of design properties
within a well-structured team task: collecting and analyzing biometric data
during a maritime interdiction operation. Naïve participants performed the
biometrics task and then rated the designs. A detailed WCR design that well
matched the workflow of the task was rated more highly than other designs.
Experiment 2 applied the detailed design to an ill-structured team task:
planning a military rescue mission. There was a WCR for organizing the
capabilities of each available asset and another WCR for laying out a detailed
timeline of events. Simple maps of the mission area were rated more highly as a
collaboration tool than the WCRs. The design properties that were effective for
the well-structured task did not benefit the brainstorming nature of the
ill-structured task, except for documenting a solution once the brainstorming
was complete.

%M C.HFES.11.414
%T A Cognitively-Based Competency Model for Small Unit Counter-IED Performance
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE9 - Models of Cognitive
Workflow and Readiness
%A Oden, Razia V. N.
%A Ross, Karol G.
%A Rivera, Iris D.
%A Phillips, Jennifer K.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 414-418
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551085
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/414
%X Competency modeling is the process by which skills and areas of knowledge to
perform a task are identified and associated with that job, task, or mission.
This technique is useful to uncover which particular knowledge and skill areas
are required for successful completion of a specific job or task. This paper
describes a cognitively-based competency model developed to understand the
types of tasks performed at the small unit level for counter-IED operations for
the purpose of developing assessment items. We conducted data collection using
a simulation interview protocol with Warfighters, and multiple raters coded
each interview to develop the competency model. The model consists of six
competencies, some of which have multiple sub-competencies, and the underlying
KSAs. This process is particularly useful in applied settings, and the pairing
of this type of data collection method and the competency model process can be
used in various domains, particularly cognitively challenging ones.

%M C.HFES.11.419
%T Improving Cognitive Effectiveness in Counterinsurgency Operational Planning
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE9 - Models of Cognitive
Workflow and Readiness
%A Ratwani, Raj
%A Lartigue, Lou
%A Chung, Lisa
%A Pepple, Darin
%A Todd, Kris
%A Zanol, James
%A Freedy, Elan
%A Horvath, Don
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 419-423
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551086
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/419
%X This paper describes a new software system that is designed to facilitate
the cognitive processes of the operational planning team in counterinsurgency
(COIN) environments. COIN environments pose many cognitive challenges to the
operational planner; planners must maintain situation awareness, reason with
numerous factors in the decision making process, and coordinate actions across
echelons to ensure that long term goals are being met. The software system,
called the Decision Infrastructure for Counterinsurgency Operational Planning
(DICOP), provides an analytical framework for the operational planner that
meets many of the cognitive challenges faced by the planning staff. DICOP
provides a method for organizing and tracking relevant situational data,
visualizing and modeling operational factors to facilitate decision making, and
identifying and planning courses of action. These methods for improving
cognitive effectiveness and the current field evaluation of DICOP in Iraq are
discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.424
%T Human-Automation Challenges for the Control of Unmanned Aerial Systems
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE10 - Addressing
Human-Automation Challenges for the Control of UAS
%A Fern, Lisa
%A Shively, R. Jay
%A Draper, Mark H.
%A Cooke, Nancy J.
%A Miller, Chris A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 424-428
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551087
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/424
%X The continuing proliferation in the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in
both civil and military operations has presented a multitude of human factors
challenges from how to bridge the gap between the demand and availability of
trained operators, to how to organize and present data in meaningful ways.
Underlying many of these challenges is the issue of how automation capabilities
can best be utilized to assist human operators manage increasing complexity and
workload. The purpose of this discussion panel is to examine current research
and perspectives on human automation interaction and how it relates to the
future of UAS control. The panel is composed of five well-known researchers,
all experts in the area of human-automation interaction. The range of topics
that the panelists will discuss includes: how automation taxonomies can be
applied to UAS design; opportunities to exploit automation capabilities in
multi-vehicle contexts; current examples of automation research results,
particularly in the area of multiple UAS control, and how they can be applied
for future UAS; and how to design automation to maximize UAS mission
effectiveness.

%M C.HFES.11.429
%T Human Factors Issues with Operating Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE11 - Human-Robot Interaction
%A Ho, Geoffrey
%A Pavlovic, Nada
%A Arrabito, Robert
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 429-433
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551088
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/429
%X There has been a great deal of human factors research on unmanned air and
ground vehicles, but there is very little research examining the unique human
factors problems associated with unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). The lack
of research is surprising considering the increased use and the envisioned
future use of UUVs in military maritime operations. In this paper, it is argued
that because the underwater environment is so harsh and challenging, operating
UUVs presents human factors problems that are different from the challenges of
surface unmanned systems. Several common human factors problems are discussed
when using unmanned systems, including the loss of sensory cues and spatial
awareness, the control of the remote vehicle, problems with situation awareness
and workload, and problems with trust in automation. In each case, these issues
are discussed with respect to underwater operations.

%M C.HFES.11.434
%T Effects of Alarms on Control of Robot Teams
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE11 - Human-Robot Interaction
%A Chien, Shih-Yi
%A Wang, Huadong
%A Lewis, Michael
%A Mehrotra, Siddharth
%A Sycara, Katia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 434-438
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551089
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/434
%X Annunciator driven supervisory control (ADSC) is a widely used technique for
directing human attention to control systems otherwise beyond their
capabilities. ADSC requires associating abnormal parameter values with alarms
in such a way that operator attention can be directed toward the involved
subsystems or conditions. This is hard to achieve in multirobot control because
it is difficult to distinguish abnormal conditions for states of a robot team.
For largely independent tasks such as foraging, however, self-reflection can
serve as a basis for alerting the operator to abnormalities of individual
robots. While the search for targets remains unalarmed the resulting system
approximates ADSC. The described experiment compares a control condition in
which operators perform a multirobot urban search and rescue (USAR) task
without alarms with ADSC (freely annunciated) and with a decision aid that
limits operator workload by showing only the top alarm. No differences were
found in area searched or victims found, however, operators in the freely
annunciated condition were faster in detecting both the annunciated failures
and victims entering their cameras' fields of view.

%M C.HFES.11.439
%T Location Label Speech Options Improve Robot Operator Performance
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE11 - Human-Robot Interaction
%A Cassenti, Daniel N.
%A Kelley, Troy D.
%A Avery, Erin
%A Yagoda, Rosemarie E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 439-443
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551090
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/439
%X Operators increasingly use speech communication to direct robots. Thus,
research on how robot operators may most effectively use speech communication
is increasingly important. If certain types of speech communication increase
performance then it is incumbent on robot designers to produce robots that
allow for these types of communication. An experiment was conducted as a follow
up to a previous experiment (Cassenti, Kelley, Swoboda, & Patton, 2009) to
test whether participants who were given the ability to use certain location
labels performed better than those who could only give direction commands
(i.e., turn right, move forward). The results indicated that robot performance
was improved when participants could direct a robot using location labels. We
interpret these results to suggest that robots which are designed to perform
indoor navigation have improved performance when participants can use location
labels for structural parts of a building (i.e., doors, halls, and rooms with
numerical labels). We recommend that the robotic platform used in the present
study be developed to recognize these location labels by incorporating visual
recognition algorithms and map incorporation skills.

%M C.HFES.11.444
%T Asynchronous Control with ATR for Large Robot Teams
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE11 - Human-Robot Interaction
%A Brooks, Nathan
%A Scerri, Paul
%A Sycara, Katia
%A Wang, Huadong
%A Chien, Shih-Yi
%A Lewis, Michael
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 444-448
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551091
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/444
%X In this paper, we discuss and investigate the advantages of an asynchronous
display, called "image queue", tested for an urban search and rescue foraging
task. The image queue approach mines video data to present the operator with a
relevant and comprehensive view of the environment by selecting a small number
of images that together cover large portions of the area searched. This
asynchronous approach allows operators to search through a large amount of data
gathered by autonomous robot teams, and allows comprehensive and scalable
displays to obtain a network-centric perspective for unmanned ground vehicles
(UGVs). In the reported experiment automatic target recognition (ATR) was used
to augment utilities based on visual coverage in selecting imagery for
presentation to the operator. In the cued condition a box was drawn in the
region in which a possible target was detected. In the no-cue condition no box
was drawn although the target detection probability continued to play a role in
the selection of imagery. We found that operators using the image queue
displays missed fewer victims and relied on teleoperation less often than those
using streaming video. Image queue users in the no-cue condition did better in
avoiding false alarms and reported lower workload than those in the cued
condition.

%M C.HFES.11.449
%T Providing the Right Amount of Detail: Implications for Map and Icon Display
in a Robotic Search Task
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE11 - Human-Robot Interaction
%A McDermott, Patricia L.
%A Chadwick, Roger
%A Riley, Jennifer M.
%A Fisher, Alia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 449-453
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551092
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/449
%X An experiment was constructed to provide guidance regarding how much
information should be displayed to operators performing remote robotic tasks.
Display features were designed to address some of the challenges facing robotic
operators -- reconciling views from different sources, understanding teammate
location and orientation, and maintaining spatial awareness of the unmanned
vehicle location in relation to mission-relevant landmarks. We added
information about orientation and history to teammate position icons and tested
their usefulness. In addition, we tested the usefulness of two different types
of maps: a detailed satellite map and a more traditional block map. We found
that the simple block map better supported performance in this context and that
adding information to the position icon did not aid performance. Implications
and rationale are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.454
%T From Teleoperation to Teammate: Applying Theory and Method from the
Cognitive and Computational Sciences to Create Human-Robot Teams
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE12 - From Teleoperation to
Teammate: Applying Theory and Method from the Cognitive and Computational
Sciences to Create Human-Robot Teams
%A Shumaker, Randall
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 454-455
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551093
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/454
%X The current generation of advanced robots essentially considers the external
world, including humans, vehicles, and other robots, as navigational issues
rather than as team members, opponents, or part of the ambient culture. But
robotic systems need true Soldier-Robot Teams where each part of the team
understands the roles, responsibilities, and required actions of the others and
has the capability to provide the communication necessary to make the team
successful. Accomplishing this within a mission context, accepted military
doctrine, and social norms of the society in which the human-robot teams
operate, represents a major theoretical and technological challenge for
research in human-robot teams.

%M C.HFES.11.456
%T A Research Approach to Shared Mental Models and Situation Assessment in
Future Robot Teams
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE12 - From Teleoperation to
Teammate: Applying Theory and Method from the Cognitive and Computational
Sciences to Create Human-Robot Teams
%A Schuster, David
%A Ososky, Scott
%A Jentsch, Florian
%A Phillips, Elizabeth
%A Lebiere, Christian
%A Evans, William A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 456-460
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551094
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/456
%X Understanding team cognition requires a multifaceted research approach,
aimed at understanding individual and team cognition within and across humans
and agents. Measurement and prediction of mental models and situation awareness
(SA) of humans, robotic agents, and teams are needed to understand the
knowledge required for advanced human-robot team performance. In this paper, we
present a research approach to understanding shared mental models (SMMs) and SA
with respect to human-robot teams. Having shared and accurate mental models
will allow for human and robotic teammates to understand each other's roles and
tasks and also provide a level of predictive behavior that allows teammates to
anticipate each other's needs. Incorporating robotic agents' input into team SA
will improve the adaptive capability of the team. Combined with SA, SMMs can
provide a deeper understanding of the happenings in the mission environment.

%M C.HFES.11.461
%T Defining Next-Generation Multi-Modal Communication in Human Robot
Interaction
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE12 - From Teleoperation to
Teammate: Applying Theory and Method from the Cognitive and Computational
Sciences to Create Human-Robot Teams
%A Lackey, Stephanie
%A Barber, Daniel
%A Reinerman, Lauren
%A Badler, Norman I.
%A Hudson, Irwin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 461-464
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551095
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/461
%X With teleoperation being the contemporary standard for Human Robot
Interaction (HRI), research into multi-modal communication (MMC) has focused on
development of advanced Operator Control Units (OCU) supporting control of one
or more robots. However, with advances being made to improve the perception,
intelligence, and mobility of robots, a need exists to revolutionize the ways
in which Soldiers interact with robotic team members. Within this future
vision, mixed-initiative Soldier-Robot (SR) teams will work collaboratively
sharing information back-and-forth in a fluid natural manner using combinations
of communication methods. Therefore, new definitions are required to focus
research efforts to support next-generation MMC. After a thorough survey of the
literature and a scientific workshop on the topic, this paper aims to
operationally define MMC, Explicit Communication, and Implicit Communication to
encompass the shifting paradigm of HRI from a controller/controlled
relationship to a cooperative team mate relationship. This paper presents the
results from a survey of the literature and a scientific workshop that inform
proposed definitions for multi-modal, explicit, and implicit communication. An
illustrative scenario vignette provides context and specific examples of each
communication type. Finally, future research efforts are summarized.

%M C.HFES.11.465
%T Human-Robot Teams Collaborating Socially, Organizationally, and Culturally
%S Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: CE12 - From Teleoperation to
Teammate: Applying Theory and Method from the Cognitive and Computational
Sciences to Create Human-Robot Teams
%A Fiore, Stephen M.
%A Badler, Norman L.
%A Boloni, Lotzi
%A Goodrich, Michael A.
%A Wu, Annie S.
%A Chen, Jessie
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 465-469
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551096
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/465
%X We describe an approach examining multi-level collaboration challenges by
integrating social, organizational, and cultural factors for human-robot teams
operating in the real world. We discuss the research at three levels of social
interaction: within a team, within a social environment, and within a culture.
We first describe research exploring psychologically and biologically inspired
models of behavior to extend the capabilities of heterogeneous multi-human,
multi-robot teams. We then discuss research issues that must be addressed to
provide insights on how robots can correctly vary actions in response to
cultural populations and geospatial environments by recognizing and properly
interpreting human configurations, cultural artifacts and behaviors. The goal
is to make it possible for robots to function effectively within dynamic
operational and social situations.

%M C.HFES.11.470
%T Text-Speak processing
%S Communications: C2 - Communications Potpourri
%A Head, James R.
%A Helton, William S.
%A Neumann, Ewald
%A Russell, Paul N.
%A Shears, Connie
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 470-474
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551097
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/470
%X There has been a steady shift from more traditional means of communication
(e.g., hand written letters) to more electronically based (e.g., text
messaging) (Crystal, 2008). This shift in communication style has influenced
both civilian and military occupations (Turkoski, 2009; Finomore, et al.,
2010). The current study investigated whether text-speak (method for shortening
words or phrases) provides semantic value. A text-speak proficiency scale was
also created in order to determine if the extent of text-speak use correlates
with behavioral performance. Eighty-seven university students completed a
masked priming experiment coupled with an 8-item text-speak scale. The masked
priming experiment yielded significant priming indicating that text-speak
primes are semantically meaningful, because they facilitate responding to their
word counterpart even when the prime is processed unconsciously. The 8-item
scale yielded a correlation between willingness to use text speak and magnitude
of priming. These findings suggest that the 8-item scale may be useful in
assessing text-speak behavior and aid in a better understanding of the role of
text.

%M C.HFES.11.475
%T An Investigation on the Effects of Flow State on Team Process and Outcomes
%S Communications: C2 - Communications Potpourri
%A Heyne, Kyle
%A Pavlas, Davin
%A Salas, Eduardo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 475-479
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551098
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/475
%X There has been an abundance of research on flow state at the individual
level and it is often applied to experiences that are typically intended to be
enjoyable (e.g., video games and sports). Research has shown that flow state
can also be experienced in traditional work environments and several
antecedents to its achievement in such environments have been identified.
Despite this, there remains some ambiguity regarding the applicability of flow
state to teams. Additionally, the majority of the research regarding the
experience of flow state in teams revolves around athletic teams. In this paper
an argument is presented towards the view that the effect of flow state on team
performance is similar to the effect of flow state on individuals but with an
additional impact on team processes. The experiment conducted yielded results
suggesting a linkage between team flow state and team processes and performance
for a complex planning task.

%M C.HFES.11.480
%T Evaluation Tools to Aid Command and Control Operators in Chat-Based
Communication Monitoring
%S Communications: C2 - Communications Potpourri
%A Satterfield, Kelly
%A Finomore, Victor
%A Castle, Courtney
%A Warm, Joel
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 480-484
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551099
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/480
%X Command and Control operators rely heavily on text-chat communications to
efficiently plan, direct, coordinate, and control assets. This communication
intensive environment imposes a high degree of workload on operators thus
resulting in failures of detection or comprehension of messages. This study
examined the performance and workload associated with monitoring chat
communication with access to features that allow for speech-to-text input as
well as the highlighting of keywords. Operators monitored and responded to the
occurrence of critical signals presented during a 10-minute chat monitoring
task. Performance was analyzed with regard to message detection as well as
measures of perceived mental workload. Data showed that voice response results
in more detections than typing and that keyword highlighting also aids in
overall detection. Voice response and keyword highlighting can be beneficial
tools to operators monitoring chat because they afford quick and accurate text
input thus allowing operators to maintain awareness of their display and reduce
their workload.

%M C.HFES.11.485
%T A New Method to Evaluate Gaze Behavior Patterns in Doctor-Patient
Interaction
%S Communications: C2 - Communications Potpourri
%A Xu, Jie
%A Asan, Onur
%A Montague, Enid N. H.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 485-489
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551100
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/485
%X Eye gaze behavior is considered an important aspect of doctor-patient
nonverbal interaction process in a clinical encounter. Previous research shows
that eye gaze behavior patterns works as part of a doctor's communication style
and affects certain medical outcomes. New interventions (behavioral and
technological) are continuously being introduced to the clinical encounters due
to health care work system redesign and there is a need to evaluate the impact
of these interventions on communication. The aim of this study was to develop a
systematic approach to evaluate eye gaze behavior patterns using video coding
and lag sequential analysis technique. Thirty-two clinical encounters with two
interaction styles were analyzed. Differences and similarities in eye gaze
behavior pattern were found in the two styles. Implications for interventions
and evaluation in doctor-patient interaction are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.490
%T Comparing Remote and In-person Collaboration in Three Virtual Tasks Using a
Two-handed Interface
%S Communications: C2 - Communications Potpourri
%A Seagull, F. Jacob
%A Clanton, Tameka
%A Yoganandan, Arun
%A Jerald, Jason
%A Mlyniec, Paul
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 490-494
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551101
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/490
%X We describe an immersive and distributed 3D medical system that uses a
Two-Handed Interface (THI) to enable intuitive interaction with multimedia
objects and space. Previous studies have shown a THI to be useful compared to
standard keyboard-and mouse interfaces. The current work examined the utility
of a THI in virtual, avatar-to-avatar collaboration (i.e. two THI users in a
shared virtual space, with one acting as a subject and one as a mentor).
Twenty-five medically trained participants carried out the tasks of (1)
navigation through virtual environments, (2) acquisition of shared visual
perspective, and (3) precision manipulation of virtual objects. All tasks were
carried out by each participant in face-to-face and in avatarto-avatar
mentoring conditions. Results show avatar-to-avatar collaboration to be faster
on all three types of tasks than face-to-face collaboration (p<.01). Using a
THI, virtual telecollaboration was more effective than in-person collaboration
in these virtual tasks.

%M C.HFES.11.495
%T Communicating Image Content
%S Computer Systems: CS1 - Information Display and Control
%A Tang, Lisa
%A Carter, Jim A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 495-499
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551102
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/495
%X While a picture is worth a thousand words, do you know what those words are
communicating? The Internet is filled with visual graphics to present
information, complement textual content, and/or add visual appeal. What happens
if you or the user cannot see the images or visual content? How will you get
the same information? Although containers for providing textual information
(known as alternative text) for images already exist, most web pages do not
utilize them. Even when alternative text is available, the descriptions are
often vague and uninformative. This paper reports on activities to provide
guidance, a procedure for describing images, and a tool to support the creation
of informative alternative text for all types of images. Evaluations of the
procedure and tool confirm the promise of this approach, and have identified
several improvements to increase usability.

%M C.HFES.11.500
%T Video-based Performance Support Development for an Online Management
Information System
%S Computer Systems: CS1 - Information Display and Control
%A Ruffner, John W.
%A Sammons, Amy D.
%A Tewkesbury, Wayne R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 500-504
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551103
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/500
%X The U.S. Defense Ammunition Center (DAC) has a mission to provide ammunition
and explosives safety instruction, training, and logistics support to
Department of Defense (DoD) military and civilian personnel worldwide. To
effectively support its ammunition readiness mission, DAC collects, organizes,
manages and disseminates information and knowledge that is both current and
pertinent to the ammunition community. A major component of the DAC Knowledge
Management strategy is the use of an online management information system (MIS)
for controlling the use of different classes of ammunition. A key tool for
successfully using an online MIS is an online performance support system. We
discuss our efforts to develop a video-based performance support system for the
U.S. Army's Total Ammunition Management Information System (TAMIS), lessons
learned, next steps, and the practice implications for the human factors,
information technology, and knowledge management communities.

%M C.HFES.11.505
%T A Comparison of Communicative Modes for Map-Based Tasking
%S Computer Systems: CS1 - Information Display and Control
%A Hooten, Eli R.
%A Hayes, Sean T.
%A Adams, Julie A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 505-509
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551104
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/505
%X Effective communication is critical to search and rescue, disaster response,
and military operations. This paper discusses the design of a mobile, map-based
tasking interface that leverages visual-communicative methods that will lead to
facilitating effective communication to deployed personnel. A Communications
Mode was developed to allow for the reliable and rapid transfer of information.
The Communications Mode was tested via a user evaluation and found to be
superior to auditory communication and as good as visual communication using
paper maps for the communication of task-specific information.

%M C.HFES.11.510
%T Modeling the Orientation of Graphical Objects on Computer Displays Using
Indented Mouse Wheels
%S Computer Systems: CS1 - Information Display and Control
%A Pastel, Robert
%A Ward, Paul
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 510-514
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551105
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/510
%X Graphic designers and model builders frequently rotate graphical objects on
computer displays to make a drawing or scene. This experiment measured the
movement time and error rate for participants to rotate sectors with various
angular widths within larger target sectors with various angular tolerances,
using a mouse wheel with discrete physical indentations. Tolerances were varied
from very precise and difficult (a single mouse wheel position) to very gross
and easy. The analysis modeled orienting by dividing the total movement time
into three periods in order to determine the separate effects of the object
angular width, angular tolerance and amplitude. The results explain that the
mouse wheel with physically discrete indentions is particularly adept at
precise orienting but slow at rotating the object through large angles.

%M C.HFES.11.515
%T Evaluation of Multiparameter Vibrotactile Display Designs to Support
Physiological Monitoring Performance in Anesthesiology
%S Computer Systems: CS1 - Information Display and Control
%A Ferris, Thomas
%A Sarter, Nadine
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 515-519
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551061
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/515
%X The task set of anesthesiologists, like those of operators in many data-rich
work domains, is characterized by heavy demand for visual and auditory
resources. Employing tactile displays can offload some of this demand,
potentially improving performance in tasks related to patient care during
surgery, such as monitoring and managing multiple physiological systems. The
current study compared anesthesiologists' performance in an immersive patient
simulator under four different physiological data display configurations:
standard visual and auditory displays alone, and with the addition of three
different vibrotactile display designs. Findings show that physiological
management performance improved with the vibrotactile displays, compared to
with standard displays alone. The best performance was found with
"continuously-informing" vibrotactile displays which increased signal salience
as represented parameters approached unsafe levels. The findings from this
study have implications for tactile display design, as well as the study of
tactile and multimodal information processing in attentionally-demanding
environments.

%M C.HFES.11.520
%T Facing the Human Factors Challenges in Game Design: A Discussion Panel
%S Computer Systems: CS2 - Human Factors in Games: Research and Development
Challenges
%A Portnoy, Felix
%A Aseron, Rob
%A Harrington, Maria
%A Kremer, Kathleen
%A Nichols, Tim
%A Zammitto, Veronica
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 520-524
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551106
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/520
%X The game industry has been expanding exponentially in the past decades,
mainly by making games more appealing to a wider audience. In addition, the
level of complexity in control interfaces and graphics has increased steadily.
As a result, there is a growing demand for human factors and ergonomics
practitioners to ensure the users' engagement. Furthermore, the gaming domain
provides an opportunity to expand human factors research in the academia.
Therefore, the goal of this panel is to introduce the audience to the present
research and development techniques that human factors practitioners utilize in
this domain. Specifically, we will review and demonstrate the unique human
factors challenges in Internet social games, console video games, and
educational games for children and teens using a variety of unique interfaces,
such as virtual reality, tactile controls, and gesture recognition.

%M C.HFES.11.525
%T A Service Learning Case Study for the Ergonomics Classroom
%S Education: E1 - The Practice of Pedagogy
%A Stanley, Laura
%A Hoyt, Tawny
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 525-529
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551107
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/525
%X Applications of human factors and ergonomics in the design process have
great potential in a service learning setting. During the 2009 and 2010 fall
semesters, a national competition for designing work aids for disabled persons
was integrated as a service learning term project in a senior level
undergraduate course entitled "Human Factors and Ergonomics I." This project
provided students with hands-on experience in applying both engineering skills
(based upon the ABET a-k outcomes) and ergonomics principles to designing for
special populations. Throughout the semester students worked one-on-one with an
assigned disabled client and the client's vocational aide in applying concepts
learned during the course. The project's objective was to develop an assistive
device that would empower their client with disabilities to overcome barriers
to employment. This included enabling their clients to perform their jobs with
greater ease and efficiency and in some cases with complete independence. In
order to encourage a more widespread adoption of service learning within human
factors and ergonomics education, this paper describes one application of a
service learning project that can be applied across a variety of human factors
and ergonomics courses.

%M C.HFES.11.530
%T Educational and Skill Needs of New Human Factors/Ergonomics Professionals
%S Education: E1 - The Practice of Pedagogy
%A Rantanen, Esa M.
%A Moroney, William F.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 530-534
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551108
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/530
%X The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society's Education and Training Committee
and the Early Career Committee identified the need to evaluate the
effectiveness of graduate education in the field of human factors/ergonomics
and identify areas requiring improvement. Consequently, a survey was
constructed for this purpose. Fifty-two new professionals responded to the
survey. While most of these individuals come from the traditional fields of
psychology and engineering, many represented multiple disciplines including
architecture, safety, IT, and kinesiology. New professionals made heavy use of
online non-refereed sources as well as professional websites. While no
particular topic in their college experience was deemed superfluous, they
indicated a need for design experiences, exposure to the processes used in the
"hard" engineering disciplines, how to communicate as a member of an
interdisciplinary team. The most common academic areas that the respondents
wished had been addressed in greater depth during their educational experience
were research methods and statistics, application of knowledge learned, and
various aspects of design. The survey also validated the Ergonomist Formation
Model of the Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics (BCPE).

%M C.HFES.11.535
%T Applied Experimental Psychology: A Capstone Course for Undergraduate
Psychology Degree Programs
%S Education: E1 - The Practice of Pedagogy
%A Beer, Jenay M.
%A McBride, Sara E.
%A Adams, Anne E.
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 535-539
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551109
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/535
%X Learning-by-doing and a transgenerational educational format are
incorporated into a semesterlong undergraduate capstone course. The goal of the
course is to provide students with an understanding of the fundamentals of
applied experimental psychology (e.g., applications of methods), and using that
understanding in the context of design. Students participate in seminar-style
class meetings and a weekly laboratory meeting. Every class meeting is devoted
to discussing a reading assignment related to the fundamentals of aging, as
well as a breadth of applied experimental psychology domains. The students are
encouraged to engage in collaborative discussion to critique the main points of
the reading. In the laboratory, each student learns about and applies human
factors methods. The students work in teams and develop a project in which they
apply their fundamental knowledge of experimental psychology to the domain of
successful aging. Each team develops or redesigns a technology, device, or
environment to aid older adults to live independently, maintain their health,
and/or improve their well-being. Transgenerational education is promoted
through the students' interaction with a panel of elders, who participate in
user testing and feedback. The students and older adults alike reported that
the course is beneficial. Students learned about the fundamentals of applying
experimental psychology and aging, whereas older adults increased their
awareness of technology development and how technology can impact successful
aging.

%M C.HFES.11.540
%T The Impact of Disciplinary Balance on Interdisciplinary Teamwork: A
Comparative Case Study of Interdisciplinary Product Design Teams
%S Education: E1 - The Practice of Pedagogy
%A Kim, Kahyun
%A McNair, Lisa D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 540-544
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551110
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/540
%X This study presents results from a comparative case study of
interdisciplinary product design teams from two consecutive years under
non-balanced and balanced disciplinary conditions. The main difference between
the two conditions was the hands-on exercise modules focusing on each
discipline (e.g., electronic prototyping exercise) used for the balanced
condition. The purpose of this paper was to examine cultural traits of
different disciplines (Electrical & Computer Engineering, Industrial
Design, and Marketing) using questionnaires and show the impact of disciplinary
balance on the effectiveness of interdisciplinary product design teams through
qualitative analysis of team meetings and products. The results indicated that
the teams under the balanced disciplinary condition showed higher
effectiveness. Implications and the future direction for the work are also
described.

%M C.HFES.11.545
%T A Studio-Based Approach to Teaching Ergonomics and Human Factors
%S Education: E1 - The Practice of Pedagogy
%A Moody, Laura
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 545-549
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551111
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/545
%X This paper describes the development of a studio-based approach for teaching
ergonomics and human factors to undergraduate engineering students.
Studio-based methods in engineering education draw on the concept of a "design
studio" as the basis for learning and applying fundamental skills and knowledge
through a series of directed exploration and design projects under the guidance
of the course instructor. The use of these methods for teaching foundational
courses in ergonomics and human factors is especially promising, as laboratory
experiences and design projects are often an integral part of the course.

%M C.HFES.11.550
%T Promoting Interactions with Technology: Review of a College-Wide Tablet PC
Program
%S Education: E2 - The Science of Pedagogy
%A Kim, Kahyun
%A Horton, Leanna M.
%A Amelink, Catherine T.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 550-554
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551112
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/550
%X In this paper, we describe findings from an empirical review of a
college-wide Tablet PC program at Virginia tech five years after the program's
inception. Data were collected through a student survey (n=1090) and focus
groups with students (n=21) and semi-structured interviews with faculty members
(n=4) were conducted. The findings suggested that the use of Tablet PCs with
collaborative software promoted various types of faculty-student (e.g.
real-time feedback, active engagement) and student-student interactions (e.g.,
online collaboration for co-located teams, virtual meetings). Additionally,
students who use Tablet PCs in more courses showed higher level of engagement
in classroom interactions. Recommendations for incorporating Tablet PCs into
classrooms based on the findings are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.555
%T An Investigation of Learning Style and Discipline in a Human Factors Course
%S Education: E2 - The Science of Pedagogy
%A Schall, Mark C., Jr.
%A Rusch, Michelle L.
%A Thomas, Geb
%A Lee, John D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 555-559
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551113
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/555
%X This study investigated adjustments made to learning materials for an
Industrial Engineering Human Factors course at a public research university in
the United States. Adjustments were made in an attempt to improve student
comprehension of course content. Modifications included creating alternative
homework assignments, design exercises, active classroom learning lessons, and
lecture presentations to accommodate learning styles defined by Kolb's
experiential learning theory. The same instructor taught the course before and
after adjustment. Performance scores (e.g. homework, quizzes, exams) were used
to evaluate whether or not the changes in course materials were associated with
an improvement in student comprehension of material. Results suggested that
while the adjusted materials educated all learning styles similarly, they did
not significantly improve student performance. Significant differences were
found across various disciplines; however, adjustments reduced these
differences over the course of the semester.

%M C.HFES.11.560
%T Ergonomics of Learning Environments -- Designs with Strong, Equivocal or
Poor Returns on Educational Investment
%S Education: E2 - The Science of Pedagogy
%A Smith, Thomas J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 560-564
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551114
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/560
%X This report introduces evidence for the conclusion that a common theme
underlies almost all proposed solutions for improving the performance of K-12
students, namely their reliance on the design of educational system
environments, features and operations. Two categories of design factors
impacting such performance are addressed: (1) 10 factors reliably shown to have
a strong influence; and (2) 10 factors with an equivocal or weak influence. It
is concluded that: (1) student learning outcomes, and more broadly the edifice
of education itself, are largely defined in terms of an extensive system of
design factors and conditions; and (2) educators should emphasize allocation of
resources to positive impact design factors.

%M C.HFES.11.565
%T Metacognitive Prompting as a Generalizable Instructional Tool in
Simulation-Based Training
%S Education: E2 - The Science of Pedagogy
%A Fiorella, Logan
%A Vogel-Walcutt, Jennifer J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 565-569
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551115
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/565
%X Instructional strategies for improved learning often lack the ability to be
applied to domains with differing learning goals. This study expanded on our
previous work to investigate whether metacognitive prompting can be utilized as
a broadly applied training intervention within a simulation-based training
environment. Participants in the experimental group were provided metacognitive
prompts following decisions made during simulation-based training scenarios and
were compared to a control group that did not receive prompting. Results
indicate that metacognitive prompting may enhance the acquisition of conceptual
knowledge; however, it did not improve the ability to transfer this knowledge
to a novel situation. The study also provided evidence of a possible
interaction effect between self-reported cognitive load and condition,
suggesting that prompting may provide learners with an enhanced capacity to
attend to and process additional information present in their environment.

%M C.HFES.11.570
%T Learning from Multiphase Diagrams: Effects of Spatial Ability and
Visuospatial Working Memory Capacity
%S Education: E2 - The Science of Pedagogy
%A Kline, Keith A.
%A Catrambone, Richard
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 570-574
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551116
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/570
%X High spatial ability or visuospatial working memory sometimes enhances
peoples' ability to learn from good multimedia instructions and other times
compensates for poor instructional designs. This pattern of enhancement and
compensation might be an artifact of pairwise comparisons between instructional
conditions. In the present study three instructional conditions were designed
to examine both potential patterns of interaction. Participants learned about
physical or biological systems from either text (the nominally poor instruction
condition), text with a single phase diagram (the medium quality condition), or
multiphase diagrams integrated with text (the good instruction condition).
Greater spatial ability was associated with better learning in all three
conditions, whereas greater visuospatial working memory was associated with
better learning in the multiphase diagrams condition and unrelated to
performance in the other two conditions. A main effect of instructional
condition was also found, with better learning in the multiphase diagrams
condition. The results have practical implications for instructional design and
theoretical implications regarding the cognitive processes that underlie
learning from multiphase diagrams.

%M C.HFES.11.575
%T Color and wayfinding: a research in a hospital environment
%S Environmental Design: ED1 - Color and Wayfinding: Research in a Hospital
Environment
%A Rangel, Marcia
%A Alvão, Claudia Mont'
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 575-578
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551117
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/575
%X This paper presents some results of a larger study -- in human factors field
-- designed to follow-up the interrelationships between users and the hospital
environment, regarding its spatial orientation. Among some tools that were
used, here are presented the results of a questionnaire that contains several
questions about user's perception of hospital's environment, perception of
colors, comparing it colors to a color scale and also questions proposed by
Lawton and Kallai' Scale (2002) that compares wayfinding spatial strategies
among gender.

%M C.HFES.11.579
%T The aircraft interior comfort experience of 10,032 passengers
%S Environmental Design: ED2 - Environmental Design Potpourri
%A Vink, P.
%A van Mastrigt, S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 579-583
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551118
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/579
%X One airline strategy aimed at selling more tickets is to provide a superior
comfort experience. However, only a small amount of public scientific
information is available addressing the passenger's opinion on comfort. In this
study, 10,032 internet trip reports were used to gather opinions about aspects
which need to be improved in order to design a more comfortable aircraft
interior. The results show clear relationships between comfort and leg room,
hygiene, crew attention and seat. Passengers rate the newer planes
significantly better than older ones, indicating that attention to design for
comfort has proven effective. The study also shows that rude flight attendants
and bad hygiene reduce the comfort experience drastically.

%M C.HFES.11.584
%T Research in Motion: A Case Study Evaluating the Accessibility of Public
Transit in our Nation's Capital
%S Environmental Design: ED2 - Environmental Design Potpourri
%A Vredenburgh, Alison G.
%A Zackowitz, Ilene B.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 584-588
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551119
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/584
%X Although the Americans with Disabilities Act was passed by Congress two
decades ago, there are still public facilities that have a long way to go in
order to meet the goal of being "barrier-free." Unfortunately, some of these
places include public transportation systems that many people with disabilities
rely on daily. During a recent consulting job regarding accessibility and
environmental design, we decided to put the public Metro system in Washington,
DC to the test. We wanted to determine how easy it is to access and use the
system for people who rely on wheelchairs. We were surprised that this case
study revealed serious and multiple barriers to accessibility. We learned that
many human factors issues regarding accessible design were not achieved by this
system, even at a modest level.

%M C.HFES.11.589
%T Universal Design in Multi-Unit Housing
%S Environmental Design: ED2 - Environmental Design Potpourri
%A Needles, Tracy
%A Feathers, David
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 589-593
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551120
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/589
%X When applied to multi-unit or apartment buildings, Universal Design (UD) has
the potential to enhance both the physical and psychological environment for a
large number of tenants and guests. Combining both public and private spaces,
apartment buildings are unique in their design, allowing UD to be more
effective in its application. This research project used multiple methods and
applied these methods to two existing apartment buildings: one that applied UD,
one that did not, in order to explain the way UD effects this environment in
practice. This research project shows that when applied effectively, UD can
increase the perceived quality of private apartments and reduce architectural
stigmas to provide a more accessible and functional environment for all.
Although there is still a knowledge barrier to UD's widespread use, UD has the
potential to have an impact on current and future tenants when applied to
apartment buildings.

%M C.HFES.11.594
%T Evaluating the Impact of an Office Ergonomics Program
%S Environmental Design: ED2 - Environmental Design Potpourri
%A Hedge, Alan
%A Puleio, Jonathan
%A Wang, Vincent
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 594-598
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551121
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/594
%X Workers in a New York City department participated in an office ergonomics
training program and voluntarily completed a survey of work-related
musculoskeletal symptoms (WRMSs). Results of the survey were used to guide
ergonomic interventions and sixty days later employees voluntarily completed a
follow-up WRMS survey. Complete data for full-time employees who had completed
both surveys was analyzed (1,504 employees). Results showed significant
reductions in the prevalence, frequency, severity and degree of debilitation
with the ergonomic interventions for a number of WRMSs. Results also showed the
effects of chair design characteristics on certain upper body WRMSs.
Implications of this work are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.599
%T Ergonomics and the Built Environment: Recommendations for Wall Outlet Height
%S Environmental Design: ED2 - Environmental Design Potpourri
%A Wang, Wenjiao
%A Joines, Sharon
%A Vance, Sean
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 599-603
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551122
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/599
%X In United States, maids and housekeeping cleaners had an incidence rate of
64.4 for total exertions, 28.8 for lifting over exertions, 7.5 for repetitive
motion injuries in 2008. This paper addresses the intersection of ergonomics
and the built environment by exploring one aspect of the built environment
(wall outlet height) on the user (occupant or employee). The results showed
that for able body individuals, wall outlet heights located between 101-91 cm
are recommended. For wheelchair users, lower heights (such as 61-71 cm) may be
better design choices. To accommodate all participants, a mid-height location
(e.g. 71 cm) is recommended.

%M C.HFES.11.604
%T What Do Human Factors/Ergonomics Experts Have to Tell Juries That They Don't
Know -- But May Think They Know?
%S Forensics Professional: FP1 - What Do Human Factors/Ergonomics Experts Have
to Tell Juries That They Don't Already Know - But May Think They Know?
%A Laughery, Kenneth R., Sr.
%A Wogalter, Michael S.
%A Nemire, Kenneth E.
%A Vredenburgh, Alison G.
%A Kalsher, Michael J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 604-607
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551123
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/604
%X Product liability and personal injury litigation frequently involves
circumstances where an injury or property damage occurred as humans were
interacting with products and/or environments while performing some task. Human
Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) professionals are often involved as experts in these
cases. The question addressed here is what benefits do juries derive from HFE
expert testimony. In this session five panelists with experience as expert
witnesses each describe a case that illustrates HFE testimony. Examples of
issues addressed are sensory/perceptual limitations, attention capture and
capacity, and induced errors. The presentations focus on issues where expert
testimony would likely benefit jury understanding technical topics about which
jurors may know little about or have misconceptions.

%M C.HFES.11.608
%T Participation on Voluntary Committees for Standards and Codes by Forensic
Practitioners -- A Win-Win Combination
%S Forensics Professional: FP2 - Participation on Voluntary Committees for
Standards and Codes by Forensic Practitioners: A Win-Win Combination
%A Deppa, Shelley Waters
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 608-612
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551124
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/608
%X This alternative format session synthesizes the experiences of five,
diverse, forensic human factors practitioners who have actively participated in
widely varying voluntary committees for standards and codes and found similar
benefits of performing this work. Although such work is typically
non-compensated, actively participating on voluntary standards committees can
benefit society by improving safety standards and codes and simultaneously
benefit the forensic human factors professional through contacts and
networking, increased knowledge, technical expertise, and professional
credibility. A strong need exists for more human factors input on voluntary
committees. It is the authors' hope that sharing their individual experiences
will persuade other forensic human factors practitioners to similarly join in
this mutually beneficial volunteer work.

%M C.HFES.11.613
%T Past President's Forum Human Factors in NextGen Operations: Progress and
Perspectives
%S General Sessions: GS1 - Past President's Forum - Human Factors in NextGen
Operations: Progress and Perspectives
%A Mosier, Kathleen L.
%A McCloy, Tom
%A Piccione, Dino
%A Jacobsen, Alan R.
%A Nelson, Paul
%A Davis, Melvin S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 613
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551457
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/613
%X The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) will entail
significant changes in roles and responsibilities of participants, more and
more sophisticated automation, and requirements for precise flight to enable
safe and efficient operations. Human factors research and development related
to all aspects of human-system integration (HSI) comprise key components for
the success of this initiative. A HSI Roadmap based on operational improvements
and requirements for NextGen was developed to facilitate research and workforce
support activities and capabilities. The intent of this forum is to discuss the
most important NextGen HSI issues and the progress made on the HSI Roadmap.
Additionally, representatives from the principal stakeholder groups will offer
their perspectives on the complexities and challenges for NextGen operations.

%M C.HFES.11.614
%T National Research Council Board on Human-Systems Integration Special Panel
Session: Human Factors and Home Health Care
%S General Sessions: GS2 - National Research Council Board on Human-Systems
Integration Special Panel Session: Human Factors and Home Health Care
%A Marras, William S.
%A Wanchisen, Barbara
%A Czaja, Sara J.
%A Gibbons, Chris
%A Mathews, Judith
%A Story, Molly
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 614
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551458
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/614
%X Health care is increasingly occurring in home settings rather than in
professional medical settings, and consumers are expected to engage in a wide
range of health-care tasks using wide varieties of technology and equipment.
The Board on Human-Systems Integration (BOHSI) at the National Research Council
(NRC) recently provided oversight on a study funded by the Agency for Health
Care Research and Quality to examine the current state of health care in the
home and identify existing problems and opportunities for improvement of care
through the application of human factors/ergonomics knowledge and methods. This
panel will present the highlights of the findings of that study, and panelists
will discuss the increasingly important role of human factors engineering
within home health care.

%M C.HFES.11.615
%T Managing Health Care Complexity -- Reducing Medical Errors Through
Leadership Behavior Strategies
%S General Sessions: GS4 - Arnold Small Lecture in Safety
%A Frisina, Michael E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 615
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551125
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/615

%M C.HFES.11.616
%T Exploring the Linkage between Facial Expression and Mental Workload for
Arithmetic Tasks
%S General Sessions: GS5 - Health, Tiredness, and Workload
%A Stone, Richard T.
%A Wei, Chen-Shuang
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 616-619
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551126
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/616
%X The measurement of mental workload is a commonly used and widely accepted
means of assessing cognitively driven human performance tasks. The aim of this
study was to investigate the linkage between facial expression and mental
workload in the performance of arithmetic tasks. Eighteen participants were
recruited and asked to perform various levels of arithmetic tasks. Classical
subjective and physiological measures were used to track mental workload
levels; these measures included NASA Task Load Index (NASA TLX), Subjective
Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), and electroencephalogram (EEG). In
addition we utilize and propose a new measurement based on facial expressions,
coded with the Facial Action Coding System. The results showed that facial
expression is a viable index for measuring mental workload.

%M C.HFES.11.620
%T Incorporation of Privacy and Usability for Remote/Home Healthcare Systems:
Human Factors Considerations
%S General Sessions: GS5 - Health, Tiredness, and Workload
%A Jeong, Kyeong-Ah
%A Proctor, Robert W.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 620-624
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551127
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/620
%X Although specific privacy-related properties have been proposed for
remote/home-based healthcare systems, usability issues relating to those
properties have received little consideration. We review privacy-related
problems that need to be addressed and identify many human factors
considerations associated with implementation of the privacy properties for
remote/home healthcare systems. Implementations that do not take the users into
account will likely fail to accomplish their privacy and security goals.

%M C.HFES.11.625
%T An Efficient Method for Modeling an Individual's Perception of Postural
Stress
%S General Sessions: GS5 - Health, Tiredness, and Workload
%A Jack, Ogutu
%A Park, Woojin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 625-629
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551128
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/625
%X Various Posture Analysis Tools (PAT), for example, OWAS and RULA, are
currently used to evaluate and control work-related postural stresses. These
tools do not consider substantial individual differences in the perception of
postural stresses. Consequently, they do not provide an insight into the
population stress distributions of different working postures. The limitations
make it difficult to provide protections in individual-specific manners and
accurately estimate the effects of job design at the population level. An
alternative to the existing PAT is to develop individual-specific PAT and use
them for protecting individuals. With a large database of such
individual-specific PAT, population level analyses also become possible. As an
initial effort towards individual-specific and population-level posture
analyses, our goal is to develop a procedure for creating individual-specific
PAT. Our hypothesis is that individuals' specific PAT can be represented as
simple mathematical functions, referred to as posture-stress mapping (PSM)
functions. To test the feasibility of the PSM function concept, a pilot study
was conducted. As for the common basic function form, a weight sum of body
joint moments was tested. Six subjects participated. Each subject performed a
20-second static posture holding trial for a set of 180 working postures and
conducted a subjective rating of postural stress using the Borg CR10 scale. The
six subjects differed from one another significantly in the distribution of the
measured postural stresses justifying the needs for the individual-specific
modeling approach. For each subject, the posture-stress dataset was divided to
form a model test dataset and differently-sized model building datasets. Each
of the model building dataset was fitted into the base function form. The
resulting PSM function was used to predict the postural stress responses for
the postures included in the model test dataset. Its prediction accuracy was
evaluated by comparing the actual and predicted postural stresses. For two of
the six subjects, their PSM functions were found to be able to accurately
predict postural stresses of working postures. Overall, the current results
suggest that individual-specific modeling of postural stresses seems feasible;
however, different base function forms will need to be evaluated in the future.

%M C.HFES.11.630
%T The Relationship Between Self-reported Hours of Sleep, Perceptions of
Tiredness and Academic Performance in a Military Training Environment
%S General Sessions: GS5 - Health, Tiredness, and Workload
%A Alfred, Petra E.
%A Rice, Valerie J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 630-634
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551129
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/630
%X Prior research has demonstrated a relationship between a student's amount of
nightly sleep and their grades. The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between self-reported sleep on weekdays and weekends, subjective
feelings of tiredness, and academic performance among Health Care Specialist
students at Ft. Sam Houston, TX. A survey was administered during the first two
weeks of training and final academic performance was recorded (pass/fail status
and final course average) for 153 student volunteers. Spearman rho correlations
and Chisquare analyses were conducted on the ordinal data. Results indicate a
positive correlation between weekday hours-of-sleep and weekend hours-of-sleep
(p < .05). However, only self-reported hours of sleep on weekends was
significantly correlated with academic performance (p < .05). An
interpretation of findings, implications for course design, and ideas for
future research are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.635
%T Effects of Autonomous vs. Remotely-Operated Unmanned Weapon Systems on
Human-Robot Teamwork and Trust
%S General Sessions: GS5 - Health, Tiredness, and Workload
%A Salcedo, Julie N.
%A Ortiz, Eric C.
%A Lackey, Stephanie J.
%A Hudson, Irwin
%A Taylor, Andrea H.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 635-639
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551130
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/635
%X In the United States Military, 2011 marks the third year of a 25 year plan
to increase the number of unmanned systems across the air, ground, and maritime
domains. These systems perform as members of human-robot teams either
autonomously or by remote-operation. The success of employing unmanned systems
in coordination with human team members depends on system capabilities which
support teamwork and trust. Weaponization of these systems introduces new
concerns in teamwork and trust research. This paper presents research comparing
the effects of autonomous and remotely-operated unmanned weapon systems on
human-robot teamwork and trust. The results will contribute to the development
of recommended roles and automation levels for future weaponized robotic
systems.

%M C.HFES.11.640
%T Effects of a Third Party on Rapport in Investigative Interviews
%S General Sessions: GS5 - Health, Tiredness, and Workload
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 640-644
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551131
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/640
%X This research examined how the introduction of a third party impacts
interviewee rapport in an investigative setting. It has been speculated that a
"third person in the communications loop" during an investigative interview may
negatively impact critical components of the information collection process,
including the establishment of rapport. This exploratory research adopted an
innovative content analytic approach using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word
Count (LIWC) to examining the construct of rapport, a core aspect of the
interview process. Based on the results of this study, rapport, as
conceptualized by the three-component model of mutual attentiveness,
positivity, and coordination, was not negatively impacted by the presence of a
third party in an investigative context. This is practically important because
many law enforcement interviews use multiple interviewers and this suggests
that this practice will not have a negative effect on rapport in the interview.
Additionally, the findings indicate that the anecdotal concern that "three is a
crowd" and that the addition of a third party may impact rapport is unfounded.

%M C.HFES.11.645
%T Meet the Human Factors Pre-Market Review Team from FDA (HFES'11 Healthcare
Technical Group Invited Address)
%S Heath Care: HC1 - Meet the Human Factors Pre-Market Review Team from FDA
%A Kay, Ronald
%A Story, Molly
%A Nguyen, Quynh
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 645
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551132
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/645
%X The session will introduce you to FDA's process, priorities, and rationale
for reviewing human factors content in pre-market submissions for new medical
devices. Critical components of the review process will be highlighted: 1) the
types of information FDA needs to see in a successful device submission in
order to ensure prompt reviews, and 2) the types of data that provide
sufficient evidence of reasonably safe and effective device use for the
intended users, uses, and use environments. The presenters will also discuss
FDA guidance documents, including the new and updated human factors guidance
document and the human factors content contained in the new infusion pump
guidance, as well as relevant national and international standards that can
assist manufacturers in performing effective human factors design, evaluation
and testing to ensure devices are optimally safe and effective during their
use, and will also in assist in preparing the human factors component of new
device submissions. The speakers will discuss human factors within the
assurance case model, human factors issues related to non-average populations
(including lay users and people with disabilities), and issues related to
review of combination products, specifically pen- and auto-injectors. The
session will be interactive, with the final portion reserved for audience
questions and discussion.

%M C.HFES.11.646
%T Studying Clinical Communication to Inform Health Information Technology
Design
%S Heath Care: HC2 - Studying Clinical Communication to Inform Health
Information Technology Design
%A Gurses, Ayse P.
%A Pennathur, Priyadarshini R.
%A Collins, Sarah
%A Flin, Rhona
%A Gorman, Paul
%A Xiao, Yan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 646-649
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551133
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/646
%X Information technology has the potential to significantly improve
communication and coordination in health care. However, current technologies
frequently impede clinical communication. A major reason for this discrepancy
is due to lack of consideration of how clinical communication and coordination
of care occur, which requires studying "in the wild", such as using a human
factors engineering approach. In this panel, the speakers will share their
experiences regarding (1) how to study clinical communication and (2) what we
can learn from studying clinical communication studies to inform future
information technology design for health care. The panel members will address
these questions based on their research studies and literature.

%M C.HFES.11.650
%T Evaluating the Impact of Technological Change in a Critical Care Unit:
Towards a Model to Support Stakeholder Envisionment
%S Heath Care: HC3 - Impact of Electronic Medical Records on Clinical Workflow
%A Stitzlein, Cara
%A Sanderson, Penelope
%A Orihuela, Cristina Beltran
%A Jack, Leanne
%A Venkatesh, Bala
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 650-654
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551134
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/650
%X The increased use of health information technology in hospitals brings with
it a growing need to appreciate the contexts in which health information
technology may be used. Information flow and workflow are directly affected by
the implementation of such technology. We present first steps towards a method
that will help stakeholders evaluate the impact of technological change on work
practice sufficiently early to influence the design and deployment of such
technology. By using models of information flow and workflow based on how work
actually occurs, analysts may better understand the relationships between the
healthcare work and the proposed technological change. Models must be
descriptive of healthcare work, must help the analyst evaluate work, and must
help the analyst make conjectures about change. In this paper we evaluate
whether the model notation is ready for testing with representative analysts,
to see if the models help them envision the effects of technologies on work.

%M C.HFES.11.655
%T Evaluating the Experience of Health Professionals During the Transition from
Paper to Electronic Charting
%S Heath Care: HC3 - Impact of Electronic Medical Records on Clinical Workflow
%A Douglas, Dana
%A Ozok, Ant
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 655-659
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551135
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/655
%X This case study describes an evaluation of the process of medical staff
transitioning from paper medical charting to electronic charting. The study
focuses on the experiences of registered nurses in the pediatric intermediate
care unit at a rural Pennsylvania hospital. The study was conducted to
determine ways in which the transitional process can be optimized to increase
the likelihood of successful system implementation and user acceptance. The
evaluation included a user survey and a series of individual semistructured
interviews with registered nurses who underwent the transition. The study took
place approximately six months after the transition occurred and gathered
information about the nurses' experiences and reactions before, during, and
after the transition. This paper will discuss the findings from the survey and
interviews, including the resulting recommendations for improving the
transitional process as similar adaptations are made in other medical
facilities.

%M C.HFES.11.660
%T Paper Persistence and Computer-based Workarounds with the Electronic Health
Record in Primary Care
%S Heath Care: HC3 - Impact of Electronic Medical Records on Clinical Workflow
%A Saleem, Jason J.
%A Flanagan, Mindy
%A Militello, Laura G.
%A Arbuckle, Nicole
%A Russ, Alissa L.
%A Burgo-Black, A. Lucile
%A Doebbeling, Bradley N.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 660-664
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551136
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/660
%X With the United States national goal and incentive program to transition
from paper to electronic health records (EHRs), healthcare organizations are
increasingly implementing EHRs and other related health information technology
(IT). However, in institutions which have long adopted these computerized
systems, such as the Veterans Health Administration, healthcare workers
continue to rely on paper to complete their work. Furthermore, insufficient EHR
design also results in computer-based workarounds. Using direct observation
with opportunistic interviewing, we investigated the use of paper- and
computer-based workarounds to the EHR with a multi-site study of 54 healthcare
workers, including primary care providers, nurses, and other healthcare staff.
Our analysis revealed several paper- and computer-based workarounds to the VA's
EHR. These workarounds, including clinician-designed information tools, provide
evidence for how to enhance the design of the EHR to better support the needs
of clinicians.

%M C.HFES.11.665
%T Clinical Workflow and Work System Assessment of Private Clinics in Hong Kong
and Implications for Electronic Medical Record Development
%S Heath Care: HC3 - Impact of Electronic Medical Records on Clinical Workflow
%A Or, Calvin K. L.
%A Wong, Katie
%A Tong, Ellen
%A Sek, Antonio
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 665-669
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551137
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/665
%X The objective of this study is to perform a pre-implementation assessment of
workflows in private primary care clinics in Hong Kong. Data were collected
through direct observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews from
December 2009 to March 2010. Seventeen health care providers (5 physicians and
12 clinical assistants) of five local private primary care clinics participated
in this study. Our findings 1) illustrate the work and information flow and
step-by-step details of clinical work processes and 2) reveal gaps and
weaknesses in the current clinical work system for possible application of an
electronic medical records (EMR) sharing system. This preliminary EMR
pre-implementation study demonstrates the inadequacy of the current work system
and work processes and indicates the improvement opportunities offered by
information technologies.

%M C.HFES.11.670
%T Medtable: An EMR-Based Tool to Support Collaborative Planning for Medication
Use
%S Heath Care: HC3 - Impact of Electronic Medical Records on Clinical Workflow
%A Liao, Vera
%A Chin, Chieh-Li
%A McKeever, Stacey
%A Kopren, Katie
%A Morrow, Daniel
%A Davis, Katherine
%A Wilson, Elizabeth A. H.
%A Kaiser, Darren
%A Wolf, Michael
%A Conner-Garcia, Thembi
%A Graumlich, James
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 670-674
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551138
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/670
%X Medtable™ is an Electronic Medical Record (EMR)-integrated tool
designed to address the significant problem of medication nonadherence,
especially barriers related to patients' limited cognitive resources and
ineffective patient-provider communication. Medtable™ supports the
patient-provider collaboration needed to create effective medication schedules
that are easy to implement by diverse patients. The tool builds on prior
research and, through its integration with EMR systems, creates medication
lists and schedules that are more easily updated, more accurate and more
reliable. Used in clinical practice, it is expected to improve patient
satisfaction, medication understanding and adherence, as well as health
outcomes among patients struggling to manage multiple medications.

%M C.HFES.11.675
%T Techniques for Improving the Performance of Healthcare Teams: Learning from
Aviation and Other HROs.
%S Heath Care: HC4 - Patient Safety Gone Mad? Translating Techniques from
Industry
%A O'Connor, Paul
%A Reader, Tom
%A Salas, Eduardo
%A Yule, Steven
%A Sundt, Thoralf
%A Musson, David
%A Wiegmann, Douglas
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 675-676
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551139
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/675
%X Over the last two decades the healthcare industry has increasingly adopted
human factors and systems oriented approaches to improving safety. The majority
of these approaches are not unique to healthcare, with their origins in other
high hazard organizations such as civilian aviation. If correctly adapted to
healthcare, these approaches can have a positive impact on patient safety.
However, without care, there is a risk of developing an ineffective approach
that is a waste of time and resources. The aim of this discussion symposium is
to debate the issues around adapting research and practice from high hazard
industries to healthcare. Particular emphasis will be on critical appraisal of
applying techniques from aviation to healthcare including crew resource
management, behavioral markers, simulation, sterile cockpit, and human error
classification.

%M C.HFES.11.677
%T Human Factors Engineering in the Department of Veterans Affairs: Operations
and Research Initiatives Related to Healthcare Information Technology and
Medical Devices
%S Heath Care: HC5 - Human Factors Engineering in the Department of Veterans
Affairs
%A Purcell, Janine A.
%A Williams, Linda
%A Scott, Jeanie
%A Russ, Alissa L.
%A Drews, Frank
%A Speir, Ross
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 677-679
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551140
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/677
%X The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system currently
includes 152 medical centers, with at least one in each state, Puerto Rico, and
the District of Columbia. VA operates more than 1,400 sites of care, including
909 ambulatory care and community-based outpatient clinics, 135 community
living centers (nursing homes), 47 residential rehabilitation treatment
programs, 232 Veterans Centers and 108 comprehensive home-care programs. In
2010, the system supported 75.6 million outpatient visits and 679,000 inpatient
admissions.1, 2 In 1999, the VA National Center for Patient Safety (NCPS) was
established to lead the VA's patient safety efforts and to develop a culture of
healthcare safety throughout the Veterans Health Administration. The NCPS
program promotes the use of human factors engineering methods that focus on how
users interact with technology. Within the Department of Veterans Affairs
various organizations have expanded the use of human factors engineering
methods as a key element in addressing patient safety from a systems-based
perspective. These entities include a range of groups that work in operational
and research domains to identify and mitigate root causes of error with
traditional medical devices and healthcare information technology to reduce the
likelihood of patient harm while continuing to enhance and advance the design
of healthcare tools and environments. The expertise of the panel members
includes human factors and biomedical engineering, cognitive psychology,
information science, healthcare information technology and informatics, and
clinical knowledge of medical technology and nursing. Each panelist will
briefly introduce the organization they work in, provide an overview of their
human factors activities, and briefly describe example(s) of specific projects,
with emphasis on the benefit or lessons learned via these activities. Attendees
will learn strategies to apply human factors engineering in healthcare and
deepen their understanding of human performance challenges in this domain.

%M C.HFES.11.680
%T Cognitive Factors Influencing The Management Of Interruptions During
Surgical Counts
%S Heath Care: HC6 - Complex Health Care Environments: Intensive Care and
Surgery
%A Koh, Ranieri Yung Ing
%A Tay, Benedict Tiong Chee
%A Yang, Xi
%A Donchin, Yoel
%A Helander, Martin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 680-684
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551141
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/680
%X Interruptions during surgical counts are critical gateways for adverse
events to happen. It is important to understand the cognitive strategies nurses
employ during interruptions of counts and to reduce the likelihood of adverse
events. 45 counts of interruptions out of 141 surgical counts throughout 20
surgeries were recorded using an eye tracking system on 20 scrub nurses. It was
observed that 62% of the interruptions occurred during the closure count -- one
of the most important counts during a surgical procedure. An evaluation of the
nature of the interruptions highlighted 5 main categories of interruptions,
with 40% involving failure in working memory, and 53% involving active task
prioritization that led to the break in task. The categories of interruptions
were grouped under three key cognitive factors influencing effective
interruption management and discussed. The three cognitive factors include
'working memory', 'active task prioritization' and 'prospective memory'. Future
work includes secondary analysis on the surgical count videos, and post
experimental interviews with the scrub nurses.

%M C.HFES.11.685
%T Observing and Categorising Process Deviations in Orthopaedic Surgery
%S Heath Care: HC6 - Complex Health Care Environments: Intensive Care and
Surgery
%A Morgan, L. J.
%A Pickering, S. P.
%A Catchpole, K. C.
%A Robertson, E. R.
%A Hadi, M.
%A McCulloch, P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 685-689
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551142
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/685
%X This aim of this research was to identify events in the operating theatre
process (described as glitches) during elective orthopaedic operations. Two
pairs of observers, each consisting of a clinician and a human factors
professional, examined primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasties,
arthroscopies and knee ligament reconstructions in two UK hospitals. The
categorisation procedure revealed 11 key areas of glitches within the collected
data. Observations of 42 operations revealed 314 glitches within the 11
categories. The rate of glitches per operation ranged from 1 to 18, with an
average of 8 per operation. Most commonly observed were distractions, equipment
design and technical process deviation issues. A coordinated intervention to
address a range of areas could benefit the efficiency and safety of orthopaedic
surgery, and there are benefits in considering the standardisation of
observation studies in the operating room.

%M C.HFES.11.690
%T Evaluation of the SPLINTS system for scrub practitioners' non-technical
skills
%S Heath Care: HC6 - Complex Health Care Environments: Intensive Care and
Surgery
%A Mitchell, Lucy
%A Flin, Rhona
%A Yule, Steven
%A Mitchell, Janet
%A Coutts, Kathy
%A Youngson, George
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 690-694
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551143
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/690
%X Background: The Scrub Practitioners' List of Intraoperative NonTechnical
Skills (SPLINTS) system is a new tool for training and assessing scrub
practitioner behaviours during surgical operations. Method: Experienced scrub
practitioners (n = 34) attended a single day session where they received
background training in human factors and nontechnical skills and were trained
to use the SPLINTS system. They then rated the scrub practitioners'
nontechnical skill performance in seven videorecorded simulated scenarios and
completed a posttraining questionnaire. Results: Within-group agreement for all
three skill categories, and for six of the nine elements, was acceptable (r
wg>.70). Participants could use SPLINTS to accurately score performance
compared with expert ratings and were within one scale point of expert ratings
in > 90% of skill categories and elements. There was good internal
consistency between elements and their categories (M<.2 of a scale point)
and participants reported that the system was complete. Conclusion: The SPLINTS
system was deemed adequately reliable, for rating scrub practitioners'
nontechnical skills, using standardized filmed scenarios. Usability of the
SPLINTS system in the real operating theatre environment is still to be
assessed.

%M C.HFES.11.695
%T Development of a taxonomy for surgeons' intraoperative leadership
%S Heath Care: HC6 - Complex Health Care Environments: Intensive Care and
Surgery
%A Parker, Sarah Henrickson
%A Yule, Steven
%A Flin, Rhona
%A McKinley, Aileen
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 695-699
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551144
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/695
%X Background: As the nominated or self-appointed leader of the surgical team,
surgeons must demonstrate leadership along with technical excellence, in order
to optimize performance and maximize patient safety in the operating room (OR).
Method: A total of ten operating room discipline-specific focus groups from
three hospitals in Scotland discussed intraoperative leadership. Surgeons'
leadership behaviors were extracted from the focus groups and used to develop a
preliminary taxonomy which was independently checked by six surgeons for
accuracy and face validity. It was then used to code video recordings (n = 5)
of live operations, to test interrater reliability of the leadership taxonomy.
Results: Eight categories of surgeons' intraoperative leadership were
identified from the focus groups. Overall interrater reliability was acceptable
(kappa = .7). Discussion: The taxonomy is empirically grounded in focus group
data as well as both the psychological and surgical leadership literature. The
reliability of the system is acceptable. Future research should test the
taxonomy to evaluate intraoperative leadership, in order to design a tool for
training surgeons in intraoperative leadership.

%M C.HFES.11.700
%T Review of Test Methods Relevant to Medical Glove Design
%S Heath Care: HC7 - Physical Ergonomics in Health Care
%A Mylon, Peter
%A Carré, Matt J.
%A Lewis, Roger
%A Martin, Nicolas
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 700-704
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551145
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/700
%X From the available literature, test methods relevant to medical glove design
were reviewed and compared. These covered areas including grip, friction,
dexterity, tactility, active haptic sensing and medical application. As part of
the review, medical practitioners were interviewed to determine the tasks that
were most affected by gloves, or required the greatest degree of dexterity or
tactility. The results were used along with previous findings and preliminary
testing of the methods to select the most appropriate tests for medical glove
testing, to suggest modifications and to outline possible new methods.

%M C.HFES.11.705
%T Novice And Expert Muscle Utilization And Wrist Postures During Simulated
Endotrachial Intubation -- A Pilot Study
%S Heath Care: HC7 - Physical Ergonomics in Health Care
%A de Laveaga, Adam
%A Wadman, Michael C.
%A Wirth, Laura
%A Hallbeck, M. Susan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 705-709
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551146
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/705
%X Endotracheal Intubation (ETI) is an airway procedure commonly used to secure
the airway for a variety of medical conditions. Endotracheal tube placement is
most commonly performed under direct vision of the glottis with the use of a
standard laryngoscope and blade. Proficiency in ETI procedures requires
significant clinical experience and insufficient data currently exists
describing the physical ergonomics of successful direct laryngoscopy. The
research objectives of this study were to examine how ETI time, error and
practitioner biomechanics varied among clinical experience levels and hospital
bed heights. The participant population included novice and expert subgroups
recruited from the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and the department of
Emergency Medicine. Using a standard laryngoscope handle and blade,
participants performed ETI trials on an airway manikin trainer at a minimum and
maximum bed height. Participants were evaluated based on ETI completion time,
endotracheal tube placement, wrist postures and technique errors. Task
completion time and ETI errors did not vary with hospital bed height. Muscle
utilization did not differ significantly between bed heights or expert and
novice participants. Experts exhibited greater wrist extension and less ulnar
deviation during task trials. Expert participants grasped the laryngoscope
differently than novice participants, resulting in less wrist manipulation
required to achieve ideal instrument positions. By encouraging ideal hand and
arm postures during ETI training and simulation, the opportunity exists to
improve patient safety and reduce the significant learning curve associated
with ETI procedures.

%M C.HFES.11.710
%T Evaluating the fit of operating theatre tables -- using basic ergonomics to
help improve procurement of medical technology
%S Heath Care: HC7 - Physical Ergonomics in Health Care
%A Clift, Laurence
%A Clift, Maxine
%A Elton, Edward
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 710-714
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551147
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/710
%X This paper discusses an appraisal of the fit of operating theatre tables to
the surgical staff who have to use them. In total 55 tables were evaluated in
70 configurations. By identifying the ethnic profile of the surgical
population, appropriate anthropometric data was obtained which provided a
user-centred focus for the evaluation. Using basic dimensional data the range
of adjustment of the height of each table was scrutinised to see if it was
appropriate to accommodate the needs of the user in terms of reach for open and
laparoscopic surgery as well as sight lines. It was found that the majority of
tables failed to provide adequate adjustment to accommodate the needs of the
users, with smaller users suffering the poorest fit. By converting the data
comparison to a simple star rating scheme, a relatively complex ergonomic
investigation could be made readily available to procurement professionals and
help guide them into appropriate choices to enable them to secure best value in
equipment selection and help prevent ongoing occupational ill health.

%M C.HFES.11.715
%T Alternative 2D and 3D Visualization Methods for Microsurgery: Posture,
Performance, and Discomfort Analysis
%S Heath Care: HC7 - Physical Ergonomics in Health Care
%A Yu, Denny
%A Sackllah, Michael
%A Woolley, Charles
%A Kasten, Steven
%A Armstrong, Thomas J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 715-719
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551148
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/715
%X The use of minimally invasive surgeries, like laparoscopy and microsurgery,
is increasing due to its benefits to the patient; however, the equipment
necessary for the surgeries imposes postural constraints on the surgeons and
increases their risk for discomfort and injuries. In microsurgery, the
microscope limits surgeon movement and the long length of the surgeries exposes
surgeons to prolonged sustained postures. Stereoscopic displays may reduce
these constraints and maintain surgeon performance. Six subjects with no
surgical experience performed microsurgical skills tests using three
visualization methods: 2D visualization, 3D visualization, and the traditional
microscope. Task performance was measured through video analysis and subjective
data was gathered on discomfort, posture, and equipment usability. Tasks
performed on the microscopes had the highest performance efficiency and the
least errors. The 3D visualization method had the lowest performance
efficiency. However, subjects experienced higher back and neck discomfort using
the microscopes. The 3D visualization method was ranked poorly in all usability
factors and subjects particularly reported problems with focusing the depth of
view. Although 3D visualization methods can provide stereoscopic information to
aid in task performance and decrease postural constraints on the surgeon,
hardware improvements are necessary before this technology can be easily
accessible in healthcare.

%M C.HFES.11.720
%T Musculoskeletal Symptoms And Ergonomic Risk Factors Among Veterinary
Ultrasonographers
%S Heath Care: HC7 - Physical Ergonomics in Health Care
%A Gilkey, David
%A Randall, Elissa
%A Hansen, Chad
%A Patil, Anuja
%A Rosecrance, John
%A Douphrate, David
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 720-723
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551149
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/720
%X This cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of
ultrasonography related musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) among veterinary
sonographers and associated ergonomic risk factors within the specialized
industry. A 59 item survey questionnaire was administered via email and
generated 246 responses among veterinary sonographers. Musculoskeletal pain
related to performing ultrasound exams was reported by 62% of respondents. MSS
were significantly associated with several risk factors including female gender
(OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 2.04-10.19), 5-year increases in age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI,
1.01, 1.10), previous work related trauma (OR, 6.86; 95% CI, 1.71, 27.40), and
15-45 degree shoulder abduction (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.11, 4.92).

%M C.HFES.11.724
%T Health Information Technology: Can there be meaningful use without
meaningful design?
%S Heath Care: HC8 - Health Information Technology: Can There Be Meaningful Use
Without Meaningful Design?
%A Bisantz, Ann M.
%A Karsh, Ben-Tzion
%A Wears, Robert L.
%A Lewis, Vicki R.
%A Ancker, Jessica
%A Fairbanks, Rollin J. "Terry"
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 724-728
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551150
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/724
%X Given the rising costs of health care, the current focus on improving
patient safety, and the goals of reducing barriers to efficient healthcare
access, there is a strong and rapid push towards the implementation of health
information systems in a variety of health care contexts. This panel brings
together individuals with experiences spanning human factors and system safety
research, medical informatics, and clinical practice to provide a set of
diverse but complementary viewpoints on what it will take to successfully,
safely, and meaningfully design and implement health information systems.

%M C.HFES.11.729
%T Mobile Technology: The Wave of the Future to Improve Healthcare?
%S Heath Care: HC9 - Mobile Technology: The Wave of the Future to Improve
Health Care?
%A Lazzara, Elizabeth H.
%A Weaver, Sallie J.
%A Raij, Andrew
%A Metcalf, David
%A Drews, Frank
%A Dierks, Meghan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 729-732
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551151
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/729
%X Mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, personal digital assistants, and tablets)
are evolving rapidly and growing exponentially in multiple facets around the
globe. Specifically, mobile devices can be used as audio and video chat,
reference guide, training tool, handoff facilitation, and decision support.
Undoubtedly, there are clear advantages of leveraging this technology including
automatic updates, portable and unobtrusive access to data, and time savings
for documentation allowing clinicians more time for patient care. However,
innovative technology brings new yet critical obstacles to overcome (e.g.,
usability and security). Thus, the current panel is designed to gather leading
human factors and medical experts in the fields of clinical care, system
design, and human-system interaction to provide their insight and perspective
on the following question: What contributions can human factors science and
medical experts combine to bring to bear on the development, implementation,
and evaluation of mobile-based technology?

%M C.HFES.11.733
%T Differences between Physicians in Lumbar MRI Measures
%S Heath Care: HC10 - Human Performance in Health Care
%A Ferguson, Sue A.
%A Splittstoesser, Riley E.
%A Marras, William S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 733-737
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551152
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/733
%X The purpose of this study was to quantify inter-rater reliability when
measuring spinal structure dimensions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans. A new open MRI machine was available that allowed patients be recumbent,
sitting or standing during an MRI of the spine. A total of 39 low back pain
patients were scanned for the study. Patients were scanned in seven postures
including recumbent, sitting neutral, flexed, extended, standing neutral,
flexed, and extended. Two medical professionals trained in neurosurgery were
asked to make measurements on the lumbar spine scans. The scans included 22
axial slices and 14 sagittal view slices. At best the two physicians chose the
same slice to evaluate on the MRI in 27 of 39 cases (69%). This study
illustrates the differences between physicians when evaluating lumbar spine MRI
as well as the subjective nature of medical decision making.

%M C.HFES.11.738
%T Action Video Gaming is Related to Surgical Performance: Time to Focus on
Attention Rather than Dexterity in Surgical Training?
%S Heath Care: HC10 - Human Performance in Health Care
%A Yule, S.
%A Jones, H.
%A Henrickson-Parker, S.
%A Driver, C.
%A Neill, A.
%A McAdam, T.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 738-742
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551153
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/738
%X Background: Surgical simulation is a worthwhile but expensive technology.
Commercially available video games for the Nintendo Wii which focus on visual
search and attention rather than dexterity may provide an adjunct to training
using high fidelity simulation for surgeons. Method: The study was a within
subjects design with n = 54 surgical residents. Participants completed one
level of both an 'action' video game on the Nintendo Wii (Link's Crossbow
Challenge), and 'dexterity' video game (Koroninpa: Marble Madness) and a
standard surgical training task using a VR laparoscopic simulator. Results:
Action video game score was significantly related to completion time of the
surgical task (r = -.431, p<.01), controlling for laparoscopic experience.
There was no relationship between the dexterity game and performance on the
surgical simulator. Discussion: Although initially counter-intuitive, focusing
on attention rather than dexterity skills once technical competence has been
achieved may be a route to improve surgical performance in the operating room.

%M C.HFES.11.743
%T Using Brunswik's Probabilistic Functionalism to Test How Clinicians Make
Judgments in Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation Scenarios
%S Heath Care: HC10 - Human Performance in Health Care
%A Nadler, Izhak
%A Sanderson, Penelope M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 743-747
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551154
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/743
%X Accurate clinical assessments are essential for providing appropriate
patient care. However, clinicians do not necessarily make accurate assessments,
either because they are overloaded with other tasks, or because the computation
of assessments is ambiguous. We used Brunswik's probabilistic functionalism to
study how clinicians assessed the clinical state of a mannequin when they
viewed recordings of simulated neonatal resuscitation scenarios and when they
performed simulated resuscitations. Seventeen clinicians individually assigned
an Apgar (neonate illness) score to 30 pre-recorded scenarios and also to 9
scenarios in which they played a hands-on role. We computed a judgment policy
for each clinician showing the relative importance of five clinical signs that
constitute the Apgar score. The accuracy of clinicians' judgment policies was
significantly correlated with the accuracy of their Apgar assessments for the
pre-recorded scenarios (p<0.01) but not for the hands-on scenarios. The
weighting for the clinical signs in the judgment policies was different from
the unit weighting in the Apgar score itself. Brunswik's approach provided a
useful framework for testing clinicians' assessments in simulated neonatal
resuscitations. Future studies should determine the factors that affect
accuracy in hands-on scenarios and test the applicability of the methods
presented for other healthcare practice areas.

%M C.HFES.11.748
%T An Expert Perspective of Errors in Endoscope Reprocessing
%S Heath Care: HC10 - Human Performance in Health Care
%A Hildebrand, Emily A.
%A Branaghan, Russell J.
%A Neuman, Brooke L.
%A Jolly, Jonathan
%A Garland, T. B.
%A Taggart, Mistey
%A Epstein, Dana R.
%A Babcock-Parziale, Judith
%A Brown, Victoria
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 748-752
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551155
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/748
%X Endoscope reprocessing has been identified as a complex procedure that, when
completed incorrectly, can lead to patient outbreaks due to cross
contamination. Most reported incidents cite human error as the cause, but
little research to date has explored the human factors related issues
surrounding reprocessing procedures. The purpose of this study was to interview
experts in endoscope reprocessing to determine the most difficult steps and
error prone tasks in the procedure as well as identify potential contributing
factors to error. Relationships between tasks and contributing factors are
examined and implications for future research are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.753
%T Empirical Evaluation of Workload of the Radiation Oncology Physicist During
Radiation Treatment Planning and Delivery
%S Heath Care: HC10 - Human Performance in Health Care
%A Mosaly, Prithima R.
%A Mazur, Lukasz M.
%A Jackson, Marianne
%A Chang, Sha X.
%A Burkhardt, Katharin Deschesne
%A Jones, Ellen L.
%A Xu, Jing
%A Rockwell, John
%A Marks, Lawrence B.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 753-757
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551156
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/753
%X In recent years, the practice of radiation oncology has changed due to
several technological advances. As such, there is growing interest in the
evolving nature of safety and operational challenges faced by radiation
oncology professionals. This research focuses on physicists who play an
important role in the radiation therapy treatment planning and delivery
process. Specifically, the purpose of our research is to assess their workload
levels using the NASA TLX method in order to identify tasks that might
compromise patient safety. Based on empirical observations, this study provides
practical suggestions for lowering workload levels that ultimately can reduce
the probability of errors.

%M C.HFES.11.758
%T Why Multidisciplinary Rounds are not Multidisciplinary: Examination of a
Neonatal ICU Rounding Process
%S Heath Care: HC11 - Hand-Offs of Care in Health Care
%A Li, Huiyang
%A Lu, Sara
%A Schumacher, Robert E.
%A Seagull, F. Jacob
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 758-762
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551157
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/758
%X Multidisciplinary rounds in the critical care environment have demonstrated
improved communication, enhanced efficiency and better patient outcome.
However, the mechanisms by which they work are not fully understood.
Particularly, few studies have investigated the degree to which
multidisciplinary rounds are indeed multi-disciplinary, and which factors
contributed to their multidisciplinary nature. Very few tools have been
developed to facilitate collaborative work for the rounding team. We attempt to
fill some of these gaps by observing and evaluating multidisciplinary rounds in
a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. We observed morning rounds on 44 patients and
analyzed auditing records of rounds on 62 patients. Analysis focused on
participation and contribution of different disciplines, interactions between
rounding members, and dimensions of the multidisciplinary nature of rounds. The
analysis showed wide variation in the level of participation and contribution
across disciplines. The main factors that contributed to rounds'
multidisciplinary nature fell into five categories, including number of
participants, specific disciplines participating, and their interactions. A
paper-based tool that was used to facilitate the rounds incorporated a
significant amount of input from the nurses, but not other specialists. These
findings suggest important implications in the implementation of
multidisciplinary rounds and the development of information systems to
facilitate collaboration.

%M C.HFES.11.763
%T Barriers and Facilitators to Timely Admission and Transfer of Patients from
an Emergency Department to an Intensive Care Unit
%S Heath Care: HC11 - Hand-Offs of Care in Health Care
%A Stephens, Robert
%A Cudnik, Michael
%A Patterson, Emily
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 763-767
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551158
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/763
%X This ethnographic observational study identified preliminary barriers and
facilitators to admission and physical transfer of patients from an emergency
department to a medical intensive care unit. Process traces were constructed
for eight ICU-bound patients, and aggregated process traces were constructed
for communication events and patient handoffs. Barriers to timely admission and
transfer include: 1) delays in obtaining proof of severity of illness, 2)
difficulty maintaining synchronization across personnel, 3) difficulty uniting
disparate sources of information, 4) delays in the readiness of admitting
units, 5) needs of other ED patients, and 6) missing information updates.
Facilitators include: 1) objective indicators of need for ICU placement, 2)
personal communications with ICU personnel, and 3) frequent viewing of
information updates. Implications of the findings are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.768
%T Media Usage for Feedback Communication in an Outpatient Prescribing Setting
%S Heath Care: HC11 - Hand-Offs of Care in Health Care
%A Benedict, Ashley J.
%A Caldwell, Barrett S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 768-772
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551159
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/768
%X Incentives have been encouraging more healthcare providers to implement
electronic prescribing systems in their facilities. The change in media used to
communicate the outpatient prescription impacts the use of media for additional
pharmacy-patient and pharmacy-provider communications. Media (for the purpose
of this report) are divided by mediated/unmediated technologies and
synchronous/asynchronous communication processes. Forty-three pharmacists were
surveyed on which media they use to communicate any clarifications or concerns
with patients and providers based on the way the prescription is received
(paper prescription, phone call, fax, electronic prescription). All of the
pharmacists responded that they use the phone for clarification with providing
physicians, no matter how the prescription was received. Fax and electronic
were also listed as possible communication media. Pharmacists primarily used
face-to-face for paper prescriptions and varied between face-to-face and phone
for phone, fax, and electronic prescriptions for interactions with patients. As
electronic prescribing systems are implemented in healthcare facilities, a
feedback communication path should be established that results in the most
efficient and effective sharing of information to reduce the risk associate
with miscommunication and to decrease the rework of pharmacists and providers.

%M C.HFES.11.773
%T Work artifacts as a reflection of change in Intensive Care Units
%S Heath Care: HC11 - Hand-Offs of Care in Health Care
%A Miller, Anne
%A Burns, Kathleen
%A Beattie, Tonya
%A Wagner, Chad
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 773-777
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551160
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/773
%X The demands of hospital patients are changing to the extent that adaptive
changes in workflow or practice are becoming more evident. This paper presents
a set of locally designed paper-based tools that are physical manifestations of
responses to change, and that provide suggestions for health information
technology design. Fifteen nurses were 'shadowed' during their shift handover
and during the morning interdisciplinary round. Three paper-based tools with
the context and reasons for their use are described as are potential
vulnerabilities. Suggestions for improvement are made.

%M C.HFES.11.778
%T Clinical shift handoffs in Singapore: A three-phase prospective
%S Heath Care: HC11 - Hand-Offs of Care in Health Care
%A Yang, Xi
%A Koh, Ranieri Yung Ing
%A Tay, Benedict Tiong Chee
%A Siah, Kewin Tien Ho
%A Donchin, Yoel
%A Park, Taezoon
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 778-782
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551161
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/778
%X A clinical shift handoff can be considered as a three-phase process,
consisting of pre-handoff, handoff communication, and post-handoff. The
majority of studies on clinical handoffs focused on the handoff communication.
There is limited literature on how pre-handoff and post-handoff activities are
conducted. This study aims to understand the handoff practice in a public
hospital in Singapore from the three-phase process' point of view, to identify
potential problems that may occur in such a setting, and to discuss potential
interventions to enhance clinical shift handoffs.

%M C.HFES.11.783
%T Discussion Panel: Establishing in house Human Factors expert teams to enable
comprehensive design of medical work units
%S Heath Care: HC12 - Integrative and Encompassing Human Factors Design of
Medical Work Units: Can It Be Done from the Outside?
%A Gopher, Daniel
%A Donchin, Yoel
%A Carayon, Pascale
%A Karsh, Ben-Tzion
%A Weinger, Matthew
%A Cook, Richard
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 783-787
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551162
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/783
%X The present discussion panel addresses the need and possible approaches for
providing integrative and inclusive human factors design of medical work units.
An associated question is whether such a design perspective can be achieved
without the instantiation of in house human factors teams. While recognition of
the general importance and possible contribution of human factors to efficiency
and safety of health care is on the rise and is accompanied by a rapidly
growing body research and publications; to date its focus has been mainly on
individual systems and isolated work procedures. An important overlooked
requirement is for a coherent and inclusive design of the global work unit
(operating theater, hospital ward, neonatal unit, etc, etc), much the same way
in which the overall configuration of an airplane cockpit or a process control
room are considered. Furthermore, can such an inclusive perspective of work
units be achieved, unless health care institutes establish in house human
factors teams? These are the topics to be evaluated.

%M C.HFES.11.788
%T Supporting NRC Inspections of Byproduct Use in Medical Facilities
%S Heath Care: HC13 - Medical Devices and Human Error
%A Militello, Laura G.
%A Brown, William S.
%A Wreathall, John
%A Cooper, Susan E.
%A Marble, Julie
%A Lopez, Christen
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 788-792
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551163
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/788
%X This paper describes an ongoing project funded by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) to provide decision support for a range of NRC staff,
including staff concerned with inspecting medical facilities that use nuclear
byproduct materials. Stereotactic radiosurgery was chosen as a case study to
explore issues of human reliability and drive the design of a decision support
job aid. Study of the evolution of one such device, the Gamma Knife®, over
the past several years reveals a shift toward increased automation. The newest
model eliminates specific errors associated with forgetting, calculation, and
data entry experienced with earlier models of Gamma Knife technology. As a
result of increased automation, it will be important that inspectors increase
attention to potential automation-related errors and vulnerabilities. Updates
to the job aid based on these analyses will broaden the human performance
issues considered, increasing the relevance of the job aid for inspecting
medical uses of nuclear byproduct materials, and for developing appropriate
guidance.

%M C.HFES.11.793
%T Designing for Safety and Usability: User-Centered Techniques in Medical
Device Design Practice
%S Heath Care: HC13 - Medical Devices and Human Error
%A Vincent, Chris
%A Blandford, Ann
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 793-797
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551164
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/793
%X The design of systems affects the likelihood and nature of errors that
people might make with them, and the ease of error recovery. If developers are
to design systems that are less prone to errors propagating, they need to
consider the users and user contexts. There are many techniques and resources
available to support developers in this. In this paper we report on an
interview study involving professionals from major manufacturers of medical
devices, to better understand their development practices and the external
forces that shape those practices. This identified barriers to user-centered
design and corresponding opportunities for support. Results are divided into
four themes. These are: collaborative working practices; understanding the user
and their situation; providing adequate justification for the adoption of a
user-centered approach; and the provision of clear guidance and support. Our
findings highlight the importance of ensuring that techniques are adequately
justified, applied at the correct time, aligned with the development lifecycle
and easy to adopt.

%M C.HFES.11.798
%T Bayesian Risk Identification Model (BRIM): A Predictive Model to Reduce Use
Error Risk in Medical Device Interface Design
%S Heath Care: HC13 - Medical Devices and Human Error
%A Rieger, Kathryn R.
%A Rahimi, Mansour
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 798-802
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551165
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/798
%X Increasing pressure from both regulatory agencies and the consumer market
has expanded the need for medical use error reduction. BRIM integrates user
performance with risk management to quantifiably predict human factors issues
and illuminate design mitigation strategies during development of medical
devices. Upfront analytical modeling permits a significant reduction in
required expertise and application of empirical methodologies. BRIM asserts
that a common set of performance influencing conditions (PICs) determine how a
user will interact with a medical device and that a unique set of resulting
human response failures (HRFs) manifest differently depending on the specific
product interface design. Probability of HRF occurrence can be derived via a
Bayesian Belief Network representation of PICs. By understanding the root
causes of why a combination of interface, environment, or contextual influences
lead to human error, we can predict how a product will perform with respect to
human interaction. And, by testing BRIM's targeted set of design
characteristics across human performance metrics, we can specify this use error
likelihood per product interface.

%M C.HFES.11.803
%T Human Factors Implications for Standard Operating Procedure Development and
Usability in Reprocessing Safety
%S Heath Care: HC13 - Medical Devices and Human Error
%A Sinocruz, Jerome Q.
%A Hildebrand, Emily A.
%A Neuman, Brooke L.
%A Branaghan, Russell J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 803-807
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551166
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/803
%X The development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in endoscope
reprocessing is an oftneglected task with vital implications. At present, there
is little to no organizational standardization or facilitation to aid SOP
development. After critical analysis of several SOPs from various hospital
organizations, recommendations are put forth focusing on the application of
guidelines within human factors and instructional design. These recommendations
are anticipated to encourage better procedural development, promote
organizational standardization, and facilitate usability for the end users.

%M C.HFES.11.808
%T Human Factors Education for Healthcare Audiences: Ideas for the Way Forward
%S Heath Care: HC14 - Human Factors Education for Health Care Audiences: Ideas
for the Way Forward
%A Russ, Alissa L.
%A Militello, Laura G.
%A Saleem, Jason J.
%A Wears, Robert L.
%A Fairbanks, Rollin J.
%A Karsh, Ben-Tzion
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 808-812
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551167
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/808
%X Within the last decade, there has been a growing emphasis on applying human
factors principles in the healthcare domain, and although human factors is a
well-established scientific discipline, it is still a relatively new concept
for the healthcare community. Educating healthcare audiences on the goals,
history, and contributions of the human factors discipline may dispel
misconceptions; preserve the integrity of this scientific discipline; inform
healthcare stakeholders about the value of human factors research; and increase
the uptake of human factors principles in the healthcare domain. Panel members
will share their views on human factors education for healthcare audiences,
including their past experiences, personal successes, and insights on the
challenges that remain. Panelists will also engage the audience in an open
discussion to generate novel ideas on how to advance the healthcare community's
understanding of the human factors discipline.

%M C.HFES.11.813
%T An Empirical Study of the Usability of Consenting Systems: iPad, Touchscreen
and Paper-based Systems
%S Heath Care: HC15 - Novel Technologies Used in Health Care
%A Madathil, Kapil Chalil
%A Koikkara, Reshmi
%A Gramopadhye, Anand K.
%A Greenstein, Joel S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 813-817
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551168
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/813
%X While much research has been conducted on the software system architecture
needed for capturing and managing patient consents and research permissions in
health care facilities, limited information is available on the usability of
such capture systems. Typically, a general consenting process involves the
patients indicating their choices and then signing/initialing to verify these
preferences. This study proposes four new ways of capturing these
consents/research permissions using Apple iPad and touchscreen-based systems,
investigating their feasibility and usability by comparing them to the
conventional paper-based consenting process. Fifteen participants completed the
consenting process using five capture systems: iPad-based system with
pagination and scrolling interfaces, touchscreen-based system with pagination
and scrolling interfaces and the paper-based system. After each consenting
condition, the participants completed the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), the
computer system usability questionnaire (CSUQ), and a post-test subjective
questionnaire ranking the consenting systems based on preference. Statistically
significant differences among the consent capture systems were found for all
dependent variables except for task completion time. The iPad and touchscreen
systems with pagination interfaces were preferred.

%M C.HFES.11.818
%T Pilot Testing of Mobile Tablet Computers in Multiple Departments in a
Hospital Setting: Lessons Learned
%S Heath Care: HC15 - Novel Technologies Used in Health Care
%A Wagner, Jennifer
%A Moore, Dawn L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 818-822
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551169
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/818
%X A 100-bed Midwestern hospital sought to introduce mobile/portable tablets
into several areas in the hospital, including inpatient units and outpatient
resident clinic, as a substitute for more traditional types of computers. A
formal evaluation was set up, but never executed. Although the studies were not
completed as designed (and there is not research data to report), this paper
describes the practical lessons learned in undertaking this pilot project, both
from a health information technology implementation perspective and a research
perspective.

%M C.HFES.11.823
%T Improving Patient Safety With Hand Hygiene Compliance Monitoring
%S Heath Care: HC15 - Novel Technologies Used in Health Care
%A Thomas, Geb
%A Polgreen, Philip
%A Herman, Ted
%A Sharma, Deepti
%A Johns, Brian
%A Chen, Howard
%A Scranton, Gregg
%A Naylor, David
%A Ireland, Michael
%A McCarty, Tina
%A Decker, Tim
%A Segre, Alberto
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 823-827
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551171
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/823
%X Hand hygiene is important for patient safety; increasing hand hygiene
compliance may reduce the frequency of healthcare-associated infections. This
paper describes a distributed system that uses instrumented product dispensers
and doorway monitors to systematically measure hand hygiene compliance as an
alternative to compliance measurements by human observers, which is the current
standard. The paper describes two experiments. The first experiment monitored
4,266 doorway crossings and 858 hand hygiene dispenser events for 4 patient
rooms over 80 consecutive hours. The second experiment was part of a larger
effort that included a direct comparison of a human observer with the
automatically recorded observations. The results of the two experiments suggest
that large quantities of data could be readily acquired, but the data was
sensitive to several limitations not suffered by human observers including:
distinguishing between single versus closely spaced multiple threshold
crossings and distinguishing staff from patients and visitors. However, a
direct comparison of human versus machine readings suggested that the system
might overcome observational challenges faced by the human observers, providing
more consistent and reliable measurements.

%M C.HFES.11.828
%T Simulation in Healthcare: One size fits all?
%S Heath Care: HC16 - Simulation in Health Care: One Size Fits All?
%A Lazzara, Elizabeth H.
%A Weaver, Sallie J.
%A Weinger, Matthew B.
%A Feldman, Moshe
%A Rosen, Michael A.
%A Harrison, Kyle
%A Seagull, F. Jacob
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 828-830
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551172
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/828
%X Simulation has been rapidly adopted within the medical community as
evidenced by the fact that clinical care providers from all backgrounds (e.g.,
residents, physicians, nurses, anesthesiologists, ancillary staff, etc.) and
all institutions (e.g., hospital, training centers, and medical schools) have
incorporated simulation into their training and education curriculums. Although
simulators are becoming a staple in clinical education, simulation is not a
one-size-fits-all solution. Thus, the objective of the current panel is to
combine the expertise of leading human factors and clinical care providers in
the fields of learning, simulation, human performance, and human-system
interaction to provide their insight and perspective on the following
questions: What are the issues to consider when developing, implementing, and
evaluating simulation-based training across a broad spectrum of training,
education, and improvement applications in the healthcare domain? What are the
contributions that human factors science and healthcare experts can combine to
effectively develop, execute, and assess simulation-based training in
hospitals, training centers, and medical schools?

%M C.HFES.11.831
%T An ACT-R Model of Commercial Jetliner Taxiing
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP1 - Human Performance Modeling with Cognitive
Architectures
%A Zemla, Jeffrey C.
%A Ustun, Volkan
%A Byrne, Michael D.
%A Kirlik, Alex
%A Riddle, Kenyon
%A Alexander, Amy L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 831-835
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551173
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/831
%X The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) seeks to reduce
gridlock at airports by, among other things, creating a more efficient surface
taxi management system. Addressing this situation creates a difficult
evaluation problem; how can new scheduling methods be tested? Present methods
generally involve either expensive human-in-the-loop experiments or computer
simulations that do not adequately represent the human component of system
performance. We have developed an ACT-R model of commercial jetliner taxiing
with the ultimate goal of aiding in both of these efforts. The X-Plane
commercial flight simulation package provides an environment in which the model
can act. That environment is populated with aircraft driven by recordings taken
of real aircraft at Dallas-Fort Worth airport, which contain the actual
positions of all aircraft on the taxi surface for a given time slice. This also
provides us with a rich source of data for model validation, as the model can
"replace" one actual aircraft, allowing comparisons between model-generated and
pilot-generated trajectories.

%M C.HFES.11.836
%T Integrating Queueing Network and ACT-R Cognitive Architectures
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP1 - Human Performance Modeling with Cognitive
Architectures
%A Cao, Shi
%A Liu, Yili
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 836-840
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551174
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/836
%X Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) and Queueing Network (QN) are
two complementary but isolated cognitive architectures. The research reported
in this paper aims to integrate the two architectures and benefit from their
advantages so as to enhance cognitive modeling capabilities. The new combined
architecture, named ACTR-QN, represents ACT-R as a QN whose servers are ACT-R
modules and buffers and run the corresponding ACT-R functions. Task-specific
knowledge and parameters are defined with ACT-R syntaxes. ACTR-QN provides
real-time visualization of mental information processing in addition to ACT-R's
text output traces and is verified with 20 tasks that have been modeled by
ACT-R. The steps and benefits of further integration are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.841
%T Deciding when to escape a mine emergency: Modeling accumulation of evidence
about emergencies through Instance-based Learning
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP2 - Human Performance Modeling in Critical
Environments
%A Dutt, Varun
%A Yu, Michael
%A Gonzalez, Cleotilde
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 841-845
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551175
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/841
%X A decision to stop work and escape a mine in a mine emergency depends on the
accumulation of evidence about the emergency over time. This evidence comes as
situation attributes (e.g., smoke, fire, noise, etc.) from the work
environment. In this paper, we investigate how a decision of when to stop work
and escape a mine is influenced by the sequence in which evidence accumulates
about an emergency. We model stop work decisions of miners from a cognitive
modeling perspective, and create a model based on Instance-based Learning
Theory (IBLT). Three risky mine-emergency situations are created where
attributes communicating the risks are presented in increasing or decreasing
sequences with the same total risk, and in a flat sequence with an intermediate
total risk. An IBL model is calibrated to human data in the flat sequence and
later generalized to the increasing and decreasing sequences. The model is
evaluated based upon a situation-awareness measure of timeliness. We expected
that on account of recency, human stop work decisions will be earlier in the
increasing sequence compared to the decreasing sequence. Results reveal that
both human's and model's stop work decisions are earlier in the increasing
sequence compared to the decreasing sequence. We discuss future directions in
this research.

%M C.HFES.11.846
%T Workload Modeling using Time Windows and Utilization in an Air Traffic
Control Task
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP2 - Human Performance Modeling in Critical
Environments
%A Lee, Pei-Ju
%A Kolling, Andreas
%A Lewis, Michael
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 846-850
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551176
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/846
%X In this paper, we show how to assess human workload for continuous tasks and
describe how operator performance is affected by variations in break-work
intervals and by different utilizations. A study was conducted examining the
effects of different break-work intervals and utilization as a factor in a
mental workload model. We investigated the impact of operator performance on
operational error while performing continuous event-driven air traffic control
tasks with multiple aircraft. To this end we have developed a simple air
traffic control (ATC) model aimed at distributing breaks to form different
configurations with the same utilization. The presented approach extends prior
concepts of workload and utilization, which are based on a simple average
utilization, and considers the specific patterns of break-work intervals.

%M C.HFES.11.851
%T The relationship between Workload, Teamwork, Situation Awareness, and
Performance in Teams: A microworld study
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP2 - Human Performance Modeling in Critical
Environments
%A Berggren, Peter
%A Prytz, Erik
%A Johansson, Björn
%A Nählinder, Staffan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 851-855
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551177
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/851
%X In modern military organizations teamwork performance is central, yet the
underlying factors contributing to such performance are debated. The purpose of
this paper was to investigate how several known teamwork measures relate to a
prior model of operator performance (Nählinder et al, 2004). This study
expands this model to the team level and in the command and control domain.
Specifically, this paper studies the relationship between individual and team
workload measures, situation awareness measures, and performance measures in 18
two-person teams. The study has two major findings: Firstly, the various team
cognition measures statistically cluster into four meaningful concepts
(workload, teamwork, situation awareness and performance). Secondly, a
Structural Equation Model indicates that the relationship between the various
individual and team measures can be described in a model resembling the model
found in previous studies (Nählinder et al, 2004). In particular, the
results show that the general workload in the microworld study has a negative
effect on both teamwork and situation awareness. Teamwork, in turn, also
affects situation awareness, which has major impact on performance.

%M C.HFES.11.856
%T Mathematical Modeling of Average Driver Speed Control with the Integration
of Queuing Network-Model Human Processor and Rule-Based Decision Field Theory
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP2 - Human Performance Modeling in Critical
Environments
%A Zhao, Guozhen
%A Wu, Changxu
%A Ou, Bo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 856-860
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551178
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/856
%X Quantitative prediction and understanding of driver speed control is
important to prevent speeding behavior and design vehicle systems. Speed
control is a complex behavior of driver longitudinal vehicle control, involving
speed perception, decision making (setting a target speed), motor control (foot
movement for pedal control), and vehicle mechanics. However, few of existing
models is able to cover all of these important aspects together. To address
this problem, the current work built a new mathematical driver speed control
model with analytical solutions based on rigorous understanding of human
cognitive mechanisms in driving, integrated Queuing Network-Model Human
Processor (QN-MHP, which already modeled driver lateral control) structure and
Rule-Based Decision Field Theory (RDFT), and offered a relatively complete
picture of driver speed control in free-flow driving settings. This new model
can provide predictions with regard to driving speed, pedal angle and
acceleration for average driver.

%M C.HFES.11.861
%T Modeling Operator Performance and Cognition in Robotic Missions
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP2 - Human Performance Modeling in Critical
Environments
%A Gacy, A. Marquis
%A Wickens, Christopher D.
%A Sebok, Angelia
%A Gore, Brian F.
%A Hooey, Becky L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 861-865
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551179
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/861
%X Control of the robotic arm on the International Space Station is a
challenging endeavor, not only due to the high consequence of failure, but also
because the limited number and arrangement of cameras greatly increases the
difficulty of maneuvering the arm. There is great potential for automation to
reduce such effort, but developing the right kind and degree of automation is a
key concern. Mismatches between the perspective of the operator and the view of
the robotic arm, and between the direction of control and response of the arm,
contribute to performance degradations. In this paper we describe the
development of a computational structure that combines a set of existent human
performance modules to address such issues. These modules include the Frame of
Reference Transformation (FORT), the Basic Operational Robotic Instructional
System (BORIS), the Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS
v5), and the Salience, Effort, Expectancy, and Value (SEEV) attention model as
applied in a simulation model of a robotic operator termed MORRIS.

%M C.HFES.11.866
%T The Application of Simulation Technology for Training in Military Medicine
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP3 - The Application of Simulation Technology
for Training in Military Medicine
%A Rice, Valerie
%A Alfred, Petra
%A Bateman, Raymond
%A Boykin, Gary
%A Morie, Jacki
%A Norfleet, Jack
%A Scerbo, Mark
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 866-869
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551180
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/866
%X The use of simulation in the training of health care professionals and
patients includes diverse applications such as computer modeling, patient
simulators, environmental simulations, gaming, static and dynamic holograms,
the use of virtual patients or virtual environments, to name a few. This panel
brings together experts on the use of simulation for training health care
professionals and patients in a military health care setting. It is widely
known that in the presence of War, the health care and rehabilitation of
wounded warriors necessitates growth and development of medical practice, and
the United States has now been engaged in War for ten years. The value of the
information provided in this panel reaches beyond military medicine, as each
panelist will discuss their topic with respect to current research and
findings, and the application of results in both military and civilian
settings. The panel will engage the audience in discussions of
cross-disciplinary applications, including areas for potential collaboration
across military and civilian services.

%M C.HFES.11.870
%T Modeling Performance Measures and Self-Ratings of Workload in a Visual
Scanning Task
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP4 - Modeling Cognition
%A Cassenti, Daniel N.
%A Kelley, Troy D.
%A Colle, Herbert A.
%A McGregor, Elizabeth A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 870-874
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551181
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/870
%X Mental workload is the amount of demand on an individual's limited mental
resources and thus is an important consideration in human factors research.
This research focuses on workload from two primary methods of measuring it --
self-ratings of workload and performance. An experiment to test workload
involved the manipulation of the number of tasks to be performed at once and
the time available to respond to the task or tasks. The results show that
performance changes by shifting between ceiling, linear decrease, and floor
performance as workload increases. SWAT ratings of workload followed the same
pattern. We conclude that the IMPRINT (Improved Performance Research
Integration Tool; Archer & Adkins, 1999) modeling system should maintain
its existing method of modeling self ratings of workload, but that they may
make use of a new algorithm based on this data to model performance as workload
changes.

%M C.HFES.11.875
%T Visual Search Versus Memory in a Paired Associate Task
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP4 - Modeling Cognition
%A Halverson, Tim
%A Gunzelmann, Glenn
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 875-879
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551182
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/875
%X The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) has been used to study various
effects, like aging and fatigue. Multiple cognitive and perceptual processes,
like associative memory and visual search, are prominently utilized in the
DSST. Understanding how these processes contribute to execution of tasks like
the DSST is important to human factors research, as moderators like age and
fatigue may differentially affect these processes. This study investigates
performance on variants of the DSST that emphasize either visual search or
associative memory with experimentation and computational cognitive modeling.
While there are similarities in performance across task variants, the observed
data suggests that, when visual search is possible, people appear to not
utilize memory to the extent they would if relying on memory alone. The
modeling suggests that behavior differences in the DSST variants results partly
from procedural (i.e. strategic) choices and partly from the demands of the
tasks.

%M C.HFES.11.880
%T The Mutual Support Function Model: A Cognitive Model for Intelligence
Analysis Supporting Irregular Warfare
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP4 - Modeling Cognition
%A Farry, Michael
%A Carlson, Eric
%A Mahoney, Samuel
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 880-884
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551183
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/880
%X Modern intelligence analysis has evolved due to the focus on Irregular
Warfare (IW) and the proliferation of network-centric environments. Given the
ubiquity of those two themes in modern intelligence analysis, this paper seeks
to provide a detailed cognitive model of intelligence analysis for IW, the
Mutual Support Function Model (MSFM), based on the original Support Function
Model (SFM) for intelligence analysis from (Elm et al., 2005). In addition to
the three functions of Down Collect, Conflict and Corroboration, and Hypothesis
Exploration from the original SFM, the MSFM considers two additional functions,
Information Needs Management and Decision Selection. In addition to presenting
this theoretical model, this paper also presents a discussion of how the model
may be applied to operational environments through the development of tools. We
also discuss strategies for introducing associated technology to the work
environment in a suitable manner.

%M C.HFES.11.885
%T Human Total Ownership Cost in Complex Systems: Estimating Human Performance
Cost in Environments with Multiple Layers of Technology
%S Human Performance Modeling: HP4 - Modeling Cognition
%A Ahram, Tareq Z.
%A Karwowski, Waldemar
%A Onkham, Wilawan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 885-889
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551184
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/885
%X In current practice, the Human Total Ownership Cost (HTOC) is often viewed
as an acquisition cost -- that is, the cost of systems that does not consider
human costs other than those related to the immediate staffing, training needs
and requirements. The cost of human performance, in terms of both human
capabilities and limitations, is directly related to the total ownership cost
(TOC) of the technology. This paper summarizes ongoing efforts for modeling
complex human performance cost drivers, for identification of critical elements
that define the long term impact of human performance on system design,
development, production, fielding, sustainment, and improvement, throughout the
system life cycle. The overall aim is to develop a methodology to better assess
and predict the total cost of human and human performance as relevant to
acquisition of new technologies and systems. Future challenges that decision
makers are likely to face in this domain are also discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.890
%T Adaptive Automation to Improve Human Performance in Supervision of Multiple
Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles: Individual Markers of Performance
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID1 - Individual Differences in
Human-Agent Interaction
%A Saqer, Haneen
%A de Visser, Ewart
%A Emfield, Adam
%A Shaw, Tyler
%A Parasuraman, Raja
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 890-893
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551185
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/890
%X Adaptive automation has been shown to offer flexible, context-dependent, and
user-specific automation that can enhance human-system performance. While
several invocation methods for adaptive automation have been proposed and
tested in experimental settings, it is not clear which of these methods can
practically be implemented in operational environments. It is therefore
important to explore measures that are both predictive of individual
performance and that can be easily administered in actual work environments.
This study examined the efficacy of using both baseline manual performance and
working memory capacity to predict future performance with automation.
Participants were assisted by context-dependent adaptive automation during a
simulated command and control task. Results showed that baseline performance
without automation predicted overall human-automation performance. Working
memory capacity did not predict overall performance, but did predict effective
use of the automated aids, so that participants with higher working memory
scores used the aids more effectively. These results suggest that effectiveness
of human-automation teams can be predicted with quick, cost-efficient, easily
measureable markers of performance and can therefore provide practical
invocation strategies for adaptive automation.

%M C.HFES.11.894
%T Effects of Spatial Ability on Multi-robot Control Tasks
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID1 - Individual Differences in
Human-Agent Interaction
%A Chien, Shih-Yi
%A Wang, Huadong
%A Lewis, Michael
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 894-898
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551186
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/894
%X Working with large teams of robots is a very complex and demanding task for
any operator and individual differences in spatial ability could significantly
affect that performance. In the present study, we examine data from two earlier
experiments to investigate the effects of ability for perspective-taking on
performance at an urban search and rescue (USAR) task using a realistic
simulation and alternate displays. We evaluated the participants' spatial
ability using a standard measure of spatial orientation and examined the
divergence of performance in accuracy and speed in locating victims, and
perceived workload. Our findings show operators with higher spatial ability
experienced less workload and marked victims more precisely. An interaction was
found for the experimental image queue display for which participants with low
spatial ability improved significantly in their accuracy in marking victims
over the traditional streaming video display.

%M C.HFES.11.899
%T Indexing Spatial Ability Across Team Size: The Influence of the Weakest
Link, Strongest Link, and Aggregate Ability on Performance with Multiple
Unmanned Systems
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID1 - Individual Differences in
Human-Agent Interaction
%A Sellers, Brittany
%A Fincannon, Thomas
%A Jentsch, Florian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 899-903
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551187
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/899
%X This study compared the effects of indexing individual differences in
spatial ability and team size on performance with unmanned systems. The methods
of indexing team spatial ability included measure of (a) the effects of the
aggregate (mean), (b) the member that is the strongest link (has the maximum
ability), and (c) the member that is the weakest link (has the minimum
ability). These methods were considered in relation to the effects of team
size. Results indicated that the method of indexing can moderate the strength
of the relationship between spatial ability and performance. Interestingly, the
impact of team size on a decision making task was moderated by spatial ability
of the strongest link. Furthermore, the strongest link was also a greater
predictor of reconnaissance than team size. Implications of these findings are
discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.904
%T Relationship between a Self-Reported ADHD Questionnaire and Sustained
Attention to Local and Global Target Features
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID2 - Individual Differences in
Attention, Performance, and Workload
%A Helton, William S.
%A Head, James
%A Russell, Paul N.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 904-908
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551188
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/904
%X Researchers have suggested a link between right-hemisphere dysfunction and
reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. In this
experiment non-clinical participants completed the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale
(ASRS) and performed a vigilance task requiring either global or local letter
target discriminations. Global target discriminations have shown right
hemisphere dominance and local target discriminations have shown left
hemisphere dominance in brain imaging studies. While the global-local
discrimination did not affect the results, the ASRS did significantly predict
the decline of detections over time on task, e.g. the vigilance decrement.
Thus, the ASRS may be useful in non-clinical populations as a predictor for
vigilance performance.

%M C.HFES.11.909
%T Effects of Anxiety on Performance and Workload in an Air Defense Task
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID2 - Individual Differences in
Attention, Performance, and Workload
%A Panganiban, April Rose
%A Matthews, Gerald
%A Funke, Gregory
%A Knott, Benjamin A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 909-913
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551189
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/909
%X Air battle management (ABM) operations place high demands on operator
attention; operator teams are required to manage an airspace cluttered with
aircraft, identify changes in amity of entities and respond appropriately to
these aircraft. Awareness of the severe consequence of errors in detection and
the risk of physical harm may contribute to operator stress and anxiety.
Operators high in trait anxiety might then be vulnerable to adverse
consequences including excessive stress, workload and performance impairment.
In addition, anxiety research shows a selective attention bias to
threat-related information which may impact operator strategy. The current
study aimed to investigate the effects of trait and state anxiety in dyads
performing a simulated ABM task. In general, dyads high in trait anxiety
appeared to cope fairly effectively with task demands, and performed better on
defensive aspects of the ABM task. The role of trait anxiety in team
composition is briefly discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.914
%T Reactive Task-Set Switching Ability, Not Working Memory Capacity, Predicts
Change Blindness Sensitivity
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID2 - Individual Differences in
Attention, Performance, and Workload
%A Youmans, Robert J.
%A Figueroa, Ivonne J.
%A Kramarova, Olga
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 914-918
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551190
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/914
%X Individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) have been shown to
predict how well people perform tasks that require directed attention, but the
individual differences responsible for task-set switching and noticing
behaviors are less well understood. In this study, 86 undergraduate students
from California State University, Northridge completed a measure of WMC, a
measure of cognitive flexibility, and attempted to identify disappearing
objects in change-blindness slides. WMC was not related to our measure of
cognitive flexibility or change detection, but cognitive flexibility was
directly correlated with the ability to notice change. The findings suggest
that the ability to notice sudden changes in an environment, an ability that is
of paramount importance for the safe operation of complex machinery and
systems, may be supported by individual differences that are independent of
WMC.

%M C.HFES.11.919
%T Individual Differences in Multitasking Ability and Adaptability
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID2 - Individual Differences in
Attention, Performance, and Workload
%A Morgan, Brent
%A D'Mello, Sidney
%A Fike, Karl
%A Abbott, Robert
%A Haass, Michael
%A Tamplin, Andrea
%A Radvansky, Gabriel
%A Forsythe, Chris
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 919-923
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551191
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/919
%X Multitasking has become increasingly prevalent in people's personal and
professional lives. Considerable research has attempted to identify the
characteristics of people (i.e., individual differences) that predict
multitasking ability, and more importantly, the ability to rapidly cope with
changing task demands (adaptability). This question was assessed in an
experiment wherein participants first completed a battery of individual
differences tests of cognitive abilities, then multitasked in a flight
simulator in which task difficulty was incrementally increased via three
experimental manipulations. The results indicated that general aptitude and
working memory predicted general multitasking ability, but spatial ability was
the dominant factor for adapting to increasing difficulty in this flight
simulator task. We conclude by discussing the implications and applied aspects
of these findings.

%M C.HFES.11.924
%T The Gorilla's Role in Relevant and Irrelevant Stimuli in Situation Awareness
and Driving Hazard Detection
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID2 - Individual Differences in
Attention, Performance, and Workload
%A Dattel, Andrew R.
%A Vogt, Jason E.
%A Fratzola, Jessica K.
%A Dever, Daniel P.
%A Stefonetti, Matthew
%A Sheehan, Chelsea C.
%A Miller, Marissa C.
%A Cavanagh, Joseph A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 924-928
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551192
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/924
%X Thirty six undergraduate students participated in a study that compared
inattentional blindness (IB) with situation awareness (SA), working memory
(WM), and driving hazard detection. To test IB, participants watched the
Invisible Gorilla video (Simon & Chabris, 1999) of a person dressed in a
gorilla costume walking between players passing a basketball. Participants also
watched a string of driving videos (automobile and motorcycle) from the
driver's perspective. Participants answered SA questions (relevant to the
driving task and irrelevant to the driving task) and identified driving hazards
throughout the video. Participants' SA and hazard detection performance were
compared to their IB (did see the gorilla, or did not see the gorilla), and
their performance on counting completed basketball passes. In addition,
participants' working memory (WM) and short-term memory (STM) were measured.
Susceptibility to IB indicated longer response times for irrelevant questions
related to the driving task when compared to relevant driving questions. Those
who did not see the gorilla (DNS) also took longer to respond to irrelevant
questions than those who did see the gorilla (DS). However, the two groups did
not differ in the time taken to answer relevant driving SA questions. The DNS
group outperformed the DS group on hazard detection performance. Finally, a
trend suggested that individuals in the DNS group who had high WM were more
accurate in pass counts. Conversely, individuals in the DNS group who had low
WM were least accurate in pass counts.

%M C.HFES.11.929
%T The relationship between domain-relevant and abstract assessments of
diagnostic reasoning ability
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID3 - Individual Differences in
Cognitive Traits and Performance
%A Loveday, T. D.
%A Wiggins, M. W.
%A Harris, J. M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 929-933
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551193
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/929
%X Diagnostic reasoning is one of the primary functions of operators in complex
technical environments. At present, the options available for assessing the
aptitude for diagnostic reasoning are limited to abstract, general measures.
However, such methods are perceived as unfair, irrelevant, and may not readily
generalize to performance in the domain. The present study outlines a
domain-sensitive approach to the assessment of diagnostic reasoning which uses
stimuli drawn from the operational environment. Incorporating two tasks,
feature identification and feature location, this approach was measured against
abstract measures of two individual components of expert reasoning in the
context of power system control. The results provide preliminary evidence to
indicate that the tasks possess a level of concurrent validity. Implications
for theory, research and job assessment are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.934
%T Understanding the complexities of visual and verbal learners: A partial
replication of Mayer and Massa (2003)
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID3 - Individual Differences in
Cognitive Traits and Performance
%A Astwood, Randy S., Jr.
%A Landsberg, Carla R.
%A Mercado, Alyssa
%A Van Buskirk, Wendi L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 934-938
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551194
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/934
%X As part of a larger experiment, we performed a factor analysis on eight
measures of the verbalizer-visualizer dimension of learning. Our goal was to
partially replicate Mayer and Massa's (2003) finding that the
verbalizer-visualizer dimension is multifaceted. Another aim was to expand on
the work done by Mayer and Massa by including measures of performance on a
computer-based simulation task that included both visual and spatial elements.
In general, we found support for the multifaceted nature of the
verbalizer-visualizer construct. Results have implications for how to measure
the verbalizer-visualizer construct.

%M C.HFES.11.939
%T Simulated Airline Luggage Screening: The Effects of Social-Cognitive Biases
on Performance
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID3 - Individual Differences in
Cognitive Traits and Performance
%A Brown, Jeremy
%A Madhavan, Poornima
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 939-943
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551195
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/939
%X This study illustrates how social-cognitive biases affects the decision
making process of airline luggage screeners. Participants (n = 96) performed a
computer simulated task to detect hidden weapons in 200 x-ray images of
passenger luggage. Participants saw each image for two (high time pressure) or
six seconds (low time pressure). In addition, participants observed pictures of
the "passenger" (representing five races and both genders) who owned the
luggage. The "pre-anchor group" answered questions about the passenger before
the luggage image appeared, the "post-anchor" group answered questions after
the luggage appeared, and the "no-anchor group" answered no questions. Results
revealed that participants under high time pressure had lower hit rates and
higher false alarms than those under low time pressure. Significant
interactions between passenger gender and race were found for the no-anchor
group; there were no significant effects within the pre- and post anchor
groups. Finally, participants had higher false alarm rates in response to male
than female passengers.

%M C.HFES.11.944
%T Developing an Easy-to-Administer, Objective, and Valid Assessment of
Cognitive Flexibility
%S Individual Differences in Performance: ID3 - Individual Differences in
Cognitive Traits and Performance
%A Figueroa, Ivonne J.
%A Youmans, Robert J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 944-948
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551196
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/944
%X Cognitive flexibility, the ability to abandon an active cognitive strategy
in favor of another, may predict successful performance in tasks that require
divided attention, but measuring cognitive flexibility is challenging. Here,
two studies assessed cognitive flexibility using Grant and Berg's (1948)
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and an easy-to-administer puzzle task under
development. Three variables of flexibility in the WCST were hypothesized to
predict puzzle performance. In Study 1, undergraduate students (n = 88) from
California State University, Northridge completed both the WCST and the puzzle.
Results indicated that only the variable 'trials to complete first category'
reliably correlated with puzzle performance, therefore a revised puzzle was
created. In Study 2, undergraduate students (n = 40) from the same university
repeated the experiment, resulting in a stronger relationship between 'trials
to complete first category' and the modified puzzle. The results suggest that
cognitive flexibility can be measured using puzzles that require frequent
strategy shifts like those reported here.

%M C.HFES.11.949
%T Ergonomic issues associated with the use of touchscreen desktop PC
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE1 - Computers and Upper Extremities
%A Shin, Gwanseob
%A Zhu, Xinhui
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 949-953
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551197
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/949
%X In this laboratory experiment, potential ergonomic concerns associated with
the use of a touchscreen desktop PC have been investigated by quantifying neck
and shoulder muscle activities, subjective discomfort ratings, and
user-preferred positions of the computer workstation in three different usage
scenarios of touchscreen PC (no touch interface; standard keyboard for typing
with display tapping; on-screen keyboard with display tapping). Results found
significantly greater (p < 0.05) activity of neck and shoulder muscles and
increments in subjective discomfort ratings associated with the use of touch
interfaces such as the on-screen keyboard and display tapping. In addition,
participants placed the touchscreen closer and lower with more tilt when using
the touch interfaces. It was concluded that the use of a touchscreen in desktop
PC setting could generate greater biomechanical stress and discomfort than a
traditional setting, and it might be attributable to greater or more frequent
arm and hand movement in floating arm postures.

%M C.HFES.11.954
%T Are there Differences in Typing Performance and Typing Forces between Short
and Long travel Keyboards?
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE1 - Computers and Upper Extremities
%A Hughes, Margaret
%A Aulck, Lavi
%A Johnson, Peter W.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 954-957
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551198
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/954
%X With keyboards gravitating towards thinner designs (shorter key travel
distances) it is important to understand how these short travel keyboards may
affect typing performance, typing forces and operator comfort. Using 15
subjects (7 males, 8 females), we wanted to determine whether there were
differences in typing performance when computer operators typed on three
keyboards with the same activation force (0.6 N) but with different key travel
distances (2.0mm, 2.5mm and 4.0mm). During a 15 minute typing session on each
keyboard, typing performance (speed and accuracy), typing forces and perceived
fatigue ratings were measured. There were no differences in typing speed (p =
0.39), typing accuracy (p = 0.33) or keystroke durations (p = 0.15) across the
three keyboards. However, typing force differences were measured (p < 0.003)
with the longest travel keyboard (4.0mm) having higher mean and peak forces
compared to the shorter travel keyboards (2.0 and 2.5 mm). These findings
indicate that there is no apparent detriment in physical exposure or typing
performance when using shorter travel keyboards.

%M C.HFES.11.958
%T Effects of armrest height on the neck and shoulder muscle activity in
keyboard typing
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE1 - Computers and Upper Extremities
%A Zhu, Xinhui
%A Shin, Gwanseob
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 958-962
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551199
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/958
%X Use of forearm support during typing is known to alleviate biomechanical
stresses on user's neck and upper extremities but it is not known how the
change in the armrest height influences the efficiency of the support. The
purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of armrest height on the
myoelectric activity (EMG) of neck extensors, upper trapezius muscles and
forearm muscles during keyboard typing. Twenty-four subjects performed a simple
typing task with each of four different armrest conditions (no support,
armrests at resting elbow height, armrests at 25% and 40% above resting elbow
height) while their EMG amplitudes were periodically collected. Results found
significantly greater (p<0.05) mean activity of neck and shoulder muscles
associated with elevated armrest heights. Armrest at resting elbow height
produced the lowest mean activity. Findings of this study indicate the
importance of proper positioning of arm support during typing.

%M C.HFES.11.963
%T Influence of Object Weight and Terminal Orientation on Upper Limb Postures
during Grasping, Holding, and Placing Cylindrical Object
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE1 - Computers and Upper Extremities
%A Zhou, Wei
%A Armstrong, Thomas J.
%A Wegner, Diana M.
%A Reed, Matthew P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 963-967
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551200
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/963
%X This study examines the effect of object weight and terminal orientation on
upper limb postures during grasping, holding, and placing cylindrical objects.
An experiment including two sessions was conducted. In the first session, eight
subjects grasped and held a horizontally located cylindrical object with
varying weights (0.34, 2.04, 3.74, and 5.44 kg) using self-selected postures,
then placed the object with self-selected target location and orientation. In
the second session, five subjects grasped and held cylindrical object with
varying weights, then positioned the object at a target location with specified
orientation, i.e., either left or right end down. Eight posture categories for
grasping the cylindrical object were identified based on upper limb posture.
Multiple postural strategies for grasping, holding, and placing the objects
were observed, influenced by an interaction between object weight and terminal
orientation. These results show that posture selection in these tasks is
influenced by force exertion and how the object is to be positioned.

%M C.HFES.11.968
%T Maximal Acceptable Torques of Highly Repetitive Screw Driving, Wrist Flexion
and Extension with a Pinch grip, Ulnar Deviation, and Handgrip Tasks for Seven
Hour Workdays for Male Industrial Workers
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE1 - Computers and Upper Extremities
%A Ciriello, Vincent M.
%A Maikala, Rammohan V.
%A O'Brien, Niall V.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 968-970
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551201
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/968
%X The purpose of the study was to quantify maximum acceptable torques of six
tasks performed on separate days but within the context of the same experiment.
The six tasks were screw driving clockwise with a 40 mm handle and a 39 mm yoke
handle; flexion and extension with a pinch grip; ulnar deviation with a power
grip (similar to knife cutting), and a handgrip task (similar to a pliers
task). A psychophysical methodology was used in which the subject adjusted the
resistance of the task, and the experimenter controlled all other variables.
Sixteen male industrial workers performed the six tasks at repetition rates of
15 and 25 motions per minute. Subjects performed the tasks for 7 hours per day,
5 days per week, for 12 days. The subjects were instructed to work as if they
were on an incentive basis, getting paid for the amount of work they performed.
Symptoms were recorded by the subjects during the last 5 minutes of each hour.
The results revealed that mean maximum acceptable torques ranged from 1.15 Nm
to 1.88 Nm for screw driving, 2.26 Nm to 3.71 Nm for pinch flexion and
extension, 3.88 Nm to 4.07 Nm for ulnar deviation, and 11.47 Nm to 13.98 Nm for
the handgrip task. These values represented 15% to 35% (median of 23%) of
maximum isometric torques depending on the repetition rate and the task.

%M C.HFES.11.971
%T Biomechanical Evaluation of the Eco Pick Lift Assist: Could this device
potentially prevent back and shoulder injuries in people doing pick-to-pallet
jobs in distribution centers?
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE2 - Ergonomic Devices and Products
%A Lavender, Steven A.
%A Ko, Pei-Ling
%A Sommerich, Carolyn
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 971-974
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551202
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/971
%X The objective of this work was to biomechanically evaluate a new type of
lift-assist that could potentially be used by people as they move through
distribution centers. Eleven participants moved 16.4 kg boxes from one pallet
to another manually and using the Eco-Pick lift assist. Electromyographic (EMG)
activities were measured bilaterally in the Bicep, Deltoid, Latissimus Dorsi,
and Erector Spinae muscles. The analysis showed that the 90th percentile and
the 50th percentile normalized EMG values obtained from the Bicep, Latissimus
Dorsi, and Erector Spinae muscles were reduced using the Eco-Pick assist. The
Eco-Pick was advantageous to the deltoid muscles with the higher placement
locations.

%M C.HFES.11.975
%T Effects of Scaffolding Equipment Interventions on Muscle Activation and Task
Performance
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE2 - Ergonomic Devices and Products
%A Gangakhedkar, Shruti B.
%A Kaber, David B.
%A Mosaly, Prithima R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 975-979
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551203
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/975
%X Examination of a local power utility's injury database revealed maintenance
personnel to experience high injury rates. Maintenance jobs were analyzed using
an ergonomic risk factor screening tool and scaffolding tasks, including
walk-board tie-down and frame tube coupling, were found to pose high risks.
Factors included high torques at joints and awkward posture positions. The
purpose of this study was to conceptualize interventions to reduce risks and
conduct experiments to assess the impact of interventions on worker muscle
activation and performance. Nine male operators were recruited from the utility
and participated in two tests of novel walk-board tie-down and frame coupling
equipment. Muscle activation was measured using electromyography in scaffold
assemble/disassemble tasks along with time-to-task completion. Results revealed
plastic zip-ties and quick-clamping couplers to reduce mean normalized muscle
responses and support performance comparable to conventional metal-wire ties
and ratcheting clamps. These ergonomic interventions maybe implemented in other
areas where scaffolding is used.

%M C.HFES.11.980
%T Ergonomic Interventional Design of an Articulating Arm for Echocardiography
Application: Front-End Design and Pilot Study
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE2 - Ergonomic Devices and Products
%A Umar, Radin Zaid Radin
%A Sommerich, Carolyn
%A Evans, Kevin
%A Lavender, Steven
%A Sanders, Elizabeth
%A Yen, Wei-Ting
%A Joines, Sharon
%A Lamar, Sabrina
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 980-983
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551204
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/980
%X Echocardiography is a growing field due to the dual trends in longer life
expectancy and rising obesity levels. Several publications have reported high
prevalence of musculoskeletal issues among cardiac sonographers due risk
factors that include prolonged probe pinching, forceful exertions, awkward
postures, and prolonged maintenance of static postures. A design of an
articulating arm that uses a simple locking mechanism was envisioned to reduce
these exposures. A participatory approach involving experienced cardiac
sonographers was fully integrated into the design process. A functional
prototype was assembled, and pilot tested among cardiac sonographers in a
clinic setting. The device was well received and thought to have potential in
addressing the previously identified issues. However, several design iterations
and more comprehensive evaluations will be needed before the device will be
ready for implementation in echocardiography settings.

%M C.HFES.11.984
%T Mechanical Power-Drive Reduces the Stress on the Back
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE2 - Ergonomic Devices and Products
%A Davis, Kermit G.
%A Kotowski, Susan E.
%A Marras, William S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 984-987
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551205
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/984
%X Nursing continues to be an occupation that experiences high levels of low
back and shoulder injuries. Transferring patients in a bed or stretcher is one
potential handling task that could lead to back injuries. The loads on the back
could potentially be reduced by utilizing a power-drive intervention and was
the focus of the current study. Twelve participants completed the transferring
conditions utilizing a general hospital bed and stretcher with and without
power-drive. The peak and cumulative three-dimensional spine loads were
significantly reduced (between 7.5% and 20%) when using the powerdrive. The
results provide some evidence that the addition of a power-drive mechanism on a
bed or stretcher could potentially be effect in reducing the risk of low back
injuries for nurses who transfer patients often.

%M C.HFES.11.988
%T Ergonomic Evaluation of an Alternative Tool for Cake Decorating
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE2 - Ergonomic Devices and Products
%A Harris, Carisa
%A Chen, Bingyune
%A janowitz, Ira
%A Rempel, David
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 988-992
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551459
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/988
%X Cake decorating involves several hand intensive steps with high grip force
during the application of icing. The purpose of this laboratory study was to
evaluate forearm muscle activity, discomfort, productivity, and usability of a
new device for cake decorating compared to the traditional piping bag method.
Subjects (N=17) performed two hours of cake decorating tasks using two
different devices. Muscle activity from three forearm muscles, posture,
subjective hand and arm fatigue, and usability of each device were assessed.
Outcome measures were evaluated using binomial, Wilcoxin Signed Rank test, and
the paired t-test. Mean median (APDF 50%) muscle activity were significantly
less for the new device across all three muscles, and posture analysis showed
significantly less wrist extension. Subjects rated the new device superior for
refill and comfort, and the traditional method better for accuracy. The new
device significantly reduced grip force and awkward wrist posture, two
important risk factors for distal upper extremity pain and disorders. However,
the new device did not receive the best overall rating because of problems with
accuracy and overflow, especially with smaller decorating tips.

%M C.HFES.11.993
%T Recent Findings from the Prospective NIOSH MSD Consortium Studies
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE3 - Invited Address: David Rempel and Robert Radwin
%A Rempel, David M.
%Q Upper Extremity MSD Consortium Group
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 993-994
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551206
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/993

%M C.HFES.11.995
%T Automated Video Exposure Assessment of Repetitive Motion
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE3 - Invited Address: David Rempel and Robert Radwin
%A Radwin, Robert G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 995-996
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551207
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/995
%X A new method is described for automatically quantifying repetitive hand
motion using digital video processing. The hand activity level (HAL) is widely
used for evaluating repetitive hand work. Conventional methods using either a
trained observer on site, or manual off site video analysis, are often
considered inaccurate, cumbersome or impractical for routine work assessment. A
simple paced load transfer task was used to simulate a repetitive industrial
activity. Twelve participants were videoed performing the task for varying HAL
conditions. The automatically predicted HAL was compared to the ground truth
HAL measured using manual frame-by-frame video analysis. Hand kinematics using
the marker-less single-camera video tracking algorithm were compared against an
infrared 3D motion tracking system. This paper demonstrates proof-of-concept
for automatic video-based direct exposure assessment.

%M C.HFES.11.997
%T The Effects of Mobile Computer Location in a Vehicle Cab on Muscle Activity
and Joint Postures
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE4 - Work Processes and Driving
%A Saginus, Kyle
%A Marklin, Richard
%A Seeley, Patricia
%A Freier, Stephen
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 997-1001
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551208
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/997
%X The objective of this research is to determine the best location to place a
conventional mobile PC supported by a commercially available mount in a light
truck cab. U.S. and Canadian electric utility companies are in the process of
integrating mobile computers into their fleet vehicle cabs. There are no
publications on the effect of mobile computer location in a vehicle cab on
biomechanical loading, performance, and subjective assessment. Four locations
of mobile computers in a light truck cab were tested in a laboratory study to
determine how location affected muscle activity of the lower back and shoulders
and joint angles of the shoulders, elbows, and wrist. Placing the mobile
computer closer to the steering wheel reduced low back and shoulder muscle
activity required to use the mobile computer. Upper extremity joint angles were
also closer to neutral angle. Locating the mobile computer close to the
steering wheel reduces risk factors of injuries such as low back pain and
shoulder tendonitis. Results from this study can guide electric utility
companies in the installation of mobile computers into vehicle cabs. A
recommendation for the initial location, with respect to the steering wheel, to
locate the mobile computer is included. Results may also be generalized to
other industries that use truck-like vehicles, such as construction.

%M C.HFES.11.1002
%T Field assessment of biomechanical and physiological demands in sand and
limestone bagging operations
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE4 - Work Processes and Driving
%A Gallagher, Sean
%A Pollard, Jonisha
%A Manke, Nikky
%A Heberger, John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1002-1006
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551209
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1002
%X Bagging operations are common in the mining industry and are associated with
numerous musculoskeletal injuries. To better understand the physical demands of
bagging operations, field evaluations quantifying low back loading and
physiological costs of bagging tasks were performed at two bagging operations.
A biomechanical model employing electromyography (EMG) and goniometry was used
to estimate lumbar compression and a portable metabolic system used to assess
heart rate and oxygen consumption. Manual palletizing of bags was found to
generate a load of approximately 1,500 Newtons on the spine, with a few larger
loads of 2,000-3,000 Newtons. The average oxygen cost for stacking was 5.3
METS, indicating moderately intense physical activity. Bag filling resulted in
lower lumbar loads and a reduced physiological cost (3.2 METS), or a moderate
level of energy expenditure. Use of a vacuum hoist resulted in a 39% reduction
in the peak compressive load on the worker's spine compared to manual lifting
when palletizing 75-lb bags.

%M C.HFES.11.1007
%T Impact of Shift Work on Physical and Postural Demands Among Nursing Aides in
Long-Term Health Care Facilities
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE4 - Work Processes and Driving
%A He, Chunhui
%A Davis, Kermit G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1007-1011
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551210
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1007
%X Nursing aides is one profession that is dominated by shift work as care
needs to be provided 24 hour a day and 7 days a week. To date, there is limited
information about how the physical and postural demands vary across different
shifts -- different lengths and times. Fifty-four nursing aides from local
long-term health care facilities were observed for an entire shift to document
the whole body postural response and physical activities. The results indicate
a very active demand for nursing aides on the 8-hr day shift and a more
sedentary demand on 8-hr and 12-hr night shifts. The discomfort felt by the
nursing aides appeared to be more related to the job demands rather than the
length of exposure (e.g. not that much difference between 8-hr and 12-hr
shifts).

%M C.HFES.11.1012
%T Work Variations and Musculoskeletal Stresses in Paced Production Operations
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE4 - Work Processes and Driving
%A Carrasquillo, Vernnaliz
%A Armstrong, Thomas J.
%A Hu, S. Jack
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1012-1016
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551211
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1012
%X This study aimed to test the hypothesis that variations in assembly jobs
increase workers' exposure to risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders.
Variations can be caused by different factors such as, materials, material
placement, product variety, work flow, etc., and they can require the worker to
perform movements not considered in the calculation of the allocated time. Work
variations may require workers to work faster and longer to keep up with paced
work, which may increase repetition and reduce recovery time. On a moving line,
workers may have to reach further to keep up with the work, which requires
additional time and results in posture stress. An observational study was
conducted in a moving assembly line where food trays were prepared for patients
at a large hospital to test the proposed hypothesis. Frequency and quantity of
work variations, and the frequency of reaching outside of the reach envelope
and recovery time were compared. The variety of materials (along with their
location), interarrival of the work object, whether or not the conveyor was
moving, and the amount of tasks the worker needed to perform in addition to the
main task of placing food on the tray were found to affect recovery time and
reach. These factors increased the frequency of reaching outside the reach
envelope and reduced the idle time for the station with the largest number and
of variations.

%M C.HFES.11.1017
%T Disc Hydration Response to Simulated Stooped and Erect Postures
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE5 - Low Back
%A Johannaber, Kenneth
%A Fathallah, Fadi A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1017-1021
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551212
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1017
%X Evidence suggests that prolonged exposure to stooped work is associated with
the development of low back disorders, particularly those that affect the
spinal intervertebral discs. While several studies have been done to analyze
the biomechanical aspects of stooped work, very little research has focused on
the effect of prolonged stooped work on disc hydration -- a critical component
of disc health. This study explores the connection between stooped work and low
back pain through controlled mechanical loading and quantitative analysis of
disc hydration during in vitro simulated stooped and erect loading conditions
of porcine discs. The results showed that stooped postures exhibit
significantly decreased overall water content relative to erect postures. These
results have implications for the injury mechanisms associated with stooped
work, as disc hydration forms the foundation for overall disc health and proper
function.

%M C.HFES.11.1022
%T Can Twisting and Lateral Bending Motions be Controlled through Adjustments
to Transfer Distance When Boxes are Lifted from Varying Heights?
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE5 - Low Back
%A Mehta, Jay
%A Kim, Tae Hoon
%A Lavender, Steven A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1022-1024
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551213
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1022
%X Work-related injury to the low back due to twisting and lateral bending
motions has been well-documented for manual material handling tasks. Laboratory
studies in the past have shown reduction in these motions of the spine by
changing the workplace layout. This study investigated differences in spine
motions as a function of transfer distance and origin lifting heights. Sixteen
subjects were asked to move three boxes from different lift origin heights to a
fixed destination for six transfer distances. The results showed that twisting
motions decreases with transfer distance and initial lifting height. At lower
lifting heights, lateral bending motions were significantly higher.

%M C.HFES.11.1025
%T Estimation of Low Back Disorder Risk for the ACGIH TLVs
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE5 - Low Back
%A Amick, Ryan Z.
%A Zarzar, Muci Chali
%A Jorgensen, Michael J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1025-1028
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551214
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1025
%X The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Threshold Lifting Value (TLV) lifting assessment method was designed to
identify potentially safe lifting weights as a function of location of the
lift, duration and frequency, assessed at the origin of the lift. However,
there may be scenarios where the destination of the lift may present greater
risk than the origin. This study utilized a measure of low back disorder risk
to evaluate if the destination of a lift could be assessed in addition to the
origin of the lift. Results indicated that the destination of the lift could be
evaluated using the ACGIH TLV assessment method. Additionally, the TLVs
identified by the ACGIH were consistent with low risk values of the measure of
low back disorder risk utilized in this study.

%M C.HFES.11.1029
%T A Simple Model of Changes in Lumbar Intervertebral Angles During Sagittal
Torso Flexion
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE5 - Low Back
%A Splittstoesser, Riley E.
%A Knapik, Greg G.
%A Marras, William S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1029-1033
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551215
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1029
%X Objective: To create simple models of intervertebral angle that account for
subject anthropometry and are simple to apply within biomechanical models.
Background: Biomechanical models require accurate intervertebral angle data if
they are to correctly partition calculated forces into compression and shear.
Current intervertebral angle models either require extensive instrumentation or
were developed using limited subject populations. Methods: MRI images were
collected from 13 males and 13 females in a series of sagittally flexed
postures. Measured intervertebral angles and anthropometry were used to create
linear regression equations of the L5/S1 through T12/L1 motion segments.
Results: The models are predictive of posture related intervertebral angle
changes. Conclusions: Models of intervertebral angle developed here require
simple measures that allow accurate prediction of changes in intervertebral
angles that can be used in biomechanical models for predicting forces acting on
the lumbar spine.

%M C.HFES.11.1034
%T Spinal Loading and Immune Responses to Personality and Mental Load During
Repetitive Lifting
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE5 - Low Back
%A Splittstoesser, Riley E.
%A Marras, William S.
%A Best, Thomas M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1034-1038
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551216
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1034
%X Objective: Investigate effects of interactions between biomechanical,
psychosocial and individual risk factors on spinal loading and inflammatory
responses. Background: Current low back pain causation theories do not explain
the difficulty making specific diagnoses based on low back imaging. Methods:
Two groups of subjects possessing sensor or intuitor personality trait
performed repetitive lifting with high or low mental workload. Spinal loading
was assessed using a biomechanical model and immune markers were collected
before and after lifting. Results: Mental loading was associated with a
decrease in AP shear. Both exposure conditions were characterized by a
time-regulate immune response evidenced by markers of inflammation, tissue
trauma and muscle damage. Intuitors CK levels increased over sensors following
the low mental workload condition but not for the high mental workload
condition. Conclusions: An immune response exists to lifting and mental loading
that is influenced by personality and mental workload.

%M C.HFES.11.1039
%T Shoulder Muscle Oxygenation during Repetitive Tasks
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE6 - Muscles, Fatigue, and Posture
%A Ferguson, Sue A.
%A Allread, W. Gary
%A Le, Peter
%A Rose, Joseph D.
%A Marras, William S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1039-1041
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551217
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1039
%X The purpose of this study was to quantify shoulder muscle oxygenation during
repetitive shoulder exertions that were similar to motions found in automobile
assembly tasks. Ten subjects participated in the study. There were three
independent variables: 1) shoulder flexion angle; 2) frequency; and 3) force.
The dependent measure was percentage change in muscle oxygenation for the
anterior deltoid and trapezius. The results showed significant muscle
oxygenation decreases for each of the main effects (shoulder flexion angle,
frequency and force). The interaction of force and repetition was significant
for the anterior deltoid, indicating that, as repetition increased the
magnitude of the differences between the force levels increased. The
interaction of repetition and shoulder angle was also significant. The results
of this research illustrate that ergonomists need to consider the interaction
of injury risk factors that may trigger musculoskeletal disorders of the
shoulder.

%M C.HFES.11.1042
%T The role of force and repetition in musculoskeletal disorder risk
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE6 - Muscles, Fatigue, and Posture
%A Gallagher, Sean
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1042-1046
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551218
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1042
%X While many epidemiological papers have examined the effects of force and
repetition on musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risk, relatively few have examined
the effects of these factors in combination. Many papers that have examined
both factors in combination provide evidence of an interaction between force
and repetition in the development of MSDs. When biological tissues are tested
to failure using varied levels of force and repetition, a similar interaction
is observed. Taken together, these findings suggest that force and repetition
should not be treated as independent risk factors for MSDs, but as factors
dependent on one another. This paper further posits that fatigue failure models
provide a useful framework that helps to explain the observed force-repetition
relationship. A model is presented that summarizes the hypothesized role of
force and repetition on tissue injury and repair.

%M C.HFES.11.1047
%T Impact Of Extended Durations To Ballast And Postural Stability
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE6 - Muscles, Fatigue, and Posture
%A Wade, Chip
%A Garner, John C.
%A Redfern, Mark S.
%A Andres, Bob O.
%A Roche, Jennica
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1047-1051
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551219
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1047
%X Railroad workers are exposed to a unique work setting of irregular walking
surfaces. Research and injury statistics suggest a possible causal relationship
between irregular walking surfaces and postural instability. The purpose of
this study was to examine the impact of extended duration of exposure to
ballast on postural stability. Sixteen healthy adult males walked on a 7.62m x
4.57m (25ft x 15ft) walking surface of No Ballast (NB) or covered with Ballast
(B). Participants were assessed on six NeuroCom® Equitest postural
stability testing conditions prior to ballast surface and again every 30
minutes for 4 hours. Following at least 72 hours, participants repeated the
protocol for a flat (NB) surface. Dependent variables were medial-lateral (M/L)
and anterior -- posterior (A/P) sway velocity and root mean square (RMS) sway
components. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between
surface conditions and exposure time. Overall, the ballast surface condition
induced greater sway parameters in each of the six-postural stability testing
conditions for time interval and surface conditions. Walking on ballast for
extended durations has a deleterious effect on postural stability compared to
walking on a flat (NB) surface. The findings provide preliminary information
for improve existing work practices for injury prevention.

%M C.HFES.11.1052
%T Biomechanical Effects of a Personal Weight Transfer Device in the Stooped
Posture
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE6 - Muscles, Fatigue, and Posture
%A Ulrey, Brent L.
%A Fathallah, Fadi A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1052-1056
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551220
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1052
%X Repetitive work in the stooped posture is a known risk factor for developing
low back disorders (LBDs). Use of the stooped posture in the workplace is
widespread throughout the world in agriculture, construction, and mining. In
California alone, hundreds of thousands of agricultural field workers routinely
utilize the stooped posture. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if a
personal weight transfer device as a possible intervention to reduce the load
on the lumbar spine, thereby reducing the risk of developing LBDs. Eighteen
healthy subjects performed stoop posture tasks in a laboratory study designed
to simulate harvesting of low-growing crops. Results showed that when wearing
the device in the static stooped posture, biceps femoris activity was reduced
by 17%, lumbar flexion was reduced by 12%, ankle plantar-flexion increased by
5%, and the lumbar erector spinae of those subjects who did not experience
flexion-relaxation of the erector spinae was reduced by 26%. Hip and knee
flexion were not significantly altered. The device was effective in reducing
the back muscle activity in those subjects who did not experience
flexion-relaxation. Low back pain sufferers have reduced, or no, relaxation of
back muscles during stoop. Therefore, the device may be beneficial for those
with existing LBDs, and who use the stooped posture routinely. By limiting
lumbar flexion, and consequently reducing loads on the lumbar intervertebral
discs, the device may reduce the risk of developing LBDs in the population of
people who use the stooped posture.

%M C.HFES.11.1057
%T Identification of Factors that Affect the Adoption of Ergonomic
Interventions Among EMS Workers
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE7 - Ergonomics Processes and Special Populations
%A Johnson, Monica R.
%A Lavender, Steven A.
%A Crawford, J. Mac
%A Reichelt, Paul A.
%A Conrad, Karen M.
%A Fernandez, Antonio R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1057-1061
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551221
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1057
%X The primary goal of this study was to understand the adoption of specific
voluntarily used ergonomic intervention aimed at preventing musculoskeletal
injuries in EMS workers. According to previous research in the areas of
information technology, acceptance and diffusion of innovation, worker's
perceptions and attitudes impact the adoption of interventions. This research
evaluated the adoption of an intervention that was designed to assist with the
lateral transfer of patients as this has previously been reported as a frequent
and strenuous task performed by EMS workers. The objective of the current study
was to use structural equation modeling to determine which factors most closely
affect its adoption. The model suggest that the perception that the
intervention is relatively advantageous and easy to use, that the intervention
is compatible with the task, having previous experience with similar tools and
whether it was endorsed by champions who actively promote the use of the
intervention are all factors contributing to the adoption of this ergonomic
intervention.

%M C.HFES.11.1062
%T Effectiveness of a library ergonomics training program
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE7 - Ergonomics Processes and Special Populations
%A Yuan, Lu
%A Culberson, Gregory
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1062-1066
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551222
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1062
%X This study evaluated the effectiveness of a library ergonomics training
program. The training was aimed at teaching librarians to apply sound
ergonomics principles in their daily work activities and to evaluate and adjust
their own workstations, with an ultimate goal of reducing musculoskeletal
symptoms. The pre-and post-training ergonomics knowledge tests were distributed
to the 39 subjects that participated in the project. In addition, work
environment and health questionnaires were administered to the subjects before
and 2 months after the program to examine changes in self-reported
musculoskeletal symptoms, computer workstation configuration, and other
pertinent activities. The results of ergonomics knowledge tests indicate
statistically significant improvement of librarians' understanding of
ergonomics principles. There are also statistically significant positive
changes in the questionnaire responses to the four specific questions:
"break/rest every 2 hours', "hand/wrist positions', "handle more than 50 lbs',
and "bend or twist at the waist to handle objects'. The changes in other
categories of the questionnaire, including the presence and severity of
musculoskeletal symptoms and perceived control over the work environment, were
not statistically significant; however, there was a trend toward positive
improvement. Overall, the study findings accomplish the training program's
objective of assisting librarians to improve ergonomics in the workplace and to
reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. The results of this study provide necessary
foundation for an integrated participatory approach to reduce ergonomic
injuries for librarians.

%M C.HFES.11.1067
%T Participatory Ergonomics Applied to Sonographers' Work
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE7 - Ergonomics Processes and Special Populations
%A Sommerich, Carolyn
%A Lavender, Steven
%A Sanders, Elizabeth
%A Evans, Kevin
%A Joines, Sharon
%A Yen, Wei-Ting
%A Lamar, Sabrina
%A Umar, Radin Zaid Radin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1067-1070
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551223
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1067
%X A participatory ergonomics process has been initiated, the aim of which is
to work with cardiac, vascular, and diagnostic medical sonographers to develop
interventions that will improve their work conditions and reduce their
occupational exposure to risk factors for musculoskeletal discomfort. Numerous
surveys have been conducted that have identified sonographers as experiencing
high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. However, intervention
research involving them is limited. The presentation describes the research
methodology and results from the first stages of the intervention process.

%M C.HFES.11.1071
%T Making Life Meaningful: Designing Workstations for Physically and
Cognitively Impaired Adults
%S Industrial Ergonomics: IE7 - Ergonomics Processes and Special Populations
%A Ahmed, Shaheen
%A Babski-Reeves, Kari
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1071-1075
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551224
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1071
%X Ergonomic solutions for the workplace are important for any employee but
especially important for workers with disabilities. This project investigates
the workstations of physically and cognitively impaired employees at a state
funded work program. Two workstations, a sorting station for coat hangers and a
sealing station for flatware packages, were analyzed for inefficiencies and
ergonomic hazards. The hanger station was redesigned using anthropometric
principles and workstation aids to improve the employees' capability to
distinguish and sort the coat hangers. The positioning of the hangers was
modified to improve the efficiency of the employees' movements by reducing
reach lengths. The sealing station was altered by providing a new platform for
aligning flatware packages and installing a lever to control the sealer such
that the lever motion conforms better to reduce errors and force requirements.
Field tests were performed and the redesigns were proven successful in
improving the productivity of the employees.

%M C.HFES.11.1076
%T Working Memory and Learning Underlying Website Structure
%S Internet: I1 - Usability Engineering and the Web
%A Banas, Steven
%A Sanchez, Christopher A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1076-1079
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551225
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1076
%X A common usage of the world-wide-web is to seek out and gather important
information for a specific learning goal. However, not all material is
organized similarly, and assumed implicit conventions are often relied upon to
guide users' search behavior. However, when explicit cues to the conceptual
structure of the material are missing or lacking, are different learners more
or less sensitive to gathering this implicit information which may be relevant
for the learning task? This study examines the performance of high and low
working memory individuals as they are asked to learn about plants from a
Wiki-like website. Results indicate that learning underlying conceptual
structure is indeed predicted by working memory, but not prior knowledge. This
suggests that individual characteristics should be considered when designing
learning technologies in the future.

%M C.HFES.11.1080
%T Advantages and Disadvantages of Remote Asynchronous Usability Testing Using
Amazon Mechanical Turk
%S Internet: I1 - Usability Engineering and the Web
%A Nelson, Erik T.
%A Stavrou, Angelos
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1080-1084
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551226
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1080
%X Amazon's Mechanical Turk is an online service that connects people all over
the world who are willing to work for monetary compensation with companies and
individuals who need simple tasks completed that are best done by humans. This
paper examines the benefits and caveats from the use of Mechanical Turk as a
platform to conduct an online usability test. Our findings indicate that
Mechanical Turk can be a very useful tool when it is employed to collect basic
user generated data such as click time and location, text input, and subjective
usability data. In situations where more complex usage data is required,
Mechanical Turk can still be a valuable resource to run a pilot test to assist
in determining potential usability problems. However, in its current form,
Mechanical Turk has limitations and can only be used to assess websites; it
cannot be relied upon to conduct a usability test on software without the use
of a virtual machine.

%M C.HFES.11.1085
%T Impact of User Experience and Negative Externalities on Internet Search
Patterns
%S Internet: I1 - Usability Engineering and the Web
%A Liechty, Molly M.
%A Madhavan, Poornima
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1085-1089
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551227
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1085
%X An eye tracker was utilized to examine decision-making processes of experts
and novices during an internet search task. Twenty experienced homebuyers and
twenty-five undergraduate students viewed homes on a simulated real estate
website. Several of the homes included physical properties that had the
potential to negatively impact individual perceptions. These negative
externalities were either easy to change (Level 1) or extremely difficult to
change (Level 2). Each house image was divided into 6 separate "interest areas'
in order to evaluate where participants spent the greatest amount of time
during the visual search task. Dwell times and number of fixations were
analyzed. Results revealed that experienced homebuyers demonstrated a more
direct and refined visual search process than novice student participants.
Experts had longer dwell times, and a greater number of fixations with fewer
saccades in very specific regions of an image. Experienced homebuyers reacted
to homes with a Level 1 or Level 2 negative externality present differently
from novice students. It was found that the house or image being seen did
temper this reaction. These results demonstrate important considerations when
designing user-friendly web interfaces for users with varying levels of task
experience.

%M C.HFES.11.1090
%T Investigating the Efficacy of Crowdsourcing on Evaluating Visual Decision
Supporting System
%S Internet: I1 - Usability Engineering and the Web
%A Kim, Sung-Hee
%A Li, Sensen
%A Kwon, Bum chul
%A Yi, Ji Soo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1090-1094
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551228
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1090
%X Crowdsourcing recently became a popular approach to substitute time
consuming and expensive human subject studies, but its application is generally
limited to simple and short-term experimental tasks, such as testing visual
perception. The goal of this study is to test if crowdsourcing is applicable to
a more complicated user study. Thus, we replicated a controlled lab study of
decision-making tasks with different sorting techniques using crowdsourcing. A
total of 98 participants were recruited via the Amazon Mechanical Turk service,
and they participated in the study remotely through web interfaces. Experiment
results indicate that performance measures of our crowdsourcing experiment was
not exactly equivalent to lab experiments. However, we found potential sources
of problems that we can improve to make the crowdsourcing experiment more
viable.

%M C.HFES.11.1095
%T A Tale of Two Problems: Human Judgments of Visual Clusters and Data
Collection via the Web vs. Paper
%S Internet: I1 - Usability Engineering and the Web
%A Veksler, Bella Z.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1095-1099
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551229
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1095
%X A tale is told of two problems. The scientific problem is how do people
decide that random groupings of targets belong in the same or different
clusters. The practical problem is whether data collection using a web-based
study distorts our results. A validation study was conducted to determine
whether the clustering judgments made by participants using a web-based
interface are comparable to judgments made by participants who did a
paper-based version of the task. Previewing the results, there was a good deal
of correspondence between paper and web-based responses.

%M C.HFES.11.1100
%T Voting on a Smartphone: Evaluating the Usability of an Optimized Voting
System for Handheld Mobile Devices
%S Internet: I2 - Mobile Devices and Cybersecurity
%A Campbell, Bryan A.
%A Tossell, Chad C.
%A Byrne, Michael D.
%A Kortum, Philip
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1100-1104
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551230
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1100
%X The goal of this research was to assess the usability of a voting system
designed for current-generation smartphones. Smartphones offer remote
participation in elections through the use of pervasive technology and voting
on these devices could, among other benefits, increase voter participation
while allowing voters to use familiar technology. We developed a mobile voting
system for the iPhone and compared its usability with traditional voting
platforms. Results showed that the mobile voting system was not as efficient as
the other voting methods in total interaction time. However, smartphone owners
committed fewer errors on the mobile voting system than on the traditional
voting systems. These results, along with others, are discussed along with
several important design considerations for voting technology.

%M C.HFES.11.1105
%T Visually-Cued Touch Gestures for Accurate Mobile Interaction
%S Internet: I2 - Mobile Devices and Cybersecurity
%A Hayes, Sean T.
%A Hooten, Eli R.
%A Adams, Julie A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1105-1109
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551231
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1105
%X Portable devices such as tablet personal computers can allow a user to
perform tasks while walking. These devices provide new interaction
opportunities and challenges. LocalSwipes is a new interaction technique that
utilizes localized, multi-touch, radial stroke gestures to reduce the
difficulty of interacting with large data sets on mobile devices. LocalSwipes
adapts traditional point-to-click widgets to visually support gestural input. A
user evaluation demonstrated that LocalSwipes results in fewer interaction
errors and is preferred when compared to a touch-based interface incorporating
traditional graphical user interface widgets.

%M C.HFES.11.1110
%T The Influence of Trust and Privacy Risk-Taking on User Acceptance of
Electronic Services that Collect Personal Information
%S Internet: I2 - Mobile Devices and Cybersecurity
%A Hurwitz, Joshua B.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1110-1114
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551232
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1110
%X The goal of this study was to assess factors underlying user value judgments
of services that collect personal data. A survey was used to present 6
scenarios describing various entertainment and mobile services, and to ask
about the sensitivity of different types of data and about respondents'
tendencies to take privacy risks and trust authorities to protect privacy. The
results showed that respondents with greater trust and privacy risk rated the
services more highly, and their ratings were less affected by adding data
collection to the services. However, their average ratings of the services with
data collection were more highly associated with data sensitivity than with
service value. The results have implications for companies that use new
channels, such as the Internet and mobile devices, to better understand their
customer base.

%M C.HFES.11.1115
%T Human Performance in Cybersecurity: A Research Agenda
%S Internet: I2 - Mobile Devices and Cybersecurity
%A Boyce, Michael W.
%A Duma, Katherine Muse
%A Hettinger, Lawrence J.
%A Malone, Thomas B.
%A Wilson, Darren P.
%A Lockett-Reynolds, Janae
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1115-1119
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551233
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1115
%X This paper provides an overview of critical areas of human performance
research required to support the development and deployment of effective
cybersecurity systems. These areas include usability and security compliance,
mitigation of human error and risk reduction, enhancement of situation
awareness, and development of effective visualization tools and techniques. We
describe the nature of the research and development efforts required to support
effective human-centered design of cybersecurity systems and make specific
recommendations for near-term work in this area.

%M C.HFES.11.1120
%T Evaluating the Usability and Security of Input Masking Techniques
%S Internet: I2 - Mobile Devices and Cybersecurity
%A Juang, Kevin A.
%A Greenstein, Joel S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1120-1124
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551234
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1120
%X The human remains the weakest link in computer security, and one popular
method of breaching security is shoulder surfing: looking at a user's screen or
keyboard as he or she enters sensitive input. Various masking techniques exist
to hide text from shoulder surfers; the most common of these replaces entered
text with bullets. Existing research focuses on how to improve the shoulder
surfing resistance of bulletmasking, at a heavy cost to usability. We developed
Purloin: an input masking technique designed to maintain the same level of
security while increasing usability. We recruited pairs of participants
(filling both user and shoulder surfer roles) and tested five different masking
techniques on objective measures of usability and security, subjective measures
of usability and workload, and user preference. We found that Purloin performed
near the top in both usability and security and received the highest overall
preference ranking. Bullet-masking was equally secure but less usable. The
other masking techniques performed significantly worse than Purloin in either
usability, security, or both.

%M C.HFES.11.1125
%T Macroergonomics Past, Present, and Future: A Tribute to the Late Dr. Hal
Hendrick and to the Field of Macroergonomics
%S Macroergonomics: ME1 - Macroegonomics Past, Present, and Future: A Tribute
to the Late Hal Hendrick and to the Field of Macroergonomics
%A Alfred, Petra
%A Rice, Valerie
%A Kleiner, Brian
%A Imada, Andrew S.
%A Carayon, Pascale
%A Robertson, Michelle
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1125-1129
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551235
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1125
%X This panel will be presented by the foremost authorities in the field of
Macroergonomics as a tribute to the late Dr. Hal Hendrick. During the
presentations and discussion, the panelists may choose to share their fond
memories of Hal, while also focusing on the field of Macroergonomics, as Hal,
the father of the discipline, would have wanted. Panelists will review the
history of the development of the specialty, describe the inherent concepts,
discuss the current state-of-the art, and project areas of future application
and research. The diverse application areas will include methodologies for
examining optimal work systems, participatory ergonomics, community and health
systems, and solving specific work-related issues. The panel format will
encourage audience-panelist interaction, allowing for a questions and answer
session at the conclusion of the panel, as well as an opportunity for all of
those involved in the field to share their unique experiences and insights. It
is the aim of the panel to not only reflect upon the past, but look to the
future of the field of Macroergonomics.

%M C.HFES.11.1130
%T Identifying Hazards in Primary Care: The Elderly Patient's Perspective
%S Macroergonomics: ME2 - Under the Macroergonomics Umbrella
%A Baran, Steven D.
%A Lapin, Jamie A.
%A Beasley, John W.
%A Smith, Paul D.
%A Karsh, Ben-Tzion
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1130-1134
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551236
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1130
%X Background: The wide-reaching, complex, understudied primary care
environment presents hazards to patient safety. Elderly patients visit
physician offices more often, with more problems, while taking more medications
-- increasing the complexity of the visit and the frequency of the hazards.
Objective: Identify hazards in the primary care of elderly patients from the
patient's perspective. Methods: Fourteen elderly patients in three focus groups
with questions developed from 70 hours of direct observation. Hazards were
coded from participant responses and 'what-if' analyses to capture both
explicit and implicit hazards. Results: Thematic hazard analysis resulted in
eight emergent, overlapping hazard themes: 1) fragmentation of care; 2)
problems with information transfer between healthcare professionals; 3)
problems with patient communication and feedback; 4) problems with paper and
electronic health records; 5) medication management and expense; 6) physical
and memory limitations; 7) reliance on others; and 8) delays and difficulties
accessing care. Hidden hazards, not recognized by the patients or those caring
for them, were identified and require further exploration.

%M C.HFES.11.1135
%T Differences in Long-term Employment and Health Outcomes Between Those with
and Without Cancer
%S Macroergonomics: ME2 - Under the Macroergonomics Umbrella
%A Faatin, Mahpara
%A Wiegmann, Douglas
%A Tevaarwerk, Amye
%A Sesto, Mary
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1135-1139
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551237
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1135
%X Early detection of cancer and improvements in cancer management have made
long-term survival a reality for many cancer survivors. However, surviving
cancer may lead to considerable short-and long-term side-effects resulting in
work disability. The purpose of this project was to investigate differences in
employment and health outcomes between long-term cancer survivors (>10
years since diagnosis) and their noncancer sibling controls using data from the
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Employment outcomes included employment status,
full- or part-time status and retirement status. Health outcomes included
number of days spent in bed, fatigue and self-reported health status. The
results of this analysis showed significant differences in employment and
health outcomes between cancer survivors and controls. Cancer affected health
outcomes and retirement status although age and gender were also important
factors. Future research should evaluate risk factors for work disability and
the ability of human factors engineering/ergonomics to optimize the fit between
the demands of the work system and the capacity of the survivor.

%M C.HFES.11.1140
%T The Relationship of Self-Reported Health to other Indices of Physical Health
and Performance among Soldiers
%S Macroergonomics: ME2 - Under the Macroergonomics Umbrella
%A Rice, Valerie J. Berg
%A Banderet, L. E.
%A Marra, Diane
%A Butler, Jennie
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1140-1144
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551238
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1140
%X A single question on self-reported health (SRH) is often used as part of
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance to describe populations and as an indicator
of general health. However, little information exists on whether a single
question of SRH is related to other indices of a person's health and fitness.
The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between SRH and
other health-related self-disclosures, as well as physical performance.
Demographic, self-report, and physical fitness data were collected from 579 US
Army Health Care Specialist Trainees during their first two weeks of Advanced
Individual Training. Physical fitness data was collected again after
approximately 8 weeks and 16 weeks. Spearman Rho correlation coefficients were
used to analyze the data. SRH was positively correlated with self reports of
past and current physical activity and physical abilities, and with the
physical fitness portion of the Banderet Life Experiences Questionnaire (p <
.05). SRH was positively correlated with three sets of physical fitness test
scores, taken at three different times over a four-month training cycle. Past
smokers rated their health lower than did non-smokers (p < .05). SRH was not
related to self reports of sleep or perceptions of tiredness (p > .05).
Results indicate that a single question on self-reported health appears to be a
good representation of a persons' perception of his or her own health and of
physical fitness among active duty service members.

%M C.HFES.11.1145
%T Safety Leadership from the Top: Identifying the Key Behaviors
%S Macroergonomics: ME2 - Under the Macroergonomics Umbrella
%A Roger, Isabella
%A Flin, Professor Rhona
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1145-1149
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551239
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1145
%X Clear commitment to safety from senior management is consistently cited as a
cornerstone of safe organizations by industry regulators, accident
investigators and safety experts. To date most research on senior managers
explores their influence on key financial and business outcomes, while little
empirical work investigates their influence on safety. This appears to be a
major gap in the safety and management literatures in light of the major human,
environmental and economic implications associated with leading safe
operations. This paper presents findings from the first stages of a project
which aims to develop an evidence-based safety leadership tool for senior
managers. Results from a systematic literature review and interviews with
subject matter experts (senior managers, health and safety professionals)
indicate that key safety leadership functions of senior managers include: (1)
Emphasizing safety as an organizational priority, (2) Establishing clear
communication for safety, (3) Participating in safety activities, (4) Setting
and maintaining safety standards, (5) Maintaining risk awareness and, (6)
Motivating and supporting the workforce.

%M C.HFES.11.1150
%T Problem solving in expert teams: Functional models and task processes
%S Macroergonomics: ME2 - Under the Macroergonomics Umbrella
%A Onken, Jeffrey D.
%A Caldwell, Barrett S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1150-1154
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551240
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1150
%X This paper presents a functional model (one that describes processes,
interactions, and evolution of time) that describes the process of solving
problems that takes place in a team of expert engineers and scientists. The
context is real-time, safety-critical NASA spaceflight mission operations,
specifically the team of flight controllers in the Mission Control Center
(MCC). The model includes descriptions of the agents (the representation of the
flight controllers) involved and abstractions of their expertise. The model
describes abstractions of controller expertise in terms of character stats
inspired by multiplayer role-playing games. The problem-solving process follows
three stages: detection, isolation, and recovery. The middle stage is the most
complex, with two different groupconsensus rules that depend on the difficulty
of the problem.

%M C.HFES.11.1155
%T Auditory-Visual Redundancy in Vehicle Control Interruptions: Two
Meta-analyses
%S Perception and Performance: PP1 - Multimodal, Tactile, and Haptic Perception
%A Wickens, Christopher
%A Prinet, Julie
%A Hutchins, Shaun
%A Sarter, Nadine
%A Sebok, Angelia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1155-1159
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551241
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1155
%X Two novel versions of a meta analysis were employed to assess the conditions
of ongoing vehicle control task simulations in which (1) auditory presentation
of an interrupting task were beneficial over visual presentations and (2)
redundant (av) presentation was better than single modality presentation
(providing redundancy gain). Altogether 29 studies were identified. The results
revealed that the interrupting task benefited from auditory presentation, but
the ongoing task (visual vehicle control task) generally did not. Performance
of the visual interrupting task was slightly hindered by separation from the
ongoing task. The redundancy analysis revealed that the interrupting task
benefited from redundancy when it involved spatial localization and alerting
and the accuracy of verbal communications; but suffered when speed of the
verbal communications response was measured, and when the two visual channels
were separated. Implications for multi-modal presentation of information on
vehicle workstations are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1160
%T Effects of Vibrotactile Stimulation for Sustaining Performance in a
Vigilance Task: A Pilot Study
%S Perception and Performance: PP1 - Multimodal, Tactile, and Haptic Perception
%A Arrabito, G. Robert
%A Ho, Geoffrey
%A Aghaei, Behzad
%A Burns, Catherine
%A Hou, Ming
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1160-1164
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551242
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1160
%X Supervisory control of uninhabited aerial vehicles requires vigilance, also
termed sustained attention. This pilot study investigated the efficacy of short
duration vibrotactile signals presented on the waist at intermittent periods as
a countermeasure for sustaining performance in auditory and visual vigilance
tasks that were equated in discrimination difficulty. Performance with the
vibrotactile stimulation countermeasure was compared against performance with a
rest break countermeasure. Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight
groups. The groups were defined by combinations of sensory modality (auditory
or visual), and type of countermeasure (control, rest break, low vibrotactile
signals, or high vibrotactile signals). For each sensory modality, participants
performed a monitoring task that was comprised four 10-minute vigils. The
administration of the rest break and vibrotactile countermeasures occurred
following the third vigil for each sensory modality. The results of the pilot
study showed greater performance improvement in the auditory modality than the
visual modality. In the auditory modality, the two vibrotactile countermeasures
appear to have some benefit for sustaining performance but not as much as the
rest break, whereas, in the visual modality, the three countermeasures had no
benefit for sustaining performance. These preliminary findings encourage
further investigation of the efficacy of vibrotactile stimulation as a
countermeasure for sustaining performance in a vigilance task for both auditory
and visual modalities.

%M C.HFES.11.1165
%T Perceptions of Temporal Synchrony in Multimodal Displays
%S Perception and Performance: PP1 - Multimodal, Tactile, and Haptic Perception
%A Giang, Wayne
%A Masnavi, Ehsan
%A Burns, Catherine M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1165-1169
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551243
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1165
%X Current multimodal interfaces make use of several intra-modal perceptual
judgements that help users "directly perceive" information. These judgements
help users organize and group information with little cognitive effort.
Cross-modal perceptual relationships are much less commonly used in multimodal
interfaces, but could also provide processing advantages for grouping and
understanding data across different modalities. In this paper we examine
whether individuals are able to directly perceive cross-modal auditory and
tactile temporal rate synchrony events. If direct perception is possible, then
we would expect that individuals would be able to correctly make these
judgements with very little cognitive effort. Our results indicate that
individuals have difficulty identifying when the temporal rates of auditory and
tactile stimuli in a monitoring task are synchronous. Changes in workload,
manipulated using a secondary visual task, resulted in changes in performance
in the temporal synchrony task. We concluded that temporal rate synchrony is
not a perceptual relationship that allows for direct perception, but further
investigation of cross-modal perceptual relationships is required.

%M C.HFES.11.1170
%T Informing the Design of Multimodal Displays: A Meta-Analysis of Empirical
Studies Comparing Auditory and Tactile Interruptions
%S Perception and Performance: PP1 - Multimodal, Tactile, and Haptic Perception
%A Lu, Sara A.
%A Wickens, Christopher D.
%A Sarter, Nadine B.
%A Sebok, Angelia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1170-1174
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551244
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1170
%X The expected air traffic growth will introduce new tasks and automation
technologies. As a result, the amount of mostly visual cockpit information will
increase significantly, leading to more interruptions and risk of data
overload. One promising means of addressing this challenge is through the use
of multimodal interfaces which distribute information across sensory channels.
To inform the design of such interfaces, a meta-analysis was conducted on the
effectiveness and performance effects of auditory versus tactile interruption
signals. From the 23 studies, ratio scores were computed to compare performance
between the two modalities. The impact of 6 moderator variables was also
examined. Overall, this analysis shows faster responses to tactile
interruptions. However, more complex and very urgent interruption signals are
better presented via the auditory modality. The findings add to our knowledge
base in multimodal information processing and can inform modality choices in
display design for complex data-rich domains.

%M C.HFES.11.1175
%T Haptic Sensitivity in Compliance Evaluation in a Tool-Wielding Paradigm
%S Perception and Performance: PP1 - Multimodal, Tactile, and Haptic Perception
%A Wong, Sheng C.
%A Dumas, Cédric
%A Grosdemouge, Cristol
%A Cao, Caroline G. L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1175-1179
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551245
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1175
%X This paper describes a methodology for establishing standardized tests of
haptic sensitivity in a tool-wielding paradigm. A haptic-needle was developed
to study compliance differentiation in a needle-insertion task, using a
psychophysics experimental protocol. The relationship of applied force and
position as a function of perceived tissue compliance was obtained from the
recorded data. The Just-Noticeable-Difference (JND) for tissue compliance
discrimination with the haptic needle was calculated. Results showed that the
JND increased as compliance of the tissue increased. Compliance differentiation
was easier when the layers of tissue were more different in compliance. These
common trends suggest that the proposed methodology is valid and the haptic
performance of human subjects can be quantified.

%M C.HFES.11.1180
%T The Effects of Task Type and Source Complexity on Vigilance Performance,
Workload, and Stress
%S Perception and Performance: PP2 - Attention and Workload
%A Teo, Grace
%A Szalma, James L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1180-1184
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551246
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1180
%X The present study investigated the effects of task type (cognitive vs.
sensory) and source complexity (number of displays to be monitored) of the
performance, workload, and stress associated with vigilance. Results affirmed
the utility of the cognitive-sensory task distinction of the vigilance
taxonomy, although in contrast to previous research the cognitive task was
associated with lower performance and higher levels of perceived workload and
stress. The results also indicated that both task type and source complexity
exhibited the typical performance-workload associations previously reported in
research on sustained attention.

%M C.HFES.11.1185
%T Team Vigilance: The Effects of Co-Action on Workload in Vigilance
%S Perception and Performance: PP2 - Attention and Workload
%A Garcia, Andre
%A Baldwin, Carryl
%A Funke, Matthew
%A Funke, Gregory
%A Knott, Ben
%A Finomore, Victor
%A Warm, Joel
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1185-1189
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551247
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1185
%X Operator vigilance is a vital concern to the Human Factors/Ergonomic
community in regard to cockpit monitoring, air-traffic control, border
security, baggage inspection, the supervisory control of unmanned aerial
vehicles, and the monitoring of anesthesia gauges, among others. Of key
interest is the performance of teams of observers because of the reliance of
modern operations on good teamwork. Previous literature has examined the
efficacy of team vigilance performance by comparing the frequency of target
detections by teams in comparison to those obtained by operators working alone.
Team performance has consistently exceeded single-operator performance. The
present study replicates this effect and provides the initial experimental
investigation of the cost of being a team member. Results indicated that team
members worked harder in terms of theta band activity, but reported similar
subjective workload values when compared to that of single operators in the
performance of a simulated UAV monitoring task.

%M C.HFES.11.1190
%T Attentional and Mental Workload Demands in Nonverbal Communication
%S Perception and Performance: PP2 - Attention and Workload
%A Newlin-Canzone, Elizabeth T.
%A Scerbo, Mark W.
%A Gliva-McConvey, Gayle
%A Wallace, Amelia
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1190-1194
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551248
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1190
%X The present study applied assumptions of attention and working memory
theories to tasks involving nonverbal (NV) communication. Thirty-six
undergraduates interviewed for a job. Both type of interview (rote and
improvisational) and type of observation (passive and active) were manipulated
within groups. Participants were expected to observe fewer NV behaviors and
indicate greater workload after active improvisational interviews. The results
showed that participants detected fewer NV behaviors and reported higher mental
workload when required to simultaneously participate in an interview and
observe the interviewer, and particularly when they needed to improvise
responses. These findings suggest that the ability to observe and possibly
assess another's NV behaviors may be compromised when engaged in an active
conversation.

%M C.HFES.11.1195
%T Comparison of controller attention decrease during different break patterns
in night shifts
%S Perception and Performance: PP2 - Attention and Workload
%A Fricke-Ernst, Christiane
%A Kluge, Annette
%A Kötteritzsch, Anna
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1195-1199
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551249
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1195
%X Night shifts result in a high pressure on employees' health. Regarding air
traffic control, they may also represent a safety issue. Research showed that
cognitive performance is decreased at night (Monk 1996) and safety risks
increase starting from the second working hour without a break (Folkard et al.
2005). Investigating a request to extend the middle part of a night shift due
to little traffic, different break patterns are compared in terms of avoiding
health and safety issues. 189 air traffic controllers (ATCOs) from the
Eurocontrol Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre in the Netherlands were tested
during night shifts lasting for 7.5 hours. During the night shift, two teams,
each consisting of two air traffic controllers, were working: While one team
was on break, the other took over. They were assigned to three break patterns,
with four or five hours of break or a split of the night shift. Each team was
tested three times during normal operation. They estimated their subjective
sleepiness using a subjective measure, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and
filled in an objective measure, the d2, to measure attention. Furthermore, one
measurement took place during a regular day shift in order to control the night
shift data. Results show that five hours of working without a break does not
have a negative impact on attention compared to the two other work-break
patterns. External validity is given, since the study was conducted during
normal operation. However, it was not possible to control and evaluate all
confounding variables, as this would have disturbed the ongoing safe working
processes of the scheduled shifts. Therefore, future research that examines
individual differences in attention and considers the different activities
during the breaks of the ATCOs still needs to be conducted in order to clearly
identify an optimal break pattern for night shifts.

%M C.HFES.11.1200
%T Effects of Mental Workload and Operator Control on Perceived Usability
%S Perception and Performance: PP2 - Attention and Workload
%A Kokini, Christina
%A Lee, Sangwon
%A Koubek, Richard J.
%A Ki, Moon Seung
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1200-1204
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551250
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1200
%X In developing products or systems, the importance of usability has become
increasingly emphasized over the past few decades. An important factor in
understanding the usability of an application is the context in which the
application is being used. As a part of addressing this issue, we manipulated
two task characteristics (i.e., mental workload and operator control) and
examined their effects on perceived usability, using a simulated home security
system. The experimental results showed that there were significant effects of
the mental workload/operator control features on perceived usability. Also,
under high mental workload, the interaction between the mental workload and the
operator control factors was not sufficiently supported. Possible reasons for
the results and some implications for the findings are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1205
%T An Empirical Analysis of the Gaze Behavior of Aircraft Pilots within a
Highly Automated Aircraft-Air Traffic Control Environment
%S Perception and Performance: PP3 - Visual Perception
%A Jipp, Meike
%A Teegen, Uwe
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1205-1209
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551251
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1205
%X An increasing level of automation in the flight cockpit more and more
prevents pilots from receiving direct feedback from the aircraft. This lack may
result in deficient situation awareness, which can degrade the dependability of
the pilot-aircraft system substantially. To assist the pilot in maintaining a
high level of situation awareness, adaptive situation assessment systems based
on monitoring the pilot's gaze behavior may represent a means for future
development. However, the measurement details need to be specified, and, much
more important, the individual characteristics of pilot gaze change require
exploration. For a highly automated environment, the impact of the aircraft's
states and the communication with the air traffic control on the gaze behavior
were investigated, but the study's conclusions are based on one professional
pilot, only, which impedes generalization. Therefore, this paper aims (a) at
replicating the effects of the aircraft's states and communication efforts on
pilots' gaze behavior and (b) at analyzing whether there are inter-individual
differences in the gaze patterns of pilots. For this purpose, the data of a
study with twelve professional pilots were used for exploration. During the
trial flights two scenarios were flown while the states of the aircraft, the
communication with the air traffic control, and the pilot's gaze behavior were
recorded. Data analytic procedure revealed significant interindividual
differences. In addition, the results replicated the findings of the
one-participant study: Especially the altitude of the aircraft and the special
format of the communication impact the pilots' visual attention.

%M C.HFES.11.1210
%T The (In)Accuracy of Estimations of Our Own Visual Acuity in the Presence of
Glare
%S Perception and Performance: PP3 - Visual Perception
%A Balk, Stacy A.
%A Tyrrell, Richard A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1210-1214
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551252
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1210
%X Headlights must balance two conflicting goals: maximizing visibility for the
driver and minimizing glare to other drivers. Yet, recent increases in the
number of complaints about headlights indicate a consumer focus on glare
discomfort and not on poor visibility -- a known causal factor of nighttime
crashes. This study, as part of a series of experiments, explored the
relationship between subjective and objective consequences of glare.
Twenty-four participants used a psychophysically based technique to estimate
their visual acuity in the presence of three different glare intensities.
Actual acuity and subjective reports of discomfort were also assessed.
Observers' estimates of acuity significantly worsened as glare intensity
increased, yet actual acuity was unaffected. Overall, estimates of the
disabling effects of glare were more tightly correlated with subjective reports
of glare-induced discomfort than with actual visual performance. These results,
which are consistent with data obtained in the field -- using vehicle
headlights as the glare source -- may help explain drivers' reluctance to use
their high beams. The results also underscore the need to collect data on
disability glare, not just discomfort glare, when evaluating new lighting
technologies.

%M C.HFES.11.1215
%T A practical Legibility Index: From Definition to Measurement Technology
%S Perception and Performance: PP3 - Visual Perception
%A Cai, Hongyi
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1215-1219
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551253
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1215
%X This study focused on developing a legibility index for text characters and
its measurement technology in the field. This study first reviewed the
conventional D/H ratio (LI = D/H, D is legibility distance, H is character
height), and a recently redefined LI' = √(1/ω);, ω is the
solid angle subtended by the legible target). LI' was aimed to replace the
insufficient D/H ratio for common oblique viewing. Yet people's normal reading
habit was not considered in LI', which lowers their reading performance at
large viewing angles. Direct measurement of solid angle is also inconvenient in
the field. This study thus improved LI', based on experimental data, as LI'' =
√(1/ω) when 0° ≤ ξ < 66.8°; LI'' =
√((0.062ξ-π)/ω), when 66.8° ≤ ξ ≤ 82.8°
(ξ is the incident angle). An objective protocol aided by innovative high
dynamic range photogrammetric techniques was also proposed for quick and
reliable measurement of LI' in the field.

%M C.HFES.11.1220
%T Effects of Eye Fixation on Visually Induced Motion Sickness: Are they Caused
by Changes in Retinal Slip Velocity?
%S Perception and Performance: PP3 - Visual Perception
%A Yang, J. X.
%A Guo, C. T.
%A So, R. H. Y.
%A Cheung, R. T. F.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1220-1224
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551254
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1220
%X Watching slowly moving wide field-of-view patterns can cause symptoms of
visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) in viewers. A within-subject full
factorial experiment was designed to test two hypotheses: 1) when watching
patterns rotating at 60 degrees per second (dps), eye fixation increases the
peripheral retinal slip velocity leading to a reduction in the levels of VIMS;
and 2) when watching patterns rotating at 7 dps, eye fixation increases the
peripheral retinal slip velocity leading to an increase in the levels of VIMS.
The experimental design used two levels of eye fixation (with and without).
Nine participants (4 male and 5 female) were exposed to all four conditions
with a week's break between each condition. Results indicated that when
watching patterns rotating at 60 dps, eye fixation significantly increased the
peripheral retinal slip velocity from 35 dps to 60 dps and reduced the levels
of mean nausea from 3.6 to 2.7 (p < 0.01). When watching patterns rotating
at 7 dps, eye fixation significantly increased the peripheral retinal slip from
2.6 to 7 dps and only slightly increased the levels of mean nausea. The
implications of these results are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1225
%T The Sound of One Eye Clapping: Tapping an Accurate Rhythm With Eye Movements
%S Perception and Performance: PP3 - Visual Perception
%A Hornof, Anthony J.
%A Vessey, Kyle E. V.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1225-1229
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551255
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1225
%X As eye-controlled interfaces becomes increasingly viable, there is a need to
better understand fundamental human-machine interaction capabilities between a
human and a computer via an eye tracking device. Prior research has explored
the maximum rate of input from a human to a computer, such as key-entry rates
in eye-typing tasks, but there has been little or no work to determine
capabilities and limitations with regards to delivering gaze-mediated commands
at precise moments in time. This paper evaluates four different methods for
converting real-time eye movement data into control signals -- two
fixation-based methods and two saccade-based methods. An experiment compares
musicians' ability to use each method to trigger the playing of sounds at
precise times, and examines how quickly musicians are able to move their eyes
to trigger correctly-timed, evenly-paced rhythms. The results indicate that
fixation-based eye-control algorithms provide better timing control than
saccade-based algorithms, and that people have a fundamental performance
limitation for tapping out eye-controlled rhythms that lies somewhere between
two and four beats per second.

%M C.HFES.11.1230
%T Seeing with Sound: Creating a Training Module to Use Echolocation for Object
Detection
%S Perception and Performance: PP4 - Acoustics and Speech
%A Bower, Curtis
%A Duarte, Carlos
%A Garrison, Jared
%A Reid, Lucas
%A Seegmiller, Joseph
%A Wilson, Aaron
%A Bauer, Denise H.
%A Anderson, Michael
%A Wixom, Andy
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1230-1234
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551256
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1230
%X This project explored using ultrasonic reflections to effectively identify
an object's size, distance, relative location, and solidity to improve the use
of echolocation by the seeing impaired to "see" their surroundings. An
interactive test program was created to train and assess the subjects' ability
to detect differences within a variable. Two main factors, object type and
position, had significant (p<0.001) effects on correct identification.
Specifically, solid objects or those located in front of the subject were more
correctly identified. The interactions of object/position (p=0.005) and
distance/position (p=0.004) were also significant. Solid object located in
front of the subject appeared to be easier to identify and a correct response
for the location depended on the distance. The primary results provided
evidence that an ultrasonic echolocation device may be a viable tool to aid the
seeing impaired. However, more studies are needed to make more conclusive
statements on the findings.

%M C.HFES.11.1235
%T Data-To-Sound Mapping To Sonify Ongoing System Status In Continuous Manual
Control Task
%S Perception and Performance: PP4 - Acoustics and Speech
%A Horiguchi, Yukio
%A Yasuda, Keisuke
%A Nakanishi, Hiroaki
%A Sawaragi, Tetsuo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1235-1239
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551257
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1235
%X This study empirically examines parameter-mapping sonifications to represent
the difference or error between the desired state and the current state of the
system being controlled using the non-speech audio. Eight different types of
data-to-sound mappings were prepared by which the error was mapped onto either
or both of two acoustic parameters of intensity and frequency. The mappings
were tested through an experiment using a one-dimensional tracking task. The
experimental results shows the following points: 1) as for the tracking task,
the mappings are preferable in which the sound intensity falls as the error
decreases, 2) no audible sound when no error remains is effective because
listeners can easily identify the achievement to the goal from the sound
itself, and 3) it seems more effective to map the error to the intensity and
frequency redundantly than only to either of them, if perceptual interaction
between changes in loudness and pitch is considered enough.

%M C.HFES.11.1240
%T Performance of Skilled Typists as a Function of Pacing, Response Complexity
and Urgency in Numerical Hear-and-type Tasks
%S Perception and Performance: PP4 - Acoustics and Speech
%A Lin, Cheng-Jhe
%A Wu, Changxu
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1240-1244
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551258
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1240
%X Performance of skilled typists in numerical hear-and-type tasks, i.e. making
immediate keypresses in response to verbally presented numbers, has practical
and theoretical importance because it help understand perceptual-motor skills
and error mechanisms. Effects of speech rates (500ms vs. 1000ms interval),
urgency (elicited by monetary rewards) and finger strategies (single vs.
multi-finger typing) on typing speed and accuracy were investigated. Fast
speech rate and multi-finger typing degraded both typing speed and accuracy,
while urgency improved typing speed at the expense of decreasing accuracy.
Errors were almost doubled under urgent condition while urgency effect on speed
was similar to that of speech rate. The results implied that common beliefs of
fast speech and multi-finger typing being incentive to typing performance might
not be true, and internalized urgency could play a more important role in
error-making than external task demands.

%M C.HFES.11.1245
%T An Examination of the Impact of Synthetic Speech on Unattended Recall in a
Dichotic Listening Task
%S Perception and Performance: PP4 - Acoustics and Speech
%A Sinatra, Anne M.
%A Sims, Valerie K.
%A Najle, Maxine B.
%A Chin, Matthew G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1245-1249
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551259
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1245
%X Synthetic speech, which is generated by a computer, is widely used in both
everyday situations (e.g. GPS devices; weather alerts) and the military (e.g.
aviation). Synthetic speech is not identical to spoken speech, as it has a
different pacing and varying pronunciations. Participants engaged in a Dichotic
Listening Task in which they actively repeated information that was being
presented in one ear, while ignoring their other (unattended) ear. The task was
adapted and used both synthetic and spoken speech in the attended and
unattended ears. It was found that when the unattended information was Spoken
participants were more likely to hear an alert word ("fire") and familiar
character names when engaging in a difficult task. When unattended information
was in the form of Synthetic Speech less of these low-threshold words were
reported by the participants. This research has important implications for the
development and use of synthetic speech in high workload situations, and in
alerts.

%M C.HFES.11.1250
%T Musical Valence Affects Spatial Attention in a Likert Scale Rating Task
%S Perception and Performance: PP4 - Acoustics and Speech
%A Barrow, Jane H.
%A Baldwin, Carryl L.
%A Bourne, Janet E.
%A Wenger, Lindsay
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1250-1254
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551260
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1250
%X Music has wide usage in many situations in everyday life, and has been shown
to affect a wide range of behaviors from basic line bisection to driving
performance. One hundred fourteen participants performed a rating task on works
of art in silence or while listening to music with a sad or happy valence. The
results demonstrated a replication of earlier work on pseudoneglect in line
bisection tasks when the ratings were performed in silence, but demonstrated a
reversal of the effect when happy music was present and a negation of the
effect when sad music was present. The presence of music and its valence
impacted spatial attention as evidenced by ratings on a visual analog scale.
The results are framed within theory regarding hemispheric specialization in
the brain, and how the findings might be applied to situations in everyday
life. Specifically, the results suggest a way to potentially ameliorate
pseudoneglect on rating and response scales, improving the efficacy of such
instruments in research and user experience environments.

%M C.HFES.11.1255
%T Human Performance Research in Support of Current Military Operations
%S Perception and Performance: PP5 - Conducting Human Performance Research in
Support of Current Military Operations: Implications for System Development
%A Savage-Knepshield, Pamela
%A Davison, Alan
%A Harper, William
%A Morelli, Frank
%A Redden, Elizabeth
%A Vaughan, Barry
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1255-1259
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551261
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1255
%X Shoot, move, communicate, survive, and adapt are five of the most critical
tasks that a Soldier will perform during combat. The extent to which Soldiers
are successful at these tasks may ultimately determine not only their
survivability, but also that of their unit. This panel, which is comprised of a
mixture of human factors/ergonomics practitioners and researchers, discusses
topic areas in which human performance issues play a critical role in current
military operations. Topics include information overload in the visual channel,
facial protection effects on shooting performance, video search techniques for
widely defined targets, and the development of video training lanes for
improvised explosive device detection. The underlying human performance issues
and various approaches which have been taken to address them will be discussed.
Understanding and predicting factors that influence human performance in these
arenas is not only critical for the design of effective systems and programs of
instruction, but also for overall mission effectiveness and Soldier survival.
Panelists will discuss critical factors and insights that are generalizable
across a wide range of products and industry sectors as well as those that
warrant further investigation.

%M C.HFES.11.1260
%T Spatial Perception and Robot Operation: Should Spatial Abilities Be
Considered When Selecting Robot Operators?
%S Perception and Performance: PP6 - Perception and Performance Potpourri
%A Gomer, Joshua A.
%A Pagano, Christopher C.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1260-1264
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551262
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1260
%X Introduction. This study investigated the relationship between spatial
perception abilities and robot operation under direct-line-of-sight and
teleoperation viewing conditions. This study was an effort to determine if
spatial ability testing may be a useful tool in the selection of human-robot
interaction (HRI) operators. Method. Participants completed eight cognitive
measures and operated one of four types of robots under tasks of low and high
difficulty. Performance for each participant was tested during both
direct-line-of-sight and teleoperation. Results. Spatial abilities are shown to
be reliable predictors of directline-of-sight and teleoperation performance.
Participants in this study with higher spatial abilities completed their tasks
faster and with fewer errors. Participants with higher spatial abilities were
also more successful at completing the task. Discussion. Applications of these
findings are discussed in terms of teleoperator selection tools, HRI training,
and human-centered design recommendations.

%M C.HFES.11.1265
%T Measuring "Spidey Sense" in a Threat Detection Task: The Role of
Physiological Arousal
%S Perception and Performance: PP6 - Perception and Performance Potpourri
%A Zotov, Vladimir
%A Keillor, Jocelyn Mary
%A Jarmasz, Jerzy
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1265-1269
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551263
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1265
%X Physiological sensations are reported by soldiers in relation to events that
are only later found to be life-threatening. Despite these anecdotal reports,
the role of physiological responses in detecting threats has not been
established. Physiological measures were recorded while experienced (recently
returned from Afghanistan) and novice (no experience in Afghanistan) soldiers
watched different types of video: walking or driving in neutral environments,
and driving in Afghanistan. Participants were asked to identify nonthreatening
and threatening situations by button presses according to the video watched.
Analyses of eye movements revealed that experienced soldiers displayed smaller
saccade amplitude, more fixations, and wider scanning patterns for the "threat"
videos than novices. Analyses of heart rate variability indicated that
physiological stress levels were higher for the experienced soldiers,
particularly for the "threat" videos. The results suggest that experienced
soldiers scanned their environment for threat more systematically than novices,
and that this was associated with higher physiological arousal, suggesting a
role for affective as well as cognitive processing of stimuli in expert threat
detection.

%M C.HFES.11.1270
%T Effect of Digital Anesthesia on Multi-Finger Synergies during a Sub-Maximal
Constant Force Production Task
%S Perception and Performance: PP6 - Perception and Performance Potpourri
%A Karol, Sohit
%A Shim, Jae Kun
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1270-1273
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551264
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1270
%X The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tactile feedback on
multi-finger coordination, quantified by a synergy index using the uncontrolled
manifold analysis. Twenty healthy, young volunteers were asked to press with
all the four fingers on four, one dimensional sensors at 20% of their maximum
voluntary force. A visual feedback of total force output was shown on a
computer monitor. Tactile feedback was removed by administering ring block
anesthesia. Results from this study suggest that the multi-finger synergies,
the task errors as well as the flexibility of the motor system to produce the
forces decrease significantly with the administration of anesthesia.

%M C.HFES.11.1274
%T Spatial Judgments from Different Vantage Points: A Different Perspective
%S Perception and Performance: PP6 - Perception and Performance Potpourri
%A Prytz, Erik
%A Scerbo, Mark W.
%A Kennedy, Rebecca
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1274-1278
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551265
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1274
%X Todorovic (2008) reported that there are systematic errors in the perception
of 3-D space when viewing 2-D linear perspective drawings depending on the
observer's vantage point. Because Todorovic's findings were restricted to the
horizontal plane, the current study was designed to determine whether the
magnitude of these errors would be similar in the vertical plane. Participants
viewed a 2D image containing rows of columns aligned on parallel converging
lines receding to a vanishing point. They were asked to judge where in the
physical room the next column should be placed. The results support Todorovic
(2008) in that systematic deviations in the spatial judgments depended on
vantage point for both the horizontal and vertical planes. However, the pattern
of deviation differed between the two planes. While judgments in both planes
failed to compensate adequately for the vantage point shift, the vertical plane
induced greater distortions of the stimulus image itself within each vantage
point.

%M C.HFES.11.1279
%T Physical Design Tools Support and Hinder Innovative Engineering Design
%S Perception and Performance: PP6 - Perception and Performance Potpourri
%A Jang, Jooyoung
%A Schunn, Christian D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1279-1283
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551266
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1279
%X Engineers use various physical tools -- including computers, smart boards,
notes, and prototypes -- to support their design work. To reveal the
characteristics of innovation-supporting environments, we examined the pattern
of tool use in 43 interdisciplinary engineering design teams enrolled in a
full-semester Product Realization course. Teams worked all semester on a single
project, with each team being assigned a different industry-sponsored project.
Group meetings were video-recorded. Team success was measured in terms of
meeting client requirements, and groups were divided into high, medium, and low
success. Successful teams were found to use smart board and prototypes
consistently more often, whereas unsuccessful teams (i.e., low success group)
used computer, laptop, and notes more often. Particularly, late adoption of
prototyping was a key characteristic of unsuccessful teams. Further, smart
board and prototype appeared to promote success at the level of subsystem as
well as at the global level, by supporting elaborated ideation.

%M C.HFES.11.1284
%T What's on "Their" Mind: Evaluating Collaborative Systems Using Team Mental
Models
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Mancuso, Vincent
%A Hamilton, Katherine
%A McMillan, Eric
%A Tesler, Rachel
%A Mohammed, Susan
%A McNeese, Michael
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1284-1288
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551267
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1284
%X In this paper we describe a methodology for utilizing team mental models as
a basis for evaluating the usability and utility of collaborative systems. We
present a case study of the evaluation of team mental models within the
NeoCITIES 3.1 simulation. Paired comparison ratings, which are one of the most
popularly used methods of team mental model assessment, were used to capture
the team members' taskwork-related knowledge, which was then compared to
ratings from subject matter experts. These analyses were the driving force
behind several design modifications in the NeoCITIES interface. We discuss the
limitations of the method and its implications within the scope of
collaborative systems evaluation and the field of HCI.

%M C.HFES.11.1289
%T Performance analysis of text entry with preferred one hand using smartphone
touch keyboard
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Song, Joobong
%A Ryu, Taebeum
%A Bahn, Sangwoo
%A Yun, Myung Hwan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1289-1292
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551268
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1289
%X Is performance in smartphone text entry better when using the preferred hand
rather than the non-preferred hand? Among right-handed people, is the
performance of users who prefer using their left hand in smartphone text entry
worse than that of users who prefer using their right hand? The present study
addresses these questions. Thirty young male undergraduate students were
instructed to type a text message template using a thumb-based QWERTY
smartphone with both hands, with only their right hand, and with only their
left hand. The completion time and occurrence of errors were measured. All
participants were right handed. However, when only one hand is available half
of them preferred to use their right hand if they had to enter a text on the
smartphone, whereas the other half preferred to use their left hand. In
entering a text with only one hand, about 90% of the 15 righthand-preferred
participants, and about 70% of the 15 lefthand-preferred participants performed
better using their preferred hand than using their nonpreferred hand. However,
the performance of the participants who performed better using their left hand
was not worse than those who performed better using their right hand in
smartphone text entry.

%M C.HFES.11.1293
%T Effects of Socioeconomic diversity on iPod Touch Device Use in Real-World
Environments
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Tossell, Chad C.
%A Jardina, Jo R.
%A Kortum, Philip T.
%A Peres, S. Camille
%A Shepard, Clayton W.
%A Rahmati, Ahmad
%A Zhong, Lin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1293-1297
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551269
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1293
%X The iPod Touch provides portable and personalized information,
entertainment, and communication resources for users. The goal of this study
was to assess the influence of user diversity on how these handheld mobile
computers are employed in real environments. Using an unobtrusive, longitudinal
methodology to collect data, we explored how different socioeconomic groups
personalize and operate iPod Touches. The lower income group used the
instrumented iPod Touch more often and for different purposes. Design
implications for newer-generation handheld devices and content are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1298
%T Formatted Text Improves the Communication of Credit Card Information:
Effects on Response Time
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Taylor, Jesseca R. I.
%A Wogalter, Michael S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1298-1302
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551270
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1298
%X Understanding basic credit card information can be important for maintaining
secure personal finances. Although considerable human factors research has
examined safety communications and warnings to avoid risk of personal injury,
little human factors research has been conducted on communications associated
with financial risk. This study explored whether human factors principles can
be applied to credit card information intended for consumers. People's
decision-making performance was examined with respect to credit card
application information given in two formats: less versus more structured
format, with the latter involving information chunking and spacing.
Participants (N=40) compared 16 pairs of credit card applications with the task
of selecting one among each pair that was the better financial deal (i.e., that
reduced financial risk or saved more money). Eight pairs had less formatting
(in prose style) and eight pairs had more structured formatting. The results
showed that the credit card applications with the more structured format
significantly reduced comparison (decision) times but had only minor effects on
response accuracy. Implications for formatting financial risk disclosures are
offered.

%M C.HFES.11.1303
%T Designing Better Healthcare Test Reports for Patients
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Elson, Ila J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1303-1307
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551271
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1303
%X Electronic medical records are becoming a reality at hospitals and doctor's
offices. They promise instant access but not instant understanding for the
patient because they have always been designed for the clinician. This article
provides some guidance in designing better healthcare test reports for the
patients' needs through application of basic human information processing
principles and software design patterns. Two common test panel reports given to
patients either during review of annual physical examinations or during review
of surveillance testing for cancer reoccurrence are provided and critiqued in
this paper from the patient perspective. Then mockups of proposed next
generation reports for patients during these types of doctor office visits are
provided during the conference poster session. Human Factors practitioners and
consultants in the healthcare informatics industry will find this information
useful in designing electronic health records and reports for patients and
consumers.

%M C.HFES.11.1308
%T The Impact of Web Site Familiarity on User Performance When Critical
Navigation Links Change
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Kortum, Philip
%A Scharff, Lauren F. V.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1308-1312
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551272
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1308
%X The research in this paper examines the effect of web site familiarity on
the impact of small changes in a site's primary navigation structure on user
performance. Ninety-two participants performed multiple tasks on a web site,
and then returned to the site either immediately or after a three-week delay to
perform one of the original tasks again. Half the users had the critical
navigation link on the first task, while half did not. On the second visit, the
presence or absence of the link either remained consistent, or was the opposite
of the condition experienced during their first visit. The addition of multiple
tasks during the user's first visit to the website was expected to cause the
memory of the path to the target to be less salient during subsequent visits,
thus reducing the performance increase observed in prior studies. However,
results show that web site familiarity did not have a significant effect on
user performance in this task. One likely explanation for this finding is that
there is a trade-off between the salience created for the correct information
path gained by performing a single-task first visit and the familiarity gained
through multiple forays through the site as the result of multiple task
completion.

%M C.HFES.11.1313
%T A "White-Space" Effect in Users' Anticipation of the Challenges Involved in
Using Everyday Products
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Sublette, M.
%A Carswell, C. M.
%A Seidelman, W.
%A Seales, W. B.
%A Clarke, D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1313-1317
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551273
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1313
%X Although the use of prospective workload judgments (i.e., judgments obtained
from users prior to any actual interaction with a product) may be appealing for
a variety of logistical reasons, a growing literature highlights the biases and
metacognitive misconceptions that sometimes lead such judgments to be far from
what is found in post-performance evaluations. The current study uses the NASA
Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) in a prospective workload judgment task that employs
two familiar stimulus sets from the human factors literature as to-be-rated
designs: 1) control-burner arrangements on cooktops, and 2) control layouts for
pointing tasks that vary in terms of Fitts' Law parameters. Participants made
reliable errors (compared to known performance outcomes) when judging both
stimulus sets. In general, lower workload judgments were associated with
designs that had greater intervening white space between controls and
displays/targets.

%M C.HFES.11.1318
%T Effect of Text Format on Determining Tires' Date of Manufacture
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Taylor, Jesseca R. I.
%A Wogalter, Michael S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1318-1322
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551274
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1318
%X Previous research indicates that most consumers are unaware that older tires
can deteriorate and lead to tread separation which could result in crashes.
Even if they were to know about this hazard, the task of determining the date
of manufacture (DOM) on tires is difficult. In the U.S., consumers must decode
a 4 digit number at the end of a longer U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
identification number in small, black print embossed onto black sidewalls.
Eighty-three participants (45 students and 38 adult non-students) were asked to
decode 6 different date of manufacture (DOM) markings. Analyses showed that
people have difficulty with determining dates in the current U.S. DOT format
and that date formats resembling common U.S. date representations were more
understandable to participants. Additionally, only half of the participants
reported having knowledge of tire aging issues and few have looked at the DOT
identification number before participating in this research. Discussed are
implications for date formatting, followed by guidance on designing a more
consumer-friendly DOM.

%M C.HFES.11.1323
%T The Combat Medic Card Game for Emergency Medical Procedures: A Usability and
Learning Study
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Lyons, Rebecca
%A Allen, Christine
%A Weaver, Sallie J.
%A Metcalf, David
%A Graffeo, Clarissa
%A Salas, Eduardo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1323-1327
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551275
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1323
%X The primary objective of this study was to assess user reactions and
perceptions of usability regarding the Combat Medic Card Game (CMCG). The CMCG
was designed to serve as a supplementary study tool for individuals completing
Combat Medic training in order to support and reinforce learning of emergency
medical care procedures (e.g., hemorrhage management). In addition to
collecting reaction and usability data, an exploratory study of user learning
compared learning outcomes achieved using two different modes of card use: game
play versus flash cards. Results suggested that users in the flashcard group
were more likely to report perceived learning compared to users in the game
play condition. However, declarative knowledge scores were not significantly
different between conditions.

%M C.HFES.11.1328
%T User Experience With Cybercollaboration Technologies
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Rantanen, Esa M.
%A Smagner, Jessica L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1328-1332
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551276
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1328
%X A usability survey of various cybercollaboration technologies with 32
questions was created and administered through the Rochester Institute of
Technology's (RIT) Clipboard online survey tool. A total of 73 responses were
received and analyzed. There was no participant consensus on what tools to
include in "ideal" cybercollaborative environments. The inclusion or exclusion
of specific tools and functionality are not critical to team success provided
that basic affordances for document and data sharing are provided. Traditional
usability issues were not widely cited as the main reason for a virtual team to
be unsuccessful. The most critical aspects to ensure virtual team success were
general communication and achieving consensus on the hypothesis. Therefore,
"usability" in the broad sense of affording the effectiveness of collaboration
through virtual environments can be best achieved through providing specific
decision frameworks to enable team-wide accountability, participation, and
documented acceptance of the hypothesis, as well as specifically addressing
critical communication issues. Cybercollaborative technologies should allow for
unencumbered interactions and communication between group members so as to not
be distracting, while the true affordance of efficient collaborative work comes
from setting processes that preemptively improve communication and
decision-making where they are most likely to erode.

%M C.HFES.11.1333
%T Improving Employment Outcomes of Breast Cancer Survivors: Development of a
Web-Based Educational and Decision Support Tool
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Sesto, Mary
%A Wachowiak, Rebecca
%A Tevaarwerk, Amye
%A Faatin, Mahpara
%A Heidrich, Susan
%A Wiegmann, Douglas
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1333-1337
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551277
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1333
%X A major consequence of surviving cancer is that treatment-related symptoms
can persist and result in work disability. This problem will continue to
escalate as treatment becomes more successful and the workforce ages.
Employment is a critical component of quality of life, yet no effective
intervention exists to improve employment outcomes following a cancer
diagnosis. An innovative, interdisciplinary approach to improve work ability
was used to develop a web-based, information support system for breast cancer
survivors. Strategies from human factors engineering (HFE), decision support,
and oncology symptom management were used to develop the WISE (Work ability
Improvement through Symptom management and Ergonomic education), a
survivor-centered intervention. The conceptual framework for the WISE is based
on a macroergonomics work systems model that evaluates aspects of the work
system and its interaction with the individual. The content and format of the
WISE is based on recommendations from subject matter experts and end users.
Application of HFE methods may empower survivors to maximize employment and
economic self-sufficiency. The purpose of this poster presentation is to report
on the content development and refinement of the WISE.

%M C.HFES.11.1338
%T Auditory Progress Bars: Estimations of Time Remaining
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Garcia, Adrian
%A Peres, S. Camille
%A Ritchey, Paul
%A Kortum, Philip
%A Stallmann, Kurt
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1338-1341
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551278
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1338
%X Auditory Progress Bars (APB) were originally intended to augment Visual
Progress Bars (VPB) to create multimodal displays. More recently, APBs have
been tested in absence of VPBs for use in the on-hold telephone setting. In
this setting, APBs are a viable option for communicating the probable time
remaining in the on-hold wait. However, past studies measure the effectiveness
of APBs retrospectively, which is appropriate for understanding how accurately
callers can judge how long they have been waiting on hold, but is not
appropriate for determining if APBs are intuitively communicating the probable
time remaining in the wait -- which is more relevant to the caller's needs.
Here, we measure the effectiveness of 3 distinct APBs prospectively which is
more consistent with the caller's concern of how much longer the wait will be
before their call is answered. Furthermore, we make APBs more similar to VPBs
by playing the APB's endpoint before the APB's beginning point. We found
evidence that the accuracy of prospective estimations is a product of APB
design, and that the awareness of the endpoint has no affect on the accuracy of
prospective estimations.

%M C.HFES.11.1342
%T Evaluation Of Cognitive Workload From EEG During A Mental Arithmetic Task
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Rebsamen, Brice
%A Kwok, Kenneth
%A Penney, Trevor B.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1342-1345
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551279
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1342
%X We collected electroencephalographic (EEG) data from 16 subjects while they
performed a mental arithmetic task at five different levels of difficulty. A
classifier was trained to discriminate between three conditions: relaxed, low
workload and high workload, using spectral features of the EEG. We obtained an
average classification accuracy of 62%. A continuous workload index was
obtained by low-pass filtering the classifier's output. The correlation
coefficient between the resulting workload index and the difficulty level of
the task was 0.6 on average.

%M C.HFES.11.1346
%T Dynamic Cognitive Task Modeling of Complexity Discovery: A Mix of Process
Tracing and Task Analysis
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Jean-François, Gagnon
%A Jeuniaux, Patrick
%A Dubé, Geneviève
%A Tremblay, Sébastien
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1346-1350
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551280
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1346
%X Task models can be very informative and provide invaluable guidance to the
design of socio-technical artifact intended to provide external cognition and
support to decision-making. In the case of developing support for strategic
decision-making and complexity discovery, the modeling of task-related dynamic
cognition is of prime importance. We report on the application of a method that
combines hierarchical task analysis and process tracing -- dynamic cognitive
task modeling (DCTM) -- as a means to inform the design process of a joint
cognitive system (JCS) -- IMAGE -- that seeks to augment complexity discovery
capabilities. The DCTM method provides a measure of human-system interaction
and dynamic cognition that is empirical, unobtrusive, less sensitive to biases
and well suited for the particularly challenging context of complexity
discovery.

%M C.HFES.11.1351
%T Understanding Dual Rover Communications using Social Network Analysis
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Litaker, Harry L., Jr.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1351-1355
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551281
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1351
%X Social network analysis (SNA) refers to the collection of techniques, tools,
and methods used in sociometry aiming at the analysis of social networks to
investigate decision making, group communication, and the distribution of
information. Human factors engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) conducted a social network analysis on communication data
collected during a 14-day field study operating a dual rover exploration
mission. SNA was used to better understand the relationships between certain
network groups such as ground control, flight crews, and planetary science. The
analysis identified the communication network structure for the continuous
communication scenario as being a split network. The major nodes for the
networks' architecture, transmittal status, and information were identified
using graphical network mapping, quantitative analysis of subjective
impressions, and statistical analysis using Sociometric Statue and Centrality.
Post-questionnaire analysis along with interviews revealed advantages and
disadvantages of the structure. Concise among all team members identified a
need for a more stable network structure with improved robustness of voice
loops and better systems training/capabilities for scientific and operational
data for all operators.

%M C.HFES.11.1356
%T Qualitative Data Differences between a Focus Group and Online Forum Hosting
a Usability Design Review: A Case Study
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Cowley, Jennifer A.
%A Radford-Davenport, Julie
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1356-1360
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551282
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1356
%X Traditional usability assessment test methods often do not accommodate
conventional resource constraints which typically result in testing
renouncement; thus, new methods are needed. This case study reviews a new test
method, the internet forum, and compares data outcomes related to participant
participation between this forum and the traditional focus group. The same
design review was hosted in all groups: two forum groups (n=28 and 7) and two
focus group sessions (n=14 and 10). Data was coded to determine what percentage
of the users responded to each posed question, how many user conversations
occurred and how many design suggestions were provided. Thus, more participants
responded to questions in the forum rather than the focus group but more forum
conversations occurred comparatively. However, these conversations did not
inspire more designs suggestions comparatively. Also, forum participants most
often directly answered the questions and provided more design suggestions
directly related to the questions posed while focus group participants offered
more off-topic responses that provided important rich contextual information
(e.g., explanation behind user requirements). Research implications, threats to
validity and future work are also discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1361
%T Exploration of the Factor Structure and Internal Consistency of the
Aggressive Driving Behavior Questionnaire (ADBQ)
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Brill, J. Christopher
%A Mouloua, Mustapha
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1361-1365
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551283
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1361
%X The present investigation is part of a series of studies to develop a
questionnaire for assessing propensity to engage in aggressive driving
behavior. The 20-item Aggressive Driving Behavior Questionnaire (ADBQ) was
administered to a sample of 495 college students from two universities. The
data were factor analyzed, yielding six factors accounting for 56% of the
variance and representing distinct aspects of aggressive driving. The ADBQ was
also found to have a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .77).
Directions for future development and validation of the ADBQ are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1366
%T Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory: A Monte Carlo Investigation
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Szalma, James L.
%A O'Connell, Maureen E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1366-1369
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551284
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1366
%X Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory (FSDT) has the potential of enhancing
performance measures in detection tasks in which precision of Signal Detection
Theory (SDT) analysis is limited by discrete mutually exclusive categorization
of the state of the world and/or responses available to the observer. While
there have been empirical efforts to demonstrate the benefits and tenability of
FSDT, the question still remains whether traditional SDT computational
procedures for measures of sensitivity and bias can be used with FSDT
procedures. Through the use of Monte Carlo simulation and ROC analysis, the
current study examined whether data analyzed by FSDT met the assumptions of
traditional SDT on which sensitivity and bias measures are predicated. The
results indicated that FSDT does in fact meet the normality and equal variance
assumptions of SDT. However, the results also indicated that further
theoretical elaboration of 'fuzzy criterion setting' is necessary.

%M C.HFES.11.1370
%T Are We Becoming Super-Human Cyborgs? Examination of Technomorphism and the
Creation of a Technomorphic Tendencies Scale
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Lum, Heather C.
%A Sims, Valerie K.
%A Chin, Matthew G.
%A Halse, Shane E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1370-1374
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551285
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1370
%X While traditionally researchers have focused on making robotics more
user-friendly from a human perspective, a new theory has begun to take shape in
which the human makes decisions based on how a robot would. The following study
examines the concept of technomorphism which is the attribution of
technological features and characteristics to humans. Because there is very
little empirical or theoretical research performed in this area, researchers
set out to formally define technomorphism as well as create a scale to measure
a person's propensity to use a technomorphic schema. The findings from this
work should help fuel the desire of others in the field to think about the
potential influences of technomorphism during the design and implementation of
new devices as well as in how we technology may influence how we perceive each
other.

%M C.HFES.11.1375
%T A Useable, Online NASA-TLX Tool
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Sharek, David
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1375-1379
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551286
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1375
%X For over 20 years, the NASA Task Load indeX (NASA-TLX) (Hart &
Staveland, 1988) has been successfully used as a self-report measure of
cognitive workload, yet emphasis on the usability and accessibility of the
NASA-TLX as a research tool has remained lacking. A freely-available,
user-friendly, online version of NASA-TLX is introduced (Sharek, 2009). Key
features and benefits of the online version for researchers and participants
are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1380
%T The Evolution of Meta-Analytic Trends: Comparisons across Data Collection
Intervals through a Specific Case Context
%S Posters: POS1 - Posters 1
%A Oleson, Kristin E.
%A Yordon, Ryan
%A Szalma, J. L.
%A Hancock, P. A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1380-1384
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551287
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1380
%X The present paper reports a meta-analysis on the effects of acoustic noise
on performance for the studies from 2006-2011. These findings are compared and
contrasted to the outcome of a previous meta-analysis of studies from 1900-2005
concerning the self-same influence. Such a comparison illustrates the evolution
of acoustic effects but critically, it also renders crucial insights into the
process of meta-analysis itself.

%M C.HFES.11.1385
%T The Effects of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Glove Pressure on Tactility
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Thompson, Shelby
%A Mesloh, Miranda
%A England, Scott
%A Benson, Elizabeth
%A Rajulu, Sudhakar
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1385-1388
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551288
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1385
%X The purpose of the current study was to quantify finger tactility while
wearing a Phase VI Extravehicular Activity (EVA) glove. Subjects were fully
suited in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suit. Data was collected under
three conditions: bare-handed, gloved at 0 psid, and gloved at 4.3 psid. To
test tactility, a series of 30 tactile stimuli (bumps) were created that varied
in both height and width. With the hand obscured, subjects applied pressure to
each bump until detected tactilely. The amount of force needed to detect each
bump was recorded using load cells located under a force plate. Results showed
that amount of force needed to detect a bump was positively related to width,
but inversely related to height. In addition, as the psi of the glove
increased, more force was needed to detect the bump. In terms of application,
it was possible to determine the optimal width and height a bump needs to be
for a specific amount of force applied for tactility.

%M C.HFES.11.1389
%T N-SEEV in SOAS: Predicting Time to Notice for Multi-Modal Cockpit Alerting
Events
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Keller, John W.
%A Wickens, Christopher D.
%A Small, Ron L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1389-1393
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551289
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1389
%X This paper presents the current work to extend the N-SEEV model of visual
attention to both the auditory and tactile modalities in support a cockpit
adaptive automation system for pilot spatial disorientation. Cockpit
countermeasure systems use visual, auditory and tactile modalities to
communicate problems to the pilot. The SOAS spatial orientation aiding system
uses all three modalities to support a disoriented pilot. The system initiates
increasingly intrusive countermeasure as it determines that the probability and
severity of a detected disorientation is increasing. N-SEEV has been included
within SOAS to support the change to countermeasure levels based on the
prediction of the pilot noticing countermeasure onset. Previous versions of
N-SEEV could predict a time-to-notice for the onset of a visual cockpit
countermeasure. In this work, N-SEEV is extended to include noticing
predictions for both the auditory and tactile modes.

%M C.HFES.11.1394
%T From TVs to Phones: A Comparison of Adults' Mental Models of Computers in
1999 and 2009
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Sims, Valerie K.
%A Chin, Matthew G.
%A Sinatra, Anne M.
%A Lum, Heather C.
%A Selkowitz, Anthony
%A Murphy, Carrie E.
%A Oleson, Kristin E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1394-1397
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551290
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1394
%X The mental models that participants had about the common technological
device of a computer were examined in 1999 and 2009. The participants were
prompted with the question "What is like a computer?" in order to generate
analogies that were used to access their mental models. Results indicated that
more analogies were generated in 1999 rather than 2009. In addition there was a
reduction in the amount of analogies generated by males. The top popular
analogies produced in 1999 and 2009 were found to be different. These results
suggest that the general knowledge base people have about computers has shifted
in the past decade. Further, the individual differences that one has may impact
their beliefs and knowledge about computers.

%M C.HFES.11.1398
%T The Effects of Image Resolution on an Armored Vehicle Differentiation Task
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Oleson, Kristin E.
%A Keebler, Joseph
%A Colombo, Gian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1398-1401
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551291
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1398
%X Future usage of multiple unmanned vehicle (UV) assets by all branches of the
United States military necessitates examination of the factors involved in
efficient communication of information among human-robot teams. One area for
concern is the transfer of visual information in the form of photographs or
live feeds. This study explores the effects of image resolution on a relevant
military task, namely that of vehicle differentiation. Images of four scaled
armored military vehicles (M1A1 Abrams, M3A2 Bradley, T-72 and T-80) were
recorded and compared across six digital image resolution levels for accuracy
and response time. Results suggest that 15 ppi is the minimum image resolution
needed during transmission of static visual communication.

%M C.HFES.11.1402
%T Exploiting the Auditory Modality in Decision Support: Beneficial "Warning"
Effects and Unavoidable Costs
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Vachon, Fran&ccedile;ois
%A Tremblay, Sébastien
%A Nicholls, Alastair P.
%A Jones, Dylan M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1402-1406
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551292
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1402
%X The rate at which technology continues to develop and permeate our lives is
such that it has become increasingly easier, and thus more likely, for
information to be presented to us via different modalities simultaneously. But
to what extent does this confluence of information affect our subsequent
judgment and performance? Furthermore, what are the implications for system
design when this information is critical to saving our lives and others? This
study uses a visual 'microworld' simulation of a naval anti-air warfare to
investigate whether the content and priority of audio messages that accompany
changes in the visual modality assist or hinder performance in the task
(identification of change and evaluation of threats). Results indicate that
although helping critical change detection, a critical warning in the auditory
modality is not as efficient as its visual counterpart. Moreover, audio
messages tended to bias threat evaluation towards perceiving objects as more
hostile than they were in reality. Such findings have clear implications in
regard to the costs and benefits of further exploiting the auditory modality in
dynamic visual environments.

%M C.HFES.11.1407
%T Interactions Among Target Salience, Eccentricity, Target Expectancy and
Workload in an Alert Detection Task
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Steelman, Kelly S.
%A McCarley, Jason S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1407-1411
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551293
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1407
%X Attentional behavior in complex visual workspaces is driven by the physical
and temporal characteristics of the display, the goals and knowledge of the
operator, and task demands. Accordingly, to develop effective displays,
designers must understand how these factors interact to influence attentional
allocation within the display and the detectability of critical alerts. In the
current study, participants performed a central highway-in-the-sky (HITS)
manual tracking task and a peripheral alert detection task concurrently while
alert eccentricity, salience, expectancy, and central task workload were
manipulated. Eccentricity and expectancy effects were observed in both hit
rates and response times (RTs). RT evinced interactions of salience with both
eccentricity and expectancy, indicating that the absence of dynamic distractors
allowed for more rapid detection of near alerts and more effective use of
top-down attentional guidance in the detection of targets in high expectancy
locations. Effects also manifested in PDT, with interactions between workload,
salience, and target expectancy. Results demonstrate interactions among
multiple bottom-up and top-down factors in the control of visual attention
within a complex workspace.

%M C.HFES.11.1412
%T Examining the Actors and Functions of an Airline Operations Center
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Berry, Katherine A.
%A Pace, John J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1412-1416
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551294
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1412
%X The operation and safety of the National Airspace System (NAS) is reliant on
a multitude of actors and systems, which includes the members of the Airline
Operation Center (AOC), whose primary job is to ensure flight safety (Sheremeta
& Weitzel, 2005). The FAA's NextGen will constitute many changes within the
NAS, and the effects of these changes need to be examined in respect to the
AOC. However, before these changes can be examined in detail, it is necessary
to have a baseline understanding of the current operations and actors of an
AOC. In this study, AOC actors that are critical to the day-to-day operation of
an AOC were identified and a functional allocation was performed. Using this
research as a baseline, further research should be conducted to examine how
those AOC actors and their functions will change with the implementation of
NextGen.

%M C.HFES.11.1417
%T The Effect of Gestalt Psychology on the System-Wide Trust Strategy in
Automation
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Bean, Nathaniel H.
%A Rice, Stephen C.
%A Keller, M. David
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1417-1421
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551295
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1417
%X Recent research has indicated that operators may utilize the system-wide
trust strategy when presented with two automation aids of unknown reliability
(Keller, Bean, & Rice, 2009; Keller & Rice, 2010; Keller & Rice,
2009). This is undesirable as operators may under-utilize reliable aids when
they are paired with unreliable aids. Two variables derived from Gestalt
psychology's law of similarity were employed in an attempt to overcome this
effect: gauge shape congruence and operator knowledge of the aids' reliability.
Results indicated that altering the gauge shapes had no effect on operator
performance. However, providing aid reliability information to the operator did
have a positive effect on operator performance. More specifically, operators
reacted to alarms more quickly and reduced their false alarm rates; however,
they did not improve their hit rates. Future work should be conducted to assess
more fully the role of aid reliability information and Gestalt psychology as
they relate to the system-wide trust strategy.

%M C.HFES.11.1422
%T Modeling the Visual and Motor Control of Steering With an Eye to
Shared-Control Automation
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Mars, Franck
%A Saleh, Louay
%A Chevrel, Philippe
%A Claveau, Fabien
%A Lafay, Jean-Fran&ccedile;ois
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1422-1426
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551296
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1422
%X This paper describes a newly developed driver model that focuses on the
control of car steering. The model represents visual anticipation of road
curvature and compensation of lateral positioning error. It also incorporates a
neuromuscular system, inspired by Hoult and Cole (2008), including an internal
model of the steering system compliance, muscle co-activation by α and
γ signals and the stretch reflex. Preliminary driving simulator
experiments with five participants showed that the identification of model
parameters yielded consistent results. Moreover, the model was able to steer
the driving simulator by itself and showed a behavior similar to that of the
human driver who provided the data for parameter identification. This model may
be used for the design of automation for shared control of steering.

%M C.HFES.11.1427
%T Operator Aid-Switching in a Case of Redundant Automation with Single-Aid
Failure
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Sandry, Joshua
%A Schwark, Jeremy
%A Hunt, Gayle
%A Geels, Kasha
%A Rice, Stephen
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1427-1431
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551297
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1427
%X Research exploring factors that affect an operator's use of automated
systems has gained a great deal of attention over the years; however, it is
only recently that an operator's simultaneous use of multiple automated aids
has been investigated. The current study employed a target search task to
examine how individuals utilize two automated aids when one of the aids fails
and begins to decrease in reliability. More specifically, we were interested in
investigating whether people would be able to switch from utilizing the failing
aid (originally highly reliable) to the other aid (originally less reliable)
when the failing aid became less reliable than the other aid. The results show
that participants were able to consistently use the more reliable aid, even if
this meant switching from one aid to the other. Practical implications are
discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1432
%T A Model of Human-Robot Trust: Theoretical Model Development
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Sanders, Tracy
%A Oleson, Kristin E.
%A Billings, D. R.
%A Chen, Jessie Y. C.
%A Hancock, P. A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1432-1436
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551298
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1432
%X This work explores the theoretical foundations of trust which provide the
framework for the development of our model of human-robot team trust. The
pragmatic purpose for this model is to provide a greater understanding of the
factors that facilitate the development of human operator trust in robotic
teammates. We predicate the model's structure with our findings from a
quantitative meta-analysis that we have completed. Our approach categorizes the
dimensions influencing trust in human-robot interaction. To date, we have
explored human, robot and environmental-based factors. Our road map for model
development and refinement is here outlined.

%M C.HFES.11.1437
%T Towards a Quantification Scheme for External Representations in Team
Cognition Research
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Wiese, Christopher W.
%A Pavlas, Davin
%A Fiore, Stephen M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1437-1441
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551299
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1437
%X Understanding the impact of cognition on process and performance in teams is
a dynamic research topic that requires continued development. In this paper, we
posit that an underused and understudied element, external representations of
cognition, could shed new light on how cognition influences team interaction
and team outcomes. We present a framework meant to guide research in team
cognition and to help the field begin to more systematically understand this
construct and its implications for theory and practice.

%M C.HFES.11.1442
%T Effects of Role and Location Switching on Team Performance in a
Collaborative Planning Environment
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Fouse, Shannon
%A Cooke, Nancy J.
%A Gorman, Jamie C.
%A Murray, Ivonne
%A Uribe, Morgan
%A Bradbury, Aaron
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1442-1446
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551300
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1442
%X Using a collaborative planning environment, collaborative processes and team
planning were studied during a non-combative evacuation scenario. Five-person
teams were assigned to one of three conditions: role switching (RS), location
switching (LS) and control. Based on plan scoring, team process scoring and
individual knowledge measures, we found evidence that both RS and LS teams
created better plans than control teams, and that this was not reflected in the
amount of shared knowledge between team members. These results provide evidence
for the Interactive Team Cognition theory of collaboration.

%M C.HFES.11.1447
%T Physio-behavioral Synchronicity as an Index of Processes Supporting Team
Performance
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Strang, Adam
%A Funke, Gregory J.
%A Knott, Benjamin A.
%A Warm, Joel S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1447-1451
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551301
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1447
%X Recent research suggests that synchronicity in physiological and behavioral
responses during team tasks could provide an objective measure of processes
underlying team performance. In this study, twenty dyads completed a series of
trials in a variant of video game Tetris (Quadra). Task performance was divided
between the participants such that they had to work interdependently to
succeed. Team-paired cardiac interbeat intervals (IBIs) and postural sway
(anterior-posterior head motion) were analyzed using Cross-Sample Entropy
(CSEn) as indices of physiobehavioral synchronicity. Quantity of team verbal
communication (number of words spoken) and a survey measure of team cohesion
were also assessed. An increase in team performance was found to be associated
with a decrease in IBI synchronicity, while an increase in team verbal
communication was related to both an in increase postural sway synchronicity
and team cohesion. Overall, this research supports the assertion that metrics
of team synchronicity may serve as useful surrogate indices of team processes
and performance.

%M C.HFES.11.1452
%T Are Small Teams More Satisfying?
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Pierce, Linda
%A Williams, Clara
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1452-1456
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551302
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1452
%X Interviews were conducted at two geographically distributed FAA Technical
Operations remote monitoring and coordination centers. The centers did the same
type of work but were organized differently. The first center was organized
into seven small teams of five to seven members. The second center assigned
individuals to shifts with no set leadership or team membership. The centers
operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week and all specialists worked rotating
shifts. Satisfaction was negatively affected by high workload, perceived
individual differences in effort, and shift work. Small teams were thought to
improve satisfaction by ensuring that all team members carried their fair share
of the workload and by providing emotional support. Shift flexibility, however,
was seen as more difficult under the small team concept. Additional research is
needed to determine the extent to which schedule flexibility is possible within
the context of small teams.

%M C.HFES.11.1457
%T Low-Level Predictors Of Team Performance and Success
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Lum, Heather C.
%A Sims, Valerie K.
%A Salas, Eduardo
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1457-1461
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551303
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1457
%X Low level cognitive measures were examined in the context of team
performance and success. Specifically, eye tracking and vocal analysis were
examined at the individual level to determine if this type of measurement could
be used to predict team performance. The team consisted of 3 undergraduate
participants who performed a simulated military planning task. The team had to
work together to complete military objectives by rescuing refugees, and moving
resources and military aids to different locations. Team performance and
success were measured by number of objectives met and amount of time to design
and execute the team plan. A stepwise linear regression analysis was run at
both the team level and team variability for all operations. The results of the
study suggest that low level measures such as eye movements and vocal analyses
may be helpful in understanding computer mediated team processing.

%M C.HFES.11.1462
%T A Risk Analysis of Fall-Related Injuries Using the NEISS Database
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Krauss, David A.
%A Todd, J. Jay
%A Kim, Robyn
%A Scher, Irving
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1462-1466
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551304
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1462
%X Slip-and-fall injuries are ubiquitous. People slip and trip on a daily
basis, and often, these incidents result in falls. This paper examines the
patterns of risk for slip-and-fall injuries in the United States using the
Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) National Electronic Injury
Surveillance System (NEISS). A dataset was extracted that is representative of
the entire U.S. population for three years (2005-2007). The analyses reveal
increased risk for women and elderly individuals. The risk of a slip-and-fall
injury is twice as high for females compared to males over much of the
lifespan, and each year one out of every 100 individuals over the age of 55 is
expected to visit a hospital emergency room following a fall. In addition to
characterizing the patterns of risk, possible explanations for the patterns are
raised and discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1467
%T Predicting Performance, Subjective States and Coping Strategy in a Vigilance
Task: The Role of Individual Differences
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Teo, Grace
%A Szalma, James L.
%A Schmidt, Tarah
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1467-1471
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551305
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1467
%X The purpose for the present study was to examine how person and task
characteristics affected the performance, workload, and stress of vigilance.
Task type (sensory versus cognitive) and source complexity (1, 2, or 4 displays
to be monitored) were the dimensions of vigilance examined, and several person
characteristics selected based on an energetic-resource approach to vigilance.
Relationships with cognitive traits were mostly influenced by task type and
those of affective traits were moderated by both task and source complexity.
Across outcome measures and predictors, the general pattern of results
confirmed the argument that separate treatment of either task properties or
task characteristics yields at best a limited understanding of the performance,
workload, and stress associated with vigilance. Programmatic research should
therefore examine trait-task interactions for specific combinations of
taxonomic categories.

%M C.HFES.11.1472
%T Procedure Classification: Putting Campbell's Objective Complexity Framework
to Work for a Petrochemical Company
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Burks, Rick
%A Peres, S. Camille
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1472-1475
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551306
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1472
%X This paper describes the design of a procedure classification rubric for a
large petrochemical company to be used in oil and gas process environments. The
Research on the Interaction between Humans and Machines Lab (RIHM) at the
University of Houston-Clear Lake was tasked with identifying the elements that
contribute to cognitive complexity in procedures that should be considered when
classifying procedures. Guidelines were provided with Human Factors emphasis,
and a robust procedure classification rubric was developed using Campbell's
objective complexity framework.

%M C.HFES.11.1476
%T Review of Computerized Procedure Guidelines for Nuclear Power Plant Control
Rooms
%S Posters: POS2 - Posters 2
%A Gertman, David I.
%A Blanc, Katya Le
%A Boring, Ronald L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1476-1480
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551307
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1476
%X Computerized procedures (CPs) are recognized as an emerging alternative to
paper-based procedures for supporting control room operators in nuclear power
plants undergoing life extension and in the concept of operations for advanced
reactor designs. CPs potentially reduce operator workload, yield increases in
efficiency, and provide for greater resilience. Yet, CPs may also adversely
impact human and plant performance if not designed and implemented properly.
Therefore, it is important to ensure that existing guidance is sufficient to
provide for proper implementation and monitoring of CPs. In this paper, human
performance issues were identified based on a review of the behavioral science
literature, research on computerized procedures in nuclear and other
industries, and a review of industry experience with CPs. The review of human
performance issues led to the identification of a number of technical gaps in
available guidance sources. To address some of the gaps, we developed 13
supplemental guidelines to support design and safety. This paper presents these
guidelines and the case for further research.

%M C.HFES.11.1481
%T Towards an Interdisciplinary Understanding of Perspective for Human-Robot
Teamwork
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Streater, Jonathan
%A Elias, John
%A Morrow, Patricia Bockelman
%A Fiore, Steve
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1481-1485
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551308
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1481
%X We provide a context within the converging fields of team cognition and
human-robot interaction (HRI) where the idea of perspective may be able to
provide a useful framework for design. Thus, we explore perspective as it has
been discussed across disciplines. Our goal is to begin an exploration of how
perspective can be appropriately conceptualized and potentially instantiated
within the context of social robots and human-robot team interaction, framing
theory from the human sciences for design.

%M C.HFES.11.1486
%T Towards Triadic Interactions in Autism and Beyond: Transitional Objects,
Joint Attention, and Social Robotics
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Elias, John Z.
%A Morrow, Patricia Bockelman
%A Streater, Jonathan
%A Gallagher, Shaun
%A Fiore, Stephen M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1486-1490
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551309
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1486
%X The concept of transitional objects from the British Object Relations school
of psychoanalysis may offer insight into the affective aspects of the
development of dyadic and triadic interactions. Furthermore the concept may be
applied to the use of social robotics in autism research and therapy, with
social robots in these settings perhaps functioning as transitional objects for
autistic children. Possible applications in organizational contexts are
suggested as well, along with considerations of future research relating
transitional objects to the notions of primary and secondary intersubjectivity.

%M C.HFES.11.1491
%T From Tools to Teammates: Toward the Development of Appropriate Mental Models
for Intelligent Robots
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Phillips, Elizabeth
%A Ososky, Scott
%A Grove, Janna
%A Jentsch, Florian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1491-1495
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551310
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1491
%X A transition in robotics from tools to teammates is underway, but, because
it is in an early state, experience with intelligent robots and agents is
limited. As such, human mental models of intelligent robots are primitive,
easily influenced by superficial characteristics, and often incomplete or
inaccurate. This paper investigates the factors that influence mental models of
robots, and explores solutions for the formation of accurate and useful mental
models with a specific focus on military applications. Humans must possess a
clear and accurate understanding of how robots communicate and operate,
particularly in military settings where intelligent, autonomous robotic agents
are desired. Complete and accurate mental models in these hazardous and
critical applications will reduce the inherent danger of automation disuse or
misuse. Implications for training and developing appropriate trust are also
discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1496
%T Measurement of Situation Awareness in Human-Robot Teams
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Schuster, David
%A Jentsch, Florian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1496-1500
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551311
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1496
%X Future robots may act as team members, capable of independently executing
tasks and interacting with humans cooperatively and socially. These types of
robots will occupy a niche between what is currently addressed by human-robot
interaction (HRI) and what is considered to be teamwork. This paper addresses
that need by providing innovative direction in the measurement of situation
awareness (SA) while considering robotic agents as integral team members. We
include relevant metrics for the measurement of individual SA within
human-robot teams and present a model describing SA of the team. In doing this,
we expand upon current methodologies for measuring SA so that they can be
applied to future human-robot teams.

%M C.HFES.11.1501
%T Effectiveness of RoboLeader for Dynamic Re-Tasking in an Urban Environment
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Chen, Jessie Y. C.
%A Barnes, Michael J.
%A Quinn, Stephanie A.
%A Plew, William
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1501-1505
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551312
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1501
%X RoboLeader is an intelligent agent that has the capabilities of coordinating
a team of ground robots and revising route plans for the robots based on
battlefield intelligence. Specifically, RoboLeader can support dynamic
re-tasking based on battlefield developments as well as coordination between
aerial and ground robots in pursuit of moving targets. In the current study, we
manipulated the level of automation for RoboLeader as well as the presence of a
visualization tool (which informed the participants about their target
entrapment performance) in the RoboLeader user interface. Results showed that
RoboLeader (Fully Automated condition) was more effective in encapsulating the
moving targets than were the human operators (when they were either without
assistance from RoboLeader or when they were partially assisted by RoboLeader).
Participants successfully encapsulated the moving targets only 63% of the time
in the Manual condition but 89% of the time when they were assisted by
RoboLeader. Those participants who play video games frequently demonstrated
significantly better encapsulation performance than did infrequent gamers; they
also had better situation awareness of the mission environment. Visualization
had little effect on participants' performance. Finally, participants reported
significantly higher workload when they were in the Manual condition than when
they were assisted by RoboLeader.

%M C.HFES.11.1506
%T Embodied Cognitive Fidelity and the Advancement of Human Robot Team
Simulations
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Morrow, Patricia Bockelman
%A Elias, John
%A Streater, Jonathan
%A Ososky, Scott
%A Phillips, Elizabeth
%A Fiore, Stephen
%A Jentsch, Florian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1506-1510
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551313
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1506
%X Embodied Cognitive Fidelity (ECF) offers both a theoretical framework by
which simulation may be considered in terms of contemporary cognitive theory
and a methodology for application in effective and useful simulation tools. We
overview the context for simulation use in human robot teams and offer ECF as
an alternative to other foci of fidelity. We identify the criteria and
attributes expected of simulations with high ECF and propose future
considerations for research.

%M C.HFES.11.1511
%T Teaching Algebraic Concepts via Serious Games on a Tablet PC
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Oleson, Kristin E.
%A Surprenant, Amanda M.
%A Carbone, Tom
%A Blair, Lucas
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1511-1515
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551314
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1511
%X Schools and educators continue to explore new technology-based techniques
and tools to enhance student education. However, within the subject area of
mathematics, and specifically algebra, traditional methods of instruction such
as using graphing paper and blackboards are still heavily relied upon. Using
new technologies to extend these traditional methods could be used to enhance
learning while keeping the format that has proven to work. Tablet-based PCs and
serious games are two tools that could be used together to improve learning.
This research is based on the serious game prototype developed by Tom Carbone,
which utilizes the Tablet PC and an electronic version of graph paper. During
the course of the present study, the tool was modified based on the findings
from a usability analysis (expert review) and a focus group with educators. The
information received from this group of studies began the validation process to
show that Tablet-based PC games might be a profitable teaching tool for
algebraic education, and future research should be conducted with end-users to
gain their approval and insights.

%M C.HFES.11.1516
%T So you Think you Know Football?: Effects of Individual Differences on Video
Game Performance
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Marraffino, Matthew D.
%A Lum, Heather C.
%A Sims, Valerie K.
%A Chin, Matthew G.
%A Halse, Shane E.
%A Lippman, Bradley
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1516-1519
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551315
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1516
%X A plethora of research has examined video games in the context of training
and violence. However, little has been done in examining the individual
differences that may exist as it relates to success or failure during game
play. Few studies have focused on empirically testing usability and performance
issues specifically related to sports games. In this study, a football
simulation video game was used to investigate how video game experience
interacts with football knowledge in explaining performance within the game.
Football video game simulations are a complicated game that appears best played
when the user has both knowledge of football and experience playing video
games. This study has implications for the individual differences that dictate
performance within games.

%M C.HFES.11.1520
%T Using Flow Theory to Design Video Games as Experimental Stimuli
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Sharek, David
%A Wiebe, Eric
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1520-1524
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551316
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1520
%X The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of Flow Theory
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) in the development of a video game for specific use as
an experimental stimuli. Flow Theory was used to manipulate the level of
challenge and indirectly the level of perceived skill to create three design
conditions: Boredom, Flow, and Frustration. Results showed that Flow Theory
provide a strong theoretical framework for manipulating skill and challenge.
The intrinsic characteristics of the game mechanics provided robust, real-time
performance measures that were used in a manipulation check to ensure that the
conditions that were intended to be designed were indeed designed. These
performance measures also provide useful data that can be combined with
self-report data to produce high measurement diagnosticity and sensitivity.
Validated conditions of Boredom, Flow, and Frustration can be used in studies
of training and decision-making.

%M C.HFES.11.1525
%T Dark Vergence Posture and Simulator Sickness in a Head Mounted Display
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A St. Pierre, Matthew
%A Salley, James
%A Muth, Eric
%A Moss, Jason
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1525-1528
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551317
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1525
%X This study explored the possible link between the occurrence of simulator
sickness in a head mounted display (HMD) and the oculomotor variable of dark
vergence posture (the distance at which the two eyes converge in darkness). We
hypothesized that wearing the HMD would cause a change in dark vergence
posture. We were also interested to see if there were any significant
correlations between the change in dark vergence posture and simulator
sickness. Participants made a total of 200 head movements during the 5 HMD
trials. Participants' dark vergence posture was measured before and after the
HMD trials. Participants experienced a significant inward shift in dark
vergence posture after wearing the HMD.

%M C.HFES.11.1529
%T Network latency and perceived fidelity of motion in a networked flight
simulator
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Covas-Smith, Christine M.
%A Bell, Herbert H.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1529-1532
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551318
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1529
%X We investigated the effect of delay in the transmission of position
information on the perceived fidelity of motion in networked flight simulation
setting. Observers rated perceived fidelity of motion and ability to perform a
chase formation flight task for the simulated maneuvers of an F-16 under three
conditions of constant network delay (50, 150, 300 ms), three conditions of
variable network delay (± 0, 12, 25 ms), and two levels of smoothing, a
position correction algorithm (no smoothing, smoothing across 1 sec). We found
significant effects of variable delay and smoothing and that the greater
contributor to decreased perceived fidelity of motion is variable network
delay. Implications of these results will be discussed and suggestions provided
as to when algorithms such as smoothing should be enabled.

%M C.HFES.11.1533
%T Structural Measures of Intern ePortfolios in a NSF-funded REU Summer Program
in Applied Psychology
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Stephens, Benjamin R.
%A Rivchun, Alexander P.
%A Klein, Nathan D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1533-1537
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551319
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1533
%X Intern-constructed eportfolios, depicting their work in our NSF-funded REU
summer program, were designed to facilitate training and assessment goals. We
developed objective structural measures of these eportfolios to strengthen
their descriptions and to explore their connections to training outcomes.
ePortfolios from the past four years of a summer research program in applied
psychology were assessed in terms of objective measures such as number of
pages, number of hyperlinks, number of external pages, number of cross-links,
number of documents, and the levels of the website in which these attributes
were located. There was strong and significant hierarchical organization of
these components in the interns' eportfolios, and differences in objective
measures were associated with intern ratings of learning outcomes. These
results indicate promise for objective eportfolio measures as an index of
training outcomes as well as supporting program assessment goals.

%M C.HFES.11.1538
%T Experienced CMV Driver Opinions of Advanced Driving Simulator Scenarios
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Morgan, Justin F.
%A Tidwell, Scott
%A Blanco, Myra
%A Medina, Alejandra
%A Hanowski, Richard
%A Ajayi, Olu
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1538-1542
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551320
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1538
%X There is an increasing interest in providing refresher training for
commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. Truck driving simulators offer the
potential to provide this type of training to CMV drivers in an efficient and
effective manner. However, the success of truck simulator-based training
depends on drivers' acceptance of the simulator and scenarios. The present
study investigated 48 experienced CMV drivers' (across three trailer types and
two levels of experience) opinion on the realism of 12 emergency maneuvers and
10 extreme conditions in a truck driving simulator. Drivers provided feedback
as to the realism of each event in the simulation. Results indicated that, in
general, drivers rated the scenarios as realistic as compared to the real-world
equivalent situations. There was no pattern of differences between driver
experience levels or operation types. These findings have implications for both
future simulation-based training programs and future driving scenarios, and
suggest that simulation-based refresher training may be accepted by drivers.

%M C.HFES.11.1543
%T Developing a Bus Driver Training Program for a Driver Assistive System
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Graving, Justin S.
%A Easterlund, Peter A.
%A Manser, Michael M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1543-1547
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551321
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1543
%X Minnesota has the highest number of Bus-only Shoulder (BOS) miles the United
States. BOS lanes, which are slightly wider than the width of a bus, were
established to allow buses to bypass traffic congestion. This paper describes
an iterative methodology that was employed to create a training program for
operating a Driver Assistive System (DAS) designed to facilitate driving a bus
on BOS lanes.

%M C.HFES.11.1548
%T Knowledge of Results and Diagnostic Power: Implications for Vigilance
Training to Support Improvised Explosive Device Detection
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Szalma, J. L.
%A Teo, G.
%A Hancock, P. A.
%A Murphy, J. S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1548-1551
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551322
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1548
%X Improvised explosive devises (IEDs) represent the greatest threat to
personnel deployed to combat zones. Improvements in the capacity to detect and
neutralize these threats are therefore a crucial concern. Although technology
can provide better protection against explosions and, perhaps, improve
detection, IED detection will for the foreseeable future be dependent on the
capacity of mounted and dismounted soldiers to sustain their attention over
long periods of time. This capacity, vigilance, has been studied extensively in
both laboratory and field settings over the past sixty years. In this paper the
approach for training for vigilance, knowledge of results, is reviewed and the
implications for designing IED detection training are identified.

%M C.HFES.11.1552
%T The Visual Approach: Evaluating the Relative Impact of Perceptual and
Conceptual Training
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Rivera, Javier
%A Gee, Sara K.
%A Curtis, Michael
%A Boehm-Davis, Deborah A.
%A Jentsch, Florian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1552-1553
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551323
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1552

%M C.HFES.11.1554
%T Developing an Effective Combat Identification Training
%S Posters: POS3 - Posters 3
%A Keebler, Joseph R.
%A Jentsch, Florian
%A Hudson, Irwin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1554-1558
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551324
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1554
%X Correctly identifying combat vehicles is a difficult task. As the military
becomes more automated through unmanned vehicles (UVs), it will be important to
make sure individuals are properly trained in the visual recognition and
identification of combat targets. Due to the extensive amount of visual
materials that can be used to study potential combat targets (in this case
armored vehicles), it is pertinent to conduct empirical research to further
evaluate the effectiveness of training media types. Through examining learning
and performance outcomes, as well as individual experiences, it may be possible
to better understand the effects of differing types of training media. This
paper will strive to review some of the technologies that could be used for
training combat identification, as well as review relevant cognitive and
experiential factors that may affect training interactions, including learning,
trainee enjoyment, technology acceptance and performance.

%M C.HFES.11.1559
%T Feminine Gender Role Constructs and Aggressive Driving Behaviors
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Bell, Sarah
%A Medeiros-Ward, Nathan
%A Strayer, David L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1559-1562
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551325
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1559
%X Recent research indicates that there is a startling disparity between men
and women in terms of aggressive driving behavior. While some of this research
has focused on the relationship between sex and aggressive propensities while
driving, almost none has actually taken into account gender role constructs as
opposed to sex (Deffenbacher, Lynch, Filetti, Dahlen, & Oetting, 2003). The
current study examined the relationship of gender role constructs and
aggressive driving behavior in a driving simulator, which was used to induce
frustration to elicit aggressive tendencies. As expected, participants with
higher levels of feminine gender role expressed less physical, verbal and
vehicular aggression than participants who adopted a more masculine gender role
construct. Results also showed a significant relationship between feminine
gender role construct and adaptive driving behaviors. Additionally,
participants who adopted a masculine gender role construct, regardless of sex,
expressed more physical aggression while driving and interpreted their arousal
in a positive manner.

%M C.HFES.11.1563
%T Individual Differences and Automation Choice in Simulated Driving
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Neubauer, Catherine
%A Matthews, Gerald
%A Saxby, Dyani
%A Langheim, Lisa
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1563-1567
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551326
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1563
%X Automated driving systems have the potential to lower driver workload, but
may also induce fatigue and loss of situation awareness. This study
investigated individual differences in fatigue response to automation that is
under the driver's control. Of particular interest was the driver's choice of
whether or not to use an automation option. The study included the Driver
Stress Inventory (DSI), which assesses five personality traits that may control
vulnerability to stress and fatigue: Aggression, Dislike of Driving, Fatigue
Proneness, Hazard Monitoring, and Thrill Seeking. Participants were assigned to
one of two experimental conditions, Automation Optional (AO) or Non-Automation
(NA), and then performed a 35-minute simulated drive. Availability of
automation failed to protect the driver from fatigue and distress; drivers in
the AO condition actually showed poorer response times to a sudden traffic
event. Individuals who chose to use automation in the AO condition showed
higher levels of distress. DSI Fatigue-Proneness predicted higher levels of
fatigue and stress, especially in automation-users. Thus, some individuals are
especially prone to automation-induced fatigue, so that system designs should
accommodate individual vulnerabilities.

%M C.HFES.11.1568
%T Assessment of Driver Movements during Prolonged Driving Using Seat Pressure
Measurements
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Wang, Bo
%A Jin, Xiaoping
%A Cheng, Bo
%A Tao, Xin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1568-1572
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551327
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1568
%X Driver's physiological state changes with the increase of driving time. The
current study used seat pressure to examine the driver movements (result from
driver's physiological state changes) during prolonged driving. Two experiments
were conducted in real vehicle and driving simulator, respectively. Ten male
participants were divided into two groups to complete the two experiments,
respectively. According to the results of the real vehicle experiment, moment
center in the seat back and average pressures were found to have significant
correlation with time. The results indicated that there were two kinds of
movements: (1) participants turned their heads front, their backs became more
curving, and their knees rose; (2) participants turned their heads rear, their
back angles became larger, and their knees rose. The results of driving
simulator experiment proved that the seat pressure was sensitive to movements,
and proved that effects of driving movements (result from driving task) on the
seat pressure were significant, which indicated the control of redundant
movements, including driving movements, was very important in the study.

%M C.HFES.11.1573
%T An Implementation of a Graded Deceleration Display in Brake Light Warning
Systems
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Stanton, Nash
%A Lew, Roger
%A Boyle, Nolan
%A Hope, Rowdy J.
%A Dyre, Brian P.
%A Bustamante, Ernesto A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1573-1577
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551328
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1573
%X The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the Graded
Deceleration Display (GDD) that is designed to replace the rear center high
mounted stop lamp on automobiles. Licensed drivers were treated in simulation
to both a standard brake light displays (binary) and the GDD display while the
lead vehicle (LV) varied its deceleration magnitude and ramping behavior.
Results entailed that the graded system produced more accurate behavioral
responses during deceleration, fewer collisions, and a safer following distance
than the binary system. Future research should be concerned with solidifying
this framework so that it can be used to improve safety, effectiveness, and
efficiency for vehicle transportation.

%M C.HFES.11.1578
%T Effects and Evaluation of the Graded Deceleration Display on Driver Braking
Performance
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Hope, Rowdy J.
%A Lew, Roger
%A Boyle, Nolan
%A Stanton, Nash
%A Dyre, Brian P.
%A Bustamante, Ernesto A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1578-1582
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551329
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1578
%X Driver braking performance is highly dependent on the driver's ability to
estimate closing distance to the vehicle in front of them. Unfortunately,
drivers often do not accurately perceive closing speed (Hoffman & Mortimer,
1996). Here, we examined whether providing graded deceleration magnitudes via
an array of horizontally arranged brake lights (Graded Deceleration Display --
GDD) can improve driver braking performance over standard (Binary) displays. In
simulation, participants followed a lead vehicle through a series of braking
events where the maximum rates of deceleration were systematically varied.
Drivers were instructed to follow the lead vehicle at a "safe and adequate"
distance. The Graded Deceleration Display resulted in slightly longer reaction
times although the braking responses were more accurate in relation to the
deceleration of the lead vehicle. The GDD also resulted in longer following
distances, which could be indicative of an increased margin of safety for
following vehicles.

%M C.HFES.11.1583
%T The effects of iPod Use on Driver Distraction
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Mouloua, Mustapha
%A Jaramillo, Daniela
%A Smither, Janan
%A Alberti, Pascal
%A Brill, J. Christopher
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1583-1586
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551330
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1583
%X This study was designed to empirically examine the effects of iPod use on
driver distraction. Thirty participants were asked to perform a driving
simulation task while searching for songs using an iPod device. Driving errors
were recorded and analyzed as a function of the distracter. Physiological
measures (EEG) were also recorded during the driving phases in order to measure
participant levels of cortical arousal. It was hypothesized that iPod use would
affect driver distraction as measured by driving (lane deviations) performance
and physiological (theta activity) measures. The results indicated that more
driving errors occurred during the iPod (Mean=6.93) than the pre-iPod
(Mean=3.27) or post-iPod (Mean=3.40) use. Similarly, the iPod device also
resulted in a higher Theta activity when it was used with driving. Implications
for driver assessment, training, safety, and design are also discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1587
%T The Effect of Pressurized Space Gloves on Operability of Cursor Controls,
Mobility, and Strength
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Thompson, Shelby
%A Holden, Kritina
%A England, Scott
%A Benson, Elizabeth
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1587-1591
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551331
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1587
%X Space Human Factors Engineering (SHFE) researchers at Johnson Space Center
(JSC), in collaboration with the Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Suit Team,
performed a glove box study investigating operability of cursor controls,
mobility, and strength of the participants while wearing pressurized gloves.
Performance time was collected under a range of glove pressures (0, 0.8, 4.3,
6.3, and 8.1 psid), as well as bare-handed. Controls tested included a Castle
switch, Rocker switch, and Trackball. The study was undertaken to determine
impacts of operating controls under higher than nominal (i.e., > 4.3
psid) suit pressures. Operability when using cursor control devices was tested
with an interactive software task representative of the types of actions that
will be required to interact with space vehicle displays (display navigation
and selection of a target). Results indicate that cursor control devices can be
operated at pressures up to 8.1 psid, albeit with some difficulty. With respect
to mobility, increased pressure seemed to affect thumb mobility more than the
fingers. As the number of participants was limited in this initial feasibility
study, further studies should be performed with a larger number of participants
to evaluate performance with different hand/glove sizes, as well as with
alternative device designs that are more ergonomically flexible and forgiving
of hand and finger dimension changes brought on by increases in pressure.
Results from this study may have implications for other gloved task
environments.

%M C.HFES.11.1592
%T Back Straight Boys: Middle School Students' Initiative for Healthy Computing
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Epstein, Ethan
%A Loye, Brandon
%A Walsh, Michael C.
%A Colford, Sean
%A Epstein, Rhonda
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1592-1595
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551332
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1592
%X The Christopher Columbus Awards Competition is a Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics, or "STEM" program, which challenges middle school
students to identify and solve a community problem by the application of
science and technology. Four California students (collectively known as the
"Back Straight Boys') worked as a team to address the issue of musculoskeletal
problems associated with computer use. The prevalence of computer use both in
schools and the work place continues to steadily increase. Globally, improper
posture at computer workstations is a widespread problem. Studies have
documented the negative impact of improper posture and the resultant
musculoskeletal discomfort and pain experienced by students due to frequent
computer usage. This project examined the posture habits of employees in an
office environment and those of students in local elementary, middle, and high
schools. The project also involved conducted trials while studying various
types of feedback. This included the use of their prototype ergonomic device,
the "Posture Pad", developed to provide continuous posture feedback to the
user. Participants using the "Posture Pad" displayed significantly better
posture 95% of the time. Participants who received instructions and verbal
reminders without the sensory feedback had dramatic improvements in posture.
However, these improvements were transient. This project raised the public's
awareness to this growing problem and became a catalyst for the Back Straight
Boys' advocacy for and interest in ergonomics.

%M C.HFES.11.1596
%T A site-based ergonomic assessment of acoustics in school settings and the
proposal of a fuzzy-logic metric
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Morrow, Patricia Bockelman
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1596-1600
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551333
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1596
%X As hearing loss among youth becomes more common, a compelling body of
research which indicates that the thirteen years of school, from grades
kindergarten to twelve, may be contributing to the problem. A literature review
examines current research in the areas of child hearing loss and noise in
schools. A site-based study was conducted using a Sound Level Meter to sample
noise on two school campuses. The results of the study were analyzed and
reflect a noise level which exceeds ideal learning conditions and potentially
endangers hearing. Based on these findings and those of other researchers, a
rudimentary research proposal to develop a fuzzy-logic model of auditory risk
is proposed.

%M C.HFES.11.1601
%T The effect of kneepads on balance while kneeling or squatting
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Pollard, Jonisha P.
%A Porter, William L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1601-1605
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551334
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1601
%X In all industries, maintaining balance is essential to ensure that workers
can safely perform their job duties. In low-seam underground coal mines,
workers perform their duties while kneeling, squatting, and crawling with
kneepads. In this study, researchers examined the effects of kneeling and
squatting on balance measures under the right knee (for kneeling) and right
foot (for squatting) with and without kneepads. Results showed that kneepads
did not significantly affect balance. Posture had a significant effect on
balance measures, with squatting postures showing reduced balance compared to
the kneeling postures. For the kneeling postures, ground force measurements
were also correlated to balance measures. Posterior tibial forces were shown to
have the greatest correlation to mediolateral and anteroposterior average
velocities. Force and balance measures highlight a compromise between loading
and balance, where improved balance is achieved with increased knee loading.

%M C.HFES.11.1606
%T A Study on the Combined Effect of Obesity and Load Carriage on Plantar
Pressure Patterns of Primary School Children
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Pau, Massimiliano
%A Saba, Eleonora
%A Pau, Marco
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1606-1610
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551335
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1606
%X From childhood, children are required daily to carry a load (necessary to
perform their regular school activities) that is often beyond the limits
established for adult workers. While some critical issues related to possible
negative consequences in terms of postural alterations and onset of
musculoskeletal diseases are well known and investigated, little information is
available for the population of overweight and obese children, which appears to
increase year after year. As their bodies are physiologically subject to a
certain degree of overload, the addition of a supplemental load may induce
further stress, the effects of which should be carefully evaluated. This study
focuses on the foot-ground relationship, with special attention on plantar
pressure distribution. The primary goal is to assess whether or not backpack
presence alters in different ways the physiological pressure patterns in obese
subjects compared with normal ones. To this end, 45 obese and overweight
children (6-10 years old) and an equal sample of non-obese schoolmates matched
for gender, age and height, were tested with a pressure platform to acquire the
plantar pressure distribution in absence and presence of a backpack. Results
show that the carried load induces similar increases in both groups, even
though a significant shift of the center of pressure in presence of a backpack
was found for obese female subjects. The very high pressure peaks observed in
the obese population suggest that further studies are required to evaluate
specific issues of the musculoskeletal system related to the combination of
load carriage and obesity.

%M C.HFES.11.1611
%T Cognitive Task Analysis for Assessment and Standardization of Central Venous
Catheterization (CVC) Procedures
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Riggle, Jakeb D.
%A Wadman, Michael C.
%A Brown-Clerk, Bernadette
%A Lowndes, Bethany R.
%A Thrailkill, Elizabeth A.
%A Carstens, Patricia K.
%A Hallbeck, M. Susan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1611-1615
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551336
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1611
%X Central venous catheterization (CVC) presents the potential for many adverse
events, including infectious and mechanical complications. Cognitive task
analysis (CTA) has been shown to be an effective method of gathering
information about procedures and their cognitive decision points. To help
decrease the incidence of mechanical and infectious complications in CVC, a CTA
was conducted using subject matter experts (SMEs), with the aim of creating a
procedural and cognitive checklist for use in training. Data collected from one
participant was used to create a CTA survey which was distributed to other
SMEs. Information collected has been used to create a checklist that includes
more procedural steps than found in literature, as well as defining a number of
cognitive decision points. This checklist should improve the decision-making
capabilities of novices. Future work will refine this checklist for inclusion
in a standardized simulation-based CVC training program.

%M C.HFES.11.1616
%T Eliciting Strategies from Expert Critical Care Nurses Using the
Threat-Strategy Interview
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Kazi, Sadaf
%A Pop, Vlad L.
%A Durso, Francis T.
%A Ryan, Christina
%A Cunningham, Charlene
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1616-1620
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551337
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1616
%X Although it has been recognized that operators in dynamic environments often
use strategies to cope with changes in task demands and to maintain high levels
of performance, there is a need for methodologies that focus on eliciting the
information that operators use to select such strategies. This study
administered the Threat-Strategy Interview to pediatric and cardiac intensive
care unit nurses to elicit cues that aid in the recognition of threats to
performance, strategies to manage those threats, and conditions that lead to
the selection of each strategy. We hope to build a predictive model of strategy
selection by expert nurses that could be used to teach expert strategies to
novice nurses.

%M C.HFES.11.1621
%T Pharmacist dispensing error: The effect of neighbourhood density and time
pressure on accurate visual perception of drug names
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Irwin, A.
%A Mearns, K.
%A Watson, M.
%A Urquhart, J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1621-1625
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551338
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1621
%X Objective: Two potential causes of dispensing error; neighbourhood density
and time pressure, were analysed using a lab-based dispensing task. Method: 60
participants were asked to select a target drug name from a selection of mock
drug packets shown on a computer screen, where one or four similar non-targets
might be present. Half of the group (30) completed the task under a 12 minute
time limit. Results: The number of similar drug names present had a significant
impact on performance; four non-targets increased reaction times and decreased
accuracy in comparison to trials where only one non-target was present. An
additional deficit in accuracy associated with the imposed time limit was
found. Conclusion: The reported findings indicate that the number of similarly
named products in proximity to a target medication can have an adverse effect
upon selection accuracy. This adverse effect is increased when a time
constraint is applied.

%M C.HFES.11.1626
%T Do Operators Take Advantage of A Secondary, Global-Perspective Display when
Performing a Simulated Laparoscopic Search Task?
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Sublette, M.
%A Carswell, C. M.
%A Seidelman, W.
%A Grant, R.
%A Han, Q.
%A Field, M.
%A Lio, C. H.
%A Lee, G.
%A Seales, W. B.
%A Clarke, D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1626-1630
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551339
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1626
%X Multi-display surgical environments have the potential to increase
performance and efficiency while decreasing errors and workload. However as
more and more information is required for complex task execution and decision
making, we must continually assess how the information is presented and whether
we are helping or hindering surgeons by providing more content. Most
laparoscopic surgeries are performed utilizing a single, two-dimensional (2-D)
display. In the current experiment, we compared display usage, subjective
workload, and workload measured via eye-tracking data to determine the
effectiveness of an additional three-dimensional (3-D) display for a simulated
surgical search task. We found that while participants did use the additional
display in less demanding conditions (e.g., with fewer search targets), they
did not use the supplemental display in conditions with greater demands, and
they did not receive a substantial benefit from the presence of the
supplemental display in either condition. Both increased saccades per target
and increased perceived workload via the NASA-TLX provided support that more
workload was experienced in conditions with more targets. And while
participants did perceive decreased workload for more targets when the 3-D
display was available, eye-tracking metrics were not consistent with
participants' subjective workload estimates. Since subjective workload ratings
may be influenced by expectancies for benefits for the additional display,
future research should attempt to understand this workload dissociation as well
as breakdowns in the usage of supplemental displays as a function of task
difficulty.

%M C.HFES.11.1631
%T Effectiveness of a tool for structuring action plan after analysis of
adverse event
%S Posters: POS4 - Posters 4
%A Vacher, Anthony
%A d'Hollander, Alain
%A El Mhamdi, Sana
%A Auroy, Yves
%A Izotte, Marion
%A Michel, Philippe
%A Quenon, Jean-Luc
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1631-1634
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551340
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1631
%X Context: Methods and tools which enabled healthcare organization for
learning from adverse events focus mainly on reporting and analysis phases.
However, formulating appropriate action plan is also a difficult phase that
current methods do not help us with. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of
a tool for structuring action plan for hospital risk managers. Method: A
randomization procedure has been used to assign 56 voluntary hospital risk
managers in two groups differing only by the use of the tool. Each group had to
identify causes and formulate an action plan for two scenarios of adverse drug
events successively. The first measure was realized without tool. In the second
measure, only the intervention group used the tool. Results: The mean
difference in the number of relevant actions proposed by participants between
the two measures was statistically significant between the reference group (M =
-0.6, SD = 2.2) and the intervention group (M = 1.3, SD = 2.2), t(53) = 2.96, p
= < .01). In a linear mixed effects model for longitudinal data, the number
of proposed actions was statistically higher in the intervention group with a
difference of 2.4 actions, 95% CI [1.43, 3.40], p < .001 and 1.1 actions,
95% CI [0.02, 2.00], p < .05) for scenario 1 and scenario 2 respectively.
Discussion: Our study confirms the effectiveness of the tool in two scenarios.
Further studies could assess its effectiveness in other adverse events, its
feasibility and acceptability by hospital risk managers before proposing its
broad use.

%M C.HFES.11.1635
%T Determination of Optimal Grip Span between a Bicycle Handlebar and a Brake
Lever by Using a Two-Dimensional Biomechanical Hand Model
%S Product Design: PD3 - Product Design and Modeling
%A Chang, Joonho
%A Hwang, Jesun
%A Moon, Seung Ki
%A Freivalds, Andris
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1635-1639
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551341
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1635
%X In this study, optimal grip span between a bicycle handlebar and a brake
lever was determined by a two-dimensional biomechanical hand model. A
three-step process was applied: (1) develop a two-dimensional biomechanical
hand model, (2) determine input data for hand model simulation, and (3) conduct
mathematical simulation. In the first step, in order to estimate tendon forces,
joint constraint forces and total gripping support force at the metacarpal, a
mathematical static hand model was developed based upon the hand anatomy and
static equilibrium conditions. In the second step, US 50%ile hand length was
selected as target population from the 1988 US Army data, and grip postures for
five participants (average hand length = 18.2 cm and SD = 0.8) were measured to
get joint angles (θ 1, &theta 2, and &theta 3) which are required for the
hand model simulation, by using a dynamometer having adjustable grip spans such
as 4, 5.2, 6.4, 7.6, and 8.8 cm. In the third and final step, mathematical
simulation was conducted to determine an optimal grip span. Consequently, on
given external load (grip force), 100 N, both total tendon forces and total
gripping support force of the metacarpal showed monotonically increasing trend
while grip span broadening from 4 to 8.8 cm. Also, minimum of both total tendon
force and total gripping support force at the metacarpal was achieved at 4 cm
grip span.

%M C.HFES.11.1640
%T Center of Pressure Variations in High-Heeled Shoes
%S Product Design: PD3 - Product Design and Modeling
%A Weerasinghe, Thilina W.
%A Goonetilleke, Ravindra S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1640-1643
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551342
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1640
%X The way in which a person's foot contacts a shoe surface can have short-term
and long-term effects on the whole body. Most previous research on footwear has
been carried out using commercially available shoes, and as a result the
surface of the shoe with which the foot interacts has not been systematically
investigated. A recent invention has allowed the design parameters of a shoe to
be investigated. The wedge angle and midfoot conditions were varied, and their
effects were modeled with psychophysical relationships. The results show that
perceived feelings are closely related to the location of the center of
pressure.

%M C.HFES.11.1644
%T The Application of Toe-deletion and Ankle Deformation Technique in Shoe
Fitting Assessment
%S Product Design: PD3 - Product Design and Modeling
%A Ma, Xiao
%A Luximon, Ameersing
%A Zhang, Yifan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1644-1648
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551343
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1644
%X Customization and e-commerce are the new trends in footwear manufacturing
and marketing. These methods of business have been promoting the increasing
importance of footwear fit and comfort in addition to footwear fashion and
style. Some methodologies have been established to quantify footwear fit,
however much is needed to make the fit assessment usable. This paper presents a
method for the error calculation between the foot and the shoe-last based on
the modification of previous research. The proposed technique is very useful
for the prediction of footwear fit related comfort. The first step in this
method is the selection of a shoe-last based on the foot anthropometric data.
The selected shoe-last was then converted to shoe shape by using algorithms
proposed in this paper. For ease of interpretation, the errors between the foot
and the deformed shoe-last were presented as mean, standard deviation and error
mapping plots. The proposed method seems to be promising as it provides an
improved an effective and accurate method for assessing the differences between
the shoe-last and the foot.

%M C.HFES.11.1649
%T Re-Inventing Anthropometry for Design of Ear-Mounted or Ear-Coupled Products
%S Product Design: PD3 - Product Design and Modeling
%A Roebuck, John A., Jr.
%A Casali, John G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1649-1653
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551344
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1649
%X Anthropometry of the external ear provides basic data for ergonomic design
of products that must fit the ear. However, many published documents on ear
anthropometry present unclear descriptions, illustrations and titles for
dimensions and landmarks. Reports on ergonomics-related ear anthropometry are
few and limited in scope whereas pertinent medical documents are more numerous
and often include more dimensions but have limited statistical information. To
overcome such problems, ongoing work on expanded concepts for delimiting
conditions of anthropometric dimensions was re-focused on ear anthropometry (1)
in a document on guidelines for naming terminology and illustrations and (2) in
a dictionary of delimiting conditions distilled from a general dictionary.
Pertinent references were compiled into two new bibliographies. A translation
of extracts from a medical thesis and anthropometric studies of audition
devices are also described. Three illustrations from outstanding publications
are presented.

%M C.HFES.11.1654
%T An Ergonomic Design of Flight Suit Pattern According to Wearing
characteristics
%S Product Design: PD4 - Product Design, Investigation, and Assessment
%A Jeon, Eun-Jin
%A Jeong, Jeong rim
%A Kim, Hee-Eun
%A Park, Seikwon
%A You, Hee-cheon
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1654-1657
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551460
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1654
%X The purpose of this research is to conduct a survey of the wearing
characteristics of flight suits from current pilots and to design from this
survey a new flight suit pattern suitable for the physical characteristics of
Korean pilots. A pool of 563 pilots was surveyed in order to analyze the
wearing characteristics. In order to confirm the improved effects of the newly
designed suit compared to the current one, an evaluation was conducted by
assessing the subjective satisfaction and objective functionality through a
measurement of the range of motion. Results of the evaluation have shown that
significant improvements have been made in the areas of suit that many of the
respondents had indicated as being uncomfortable, such as neck circumference,
armscye circumference, and crotch. This was achieved through increasing the
ease in respective parts of the suit using anthropometric data of the pilot in
the design process, thus correcting the pattern of the uncomfortable areas. The
areas that showed the greatest improvements were the ones associated with
lengthwise mobility; the fit and the mobility of the overall flight suits have
ameliorated by a significant degree.

%M C.HFES.11.1658
%T Assessing User Experience with Crutch Use: A Review of Literature
%S Product Design: PD4 - Product Design, Investigation, and Assessment
%A Harrington, Christina
%A Joines, Sharon
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1658-1662
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551345
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1658
%X Usability and human-product interaction experience are of great importance
when evaluating the current design and future improvements of any product. This
literature review examines the current research being conducted on consumer
experience with crutch use and identifies key elements related to this topic. A
brief overview of product conceptualization regarding crutch design is provided
including reports and studies addressing medical conditions resulting from
crutch use. After assistive technology and patterns of crutch use are
addressed, reports of discomforts and impedances pertaining to user experience
are outlined. These usability and interaction topics inform the final
discussion -- a proposed research study on the subject of consumer experience
with crutches is described in relation to focusing on user experience with
mobility-related assistive technology devices and possible crutch design
interventions.

%M C.HFES.11.1663
%T Thermal Properties of Reflective Helmet Exposed to Infrared Radiation
%S Product Design: PD4 - Product Design, Investigation, and Assessment
%A Reischl, Uwe
%A Goonetilleke, Ravindra S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1663-1665
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551346
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1663
%X The thermodynamic properties of a model infrared heat reflective helmet were
evaluated using an advanced thermal manikin technology. The aluminized model
helmet was tested for infrared (IR) radiation attenuation properties. Total
manikin heat gain and changes in surface temperature were documented for
controlled IR radiation exposure levels. The results illustrate the benefits
offered by an aluminized reflective surface in attenuating IR radiation and the
advantages of using a spacer harness system to minimize radiant heat transfer
from the helmet to the head.

%M C.HFES.11.1666
%T Determining the Effect of Users' Mobile Phone on Design Preference via
Interactive Genetic Algorithms
%S Product Design: PD4 - Product Design, Investigation, and Assessment
%A Nathan-Roberts, Dan
%A Kelly, Jarod C.
%A Liu, Yili
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1666-1670
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551347
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1666
%X This study uses an Interactive Genetic Algorithm (IGA), a design space
searching method, to determine the degree to which a user's current mobile
phone impacts their design preference, and how features in a product can change
preference. IGAs mimic evolution by iteratively converging towards a design
while exploring a design space through random mutations. 20 participants, 10
current Apple iPhone owners, and 10 non-iPhone owners were asked to use a
web-based IGA tool to design touchscreen and non-touchscreen phones for dialing
use only. Similar to other IGA mobile phone work (Nathan-Roberts & Liu
2010), the IGA varied screen size, button spacing, and phone radius
independently. Results showed iPhone users, and non-iPhone users did have
different design preferences, but that there was a bigger difference between
touchscreen phone owners (iPhone and non-iPhone touchscreen phones), and
non-touchscreen phone owners. Overall participants had significantly different
preferences for touchscreen and non-touchscreen designs for all variables
except for the vertical button spacing, and phone radius. This work is part of
a larger research study of aesthetic ergonomics of mobile phones, specifically
looking at usability, and the capacity of users to combine multiple goals in
design. Future research needs are discussed, including further testing the
effect of non-iPhone touchscreen phone ownership.

%M C.HFES.11.1671
%T Design and Assessment of Ergonomics of Hand-Powered Pruning Shears Based On
Gender-Specific Operating Strategy
%S Product Design: PD4 - Product Design, Investigation, and Assessment
%A Hwang, Jesun
%A Chang, Joonho
%A Moon, Seung Ki
%A Freivalds, Andris
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1671-1675
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551348
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1671
%X The present study investigated the biomechanical and physiological loads
when working with pruning shears of varying design. The objective of this study
was to find usability issues on conventional pruning shears and integrate
ergonomics into the design process to improve users' safety and health as well
as performance. Effects of pruning shear design, gender, and hand size on
muscle activities, grip force distribution, wrist deviations, and
gender-specific operating strategy were studied in six male and six female
participants while cutting wooden dowels with pruning shears. Three types of
pruning shears were used, one conventional and two modified, either with a
rubber grip-padded, or with a thumb grip attached to the upper handle. The
results showed that (1) the two redesigned pruning shears minimized pressures
on some critical hand regions and improved muscle activities, grip force
distribution, and wrist deviations and (2) a large degree of wrist extension,
greater use of the extensor digitorum (ED) muscle, and excessive squeezing
force were women's operating strategies to overcome their biomechanical
disadvantages due to small hand size and less muscle strength during pruning
work. Based on this finding, it was concluded that conventional pruning shears
have potential design problems related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), and
therefore ergonomic interventions should focus more on variations in user
anthropometry and physiological responses.

%M C.HFES.11.1676
%T Effects of 2D Online and 3D Virtual World Meeting Spaces on the Performance
of a Concept Selection Task by Engineering Design Teams
%S Product Design: PD5 - Product Design, Usability, and Accessibility
%A Ozkan, Necmettin Firat
%A Greenstein, Joel S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1676-1680
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551349
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1676
%X This research investigates engineering design teams' performance of a
concept selection task in three meeting spaces: face-to-face, 2D online and 3D
virtual world. Cisco Systems' WebEx and Sun Microsystems' Wonderland were used
as the 2D online meeting space and the 3D virtual world, respectively.
Twenty-four two-person design teams were formed and randomly assigned to one of
the three meeting spaces. The teams performed a cell-phone concept selection
task in the meeting space to which they were assigned. Four dependent variables
were measured: task completion time, team satisfaction, self-evaluated process
quality and expert-evaluated process quality. Following data collection,
one-way ANOVA was used to analyze each variable to determine the differences,
if any, among the meeting spaces. ANOVA results did not support rejection of
the null hypothesis for any variable. These results suggest that 3D virtual
worlds support design concept selection as well as 2D online meeting spaces and
that both of these technologies are viable alternatives to co-located meetings
when it is difficult or expensive to bring team members together for a
co-located meeting.

%M C.HFES.11.1681
%T Waving at Faucets: Primed Action Selection with Fictional Technologies
%S Product Design: PD5 - Product Design, Usability, and Accessibility
%A Mohamed-Ameen, Amira
%A Oglesby, James M.
%A Lakhmani, Shan
%A Sims, Valerie
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1681-1685
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551350
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1681
%X Influences of priming on perceiving object-action has been explored, but not
in the context of novel technologies. Previous research, including that of
analogical reasoning and knowledge transfer, has suggested that priming with
more unique methods of object interaction would facilitate faster and more
accurate identification of prototypical/fictional operators. This study
examined differences in priming traditional or modern technology on speed and
accuracy of novel technology object-action selection. Those primed with
traditional technologies exhibited more accurate action selection and faster
reaction times, presumably due to positive transfer fostered by preexisting
schemata. Searching for the object-activation in the modern technology group
added cognitive burden, hampering participants' performance. Like Gibson et al.
(1987), we found that those newly skilled in modern technology usage made
longer environmental assessments than their counterparts before object-action
selection. The application of this research implies that referencing more
familiar designs can mitigate an unfamiliar, complex product design.

%M C.HFES.11.1686
%T The Experience of Accessible Voting: Results of a Survey among Legally-Blind
Users
%S Product Design: PD5 - Product Design, Usability, and Accessibility
%A Piner, Gillian E.
%A Byrne, Michael D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1686-1690
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551351
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1686
%X The Help America Vote Act (2002) mandated that all polling places have an
accessible method of voting available for those wishing to vote in federal
elections. Unfortunately, there is presently little voting-specific data
available to help guide the design of accessible voting systems for special
segments of the population, such as visually impaired voters. We hope to fill
this gap, and report on results from a questionnaire survey of 180 legally
blind Americans of voting age to understand voting experiences and desired
changes to improve voting technology. We found that most respondents vote in
person at a polling location, and prefer audio voting systems with a recorded
human male voice to other methods or options, including Braille. Important
issues were identified. For example, lack of poll worker training with
accessible technology was reported to be a problem by 24% of respondents, and
was significantly more likely to be reported by those who had been assisted by
a poll worker in the past. These results can help inform the design of future
accessible voting interfaces.

%M C.HFES.11.1691
%T Accessibility for People with Disabilities: Where Technology Helps and How
Certain Disabilities are Being Left Behind
%S Product Design: PD5 - Product Design, Usability, and Accessibility
%A Rodriguez, Michael A.
%A Mahani, Maryamossadat N.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1691-1695
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551352
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1691
%X Considering the number of people with disabilities and also the increasing
size of the aging population that will encounter age-related impairments, it
becomes important to address the extent to which public places and workplace
environments are made accessible and usable for people with disabilities. To
address this issue we conducted practice-oriented research to gain an
understanding of different tools and services that are available to people with
disabilities in public places and typical work environments. Our goal is that
by gaining an understanding of the current availabilities and missed
opportunities, we will be able to identify the areas of potential improvement
for enhancing accessibility. Our research suggests three areas in which to
improve accessibility in public places and workplace environments:
electronic/information technology (i.e., Section 508, WCAG, etc.), physical
access (i.e., ADA), and physical design of equipment and tools (i.e., Section
508). The results indicate two major areas that cause the most problems for
people with certain types of disabilities. One problem area is the design of
equipment and other consumer products. The other is Web pages that are not
designed in accordance with the accessibility requirements. These cause serious
problems for people with mechanical and visual disabilities.

%M C.HFES.11.1696
%T Introducing a New Usability Framework for Analyzing Usability in a
Multiple-device System
%S Product Design: PD5 - Product Design, Usability, and Accessibility
%A Huang, Yunchen
%A Strawderman, Lesley
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1696-1700
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551353
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1696
%X This paper fills in the theoretical gap in the existing usability evaluation
literature by introducing a new usability framework: the Usability Paradigm for
Multiple Device System (UPMDS). The traditional usability framework for single
interface evaluation is not sufficient to analyze usability in multiple-device
system, in which the interrelationship between the devices has an impact on
user performance. Therefore, the transfer of learning paradigm was adopted. The
UPMDS framework consists of two usability attributes: transferability and user
perception, which were further decomposed into effectiveness, efficiency, and
satisfaction, attractiveness. Three measurement types, behavioral cues,
subjective ratings, and self reported results, were suggested to address the
existing challenges in usability evaluation. Future research is suggested to
utilize the concept of transfer of learning in the area of usability
evaluation, and provide empirical validation to the current usability
framework.

%M C.HFES.11.1701
%T The Role of Human Balance in Stepladder Accidents
%S Product Design: PD6 - Product Design, Evaluation, and Accidents
%A Tichon, Daniel
%A Baker, Lowell L.
%A Ojalvo, Irving U.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1701-1705
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551354
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1701
%X Ladder accidents account for nearly 200,000 hospital emergency room visits
per year in the United States, with a large proportion of these being due to
falls from stepladders (CPSC, 2010). This paper explores various aspects of
human balance that are of particular importance for stepladder users with an
eye towards better understanding, and reducing the number of, falls from
stepladders. We review and discuss human balance literature that is relevant to
stepladder use, as well as current ladder designs and standards, to better
understand how and why losses of balance on stepladders occur. Based on these
findings, we make recommendations concerning ladder design and user behavior
that are expected to improve stepladder safety. Directions for further research
in this area are also proposed.

%M C.HFES.11.1706
%T Assessment of the Redesigned Asian Wok Handles
%S Product Design: PD6 - Product Design, Evaluation, and Accidents
%A Lim, Vin
%A Liu, Siwen
%A Wang, Wenjiao
%A Joines, Sharon
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1706-1710
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551355
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1706
%X The purpose of this study was to evaluate three Asian wok handles: one
typical handle that is on the market, and two novel handles redesigned by the
investigators. Typical woks for home use can cause wrist and forearm injuries
because of the heavy weight, large size and unique cooking style associated
with wok use. Redesigning the wok handle was considered one way to address this
problem. The goal of the novel wok handle designs was to reduce physical
effort, awkward posture and discomfort while cooking. By assessing the muscle
activity, wrist posture, discomfort and preference during simulated cooking
tasks using each of the three woks handles, it was possible to evaluate whether
the redesigned wok handles perform better than the typical one. This study
provided insight into wok handle design. Based on the data, we do not recommend
the negative angled wok handle.

%M C.HFES.11.1711
%T Evaluation of Driving Posture Prediction in Digital Human Simulation Using
RAMSIS®
%S Product Design: PD6 - Product Design, Evaluation, and Accidents
%A Park, Jangwoon
%A Jung, Kihyo
%A Chang, Joonho
%A Kwon, Jeongung
%A You, Heecheon
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1711-1715
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551461
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1711
%X For proper ergonomic evaluation using a digital human model simulation
(DHMS) system such as RAMSIS®, postures of a humanoid for designated tasks
need to be predicted accurately. The present study (1) evaluated the accuracy
of driving postures of humanoids predicted by RAMSIS, (2) proposed methods to
improve its accuracy, and (3) examined the effectiveness of the proposed
methods. Driving postures of 12 participants in a seating buck were measured by
a motion capture system and compared with those predicted by RAMSIS.
Significant discrepancies (8.7° to 74.9°) between predicted and
measured postures were observed for different body parts and driving tasks.
Constraint addition and user-defined posture methods were proposed and their
performance was assessed in terms of prediction accuracy. Of the two proposed
methods, the user-defined posture method was found preferred by improving the
accuracy of posture prediction by 11.5% to 84.9%. Both the posture prediction
accuracy assessment protocol and user-defined posture method introduced in the
study would be of use for practitioners to improve the accuracy of predicted
postures of humanoids in virtual environments.

%M C.HFES.11.1716
%T Child Computer Use and Anthropometry
%S Product Design: PD6 - Product Design, Evaluation, and Accidents
%A Hughes, Erin
%A Johnson, Peter W.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1716-1719
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551356
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1716
%X Despite all of the literature that exists on ergonomic considerations for
adult computer use, there is a deficit of established objective data on how
computer input device designs may affect children. By applying the relevant
anthropometric data from children to the design of computer input devices, we
have developed recommendations which may lead to new standards for child- and
gender-specific computer input device designs, specifically, regarding mouse
size (length, width, height, switch location), and mouse-button activation
forces. Trends yielded four major size delineations based on age and gender,
which happen to correspond well with the conventional grouping of grades in
school in the United States. The data support that children and adult females
may benefit from stature proportionate mice based on anthropometry.

%M C.HFES.11.1720
%T Human Reliability Analysis for Computerized Procedures
%S Safety: S1 - Safety in Critical Systems
%A Boring, Ronald L.
%A Gertman, David I.
%A Blanc, Katya Le
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1720-1724
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551357
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1720
%X This paper provides a characterization of human reliability analysis (HRA)
issues for computerized procedures in nuclear power plant control rooms. It is
beyond the scope of this paper to propose a new HRA approach or to recommend
specific methods or refinements to those methods. Rather, this paper provides a
review of HRA as applied to traditional paper-based procedures, followed by a
discussion of what specific factors should additionally be considered in HRAs
for computerized procedures. Performance shaping factors and failure modes
unique to computerized procedures are highlighted. Since there is no definitive
guide to HRA for paper-based procedures, this paper also serves to clarify the
existing guidance on paper-based procedures before delving into the unique
aspects of computerized procedures.

%M C.HFES.11.1725
%T Formulating Safety Performance Measures for Aircraft Landing and Runway Exit
Maneuvers
%S Safety: S1 - Safety in Critical Systems
%A Bhagat, Rahul
%A Glussich, Doug
%A Histon, Jonathan
%A Saccomanno, Frank
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1725-1729
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551358
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1725
%X Runway excursions are one of the major causes of landing accidents. A
framework has been developed to assess aircraft safety during landing and
runway exit maneuvers using a safety performance approach, previously used
extensively in road transportation. The safety performance of aircraft landings
are examined through safety indicators that capture fundamental contributors to
safe runway exits following landing. Safety indicators based on the flight data
from landings of a major international airline are compared with published
operational limits for safe operations. Results indicate that the operational
limits alone are insufficient for establishing a safety profile during landing
and runway exit maneuvers.

%M C.HFES.11.1730
%T Study of perseveration behaviors in military aeronautical accidents and
incidents: Analysis of Plan Continuation Errors
%S Safety: S1 - Safety in Critical Systems
%A Bourgeon, Léonore
%A Valot, Claude
%A Vacher, Anthony
%A Navarro, Claude
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1730-1734
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551359
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1730
%X Perseveration behaviours have been studied for several years in the
aeronautical domain through the analysis of plan continuation errors. However,
the cognitive processes underlying these behaviors and the factors responsible
for them have usually been studied in isolation rather than conjointly. The
goal of the current study was to identify cognitive processes and factors
involved in perseveration behaviors in real-life aeronautical situations.
Thirty investigation reports concerning accidents or incidents involving French
military aircrafts were analyzed in order to reconstruct the decision sequences
involved. For each decision point, we identified the way information indicating
a change in the situation was processed. The results showed that in 54% of
cases, perseveration behaviors were unrelated to failures of information
processing. Instead, perseveration behaviors were mostly due to aircrews'
excessive confidence in their risk management skills. Collaborative actions
apparently played an important role, since the lack of synergy between crew
members was identified by investigators as the second most-important factor of
this type of perseveration behavior, and in 80% of cases in which recovery from
perseveration occurred, it did so due to outsider intervention. Implications of
these findings, and directions for future research, are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1735
%T Operationalization of Learned Carelessness: An Experimental Approach
%S Safety: S1 - Safety in Critical Systems
%A Aust, Frederik
%A Moehlenbrink, Christoph
%A Jipp, Meike
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1735-1739
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551360
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1735
%X The theory of learned carelessness offers an explanation why humans take
unnecessary risks by omitting safety precautions against better judgment, but
empirical research on learned carelessness is scarce. To test the theory 16
commercial aircraft pilots inspected flight plans on a multi-function display
and the occurrence of flight plan errors was manipulated. Pilots rated effort
of check performance, risk resulting from check omission and we measured the
rate of falsely accepted erroneous flight plans. Participants who repeatedly
encountered erroneous flight plans detected more errors during the test phase
than participants who previously received only error-free flight plans (p <
.01). The results provide evidence that subjective risk resulting from check
omission affected the development of learned carelessness (p = .053), while
effort of check performance displayed no effect (p = .80) due to invariance in
ratings.

%M C.HFES.11.1740
%T An Assessment of Safety Climate in U.S Naval Aviation
%S Safety: S1 - Safety in Critical Systems
%A O'Connor, Paul
%A Buttrey, Samuel E.
%A O'Dea, Angela
%A Kennedy, Quinn
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1740-1744
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551361
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1740
%X The purpose of this paper was to carry out a factor analysis of 23,968
responses by U.S Naval aviators to 12 items from the Command Safety Assessment
Survey (CSAS), and identify whether there were differences in safety climate
based upon rank or aviation community. Using exploratory and confirmatory
factor analysis techniques it was possible to establish a stable two factor
solution. For factor one (personnel leadership) no significant effects of rank
or aviation community were found. For factor two (availability of resources)
although there was not a significant main effect of rank, there was a
significant main effect of aviation community, and a significant interaction.
These significant findings were attributed to the unique mission of training
squadrons and the junior officers in them.

%M C.HFES.11.1745
%T The effects of intersection threat and driver behaviors on pedestrian
perceptions of safety
%S Safety: S2 - Safety in Motion
%A Emo, Amanda K.
%A Funke, Matthew E.
%A Matthews, Gerald
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1745-1749
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551362
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1745
%X Despite the attention that walking continues to receive, the attitudes and
feelings that pedestrians themselves have regarding walking have largely been
ignored. To address this gap in research 268 college students participated in a
study to determine pedestrian appraisals of safety at varying levels of
intersection threat and different driver behaviors (safe, distracted, and
aggressive behaviors). Using the framework of the theory of planned behavior
and the component process model of appraisal a questionnaire instrument was
designed to assess pedestrians' feelings of safety, driver threat, control, and
violation of social norms at intersections. Results indicate pedestrians report
less control and increased violation of social norms as speed and number of
lanes increase. Pedestrians reported feeling the least safe at intersections
with distracted drivers and reported them as the highest violators of social
norms. Implications of the findings for pedestrian safety countermeasure
design, increasing walking behaviors, and including pedestrian perceptions in
assessments of an area's overall walkability are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1750
%T Evaluating whole-body vibration reduction by comparison of active and
passive suspension seats in semi-trucks
%S Safety: S2 - Safety in Motion
%A Blood, Ryan P.
%A Dennerlein, Jack
%A Lewis, Charlotte
%A Rynell, Patrik
%A Johnson, Peter W.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1750-1754
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551363
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1750
%X Truck drivers have one of the highest injury rates in the US workforce with
the majority of injuries occurring in the low-back. Exposure to Whole Body
Vibration (WBV) is thought to be a significant factor. This study compared
difference in WBV exposures in sixteen drivers who drove a semi-truck over a
standardized test route with a passive (air suspension) and electromagnetic
vibration cancelling (active suspension) seat. Tri-axial WBV measurements of
average weighted vibration (Aw), Vibration Dose Value (VDV), and Static
Compressive Dose (Sed) were collected and compared between the two seats.
Vehicle speed and location was collected with GPS loggers. The results show
when compared to the passive suspension seat, the active suspension seat
reduced Aw (p<0.001) and VDV (p<0.001) vibrations exposures by roughly
50%, with impulsive exposures (Sed) being reduced by approximately 20%
(p=0.02). Based on the results the active suspension seat appears to have the
potential to substantially reduce an operator's exposure to WBV.

%M C.HFES.11.1755
%T The Impact of GPS Interface Design on Driving and Distraction
%S Safety: S2 - Safety in Motion
%A Fok, Audrey W.
%A Frischmann, Timothy B.
%A Sawyer, Ben
%A Robin, Melissa
%A Mouloua, Mustapha
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1755-1759
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551364
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1755
%X This study empirically examined the effects of keyboard type in a GPS system
on driver distraction. Fifty-two undergraduate students were recruited to drive
in a simulated environment while using either a QWERTY or ABCD keyboard
embedded in a GPS interface. Driving errors, as well as bio-behavioral
assessments, eye fixation durations, and EEG (Electroencephalography) theta
frequency level were collected to determine the level of distraction and
driving performance of participants. Significant differences in driving and
distraction measures were found between driving with and without GPS data
entry. Despite greater pre-existing participant skill in using two-handed
QWERTY keyboards, no differences were found between the two keyboard types when
used one-handed while driving. Implications for driver safety, in-vehicle
systems design, and distraction research are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1760
%T On the Costs of In-vehicle Assessment of Alcohol Consumption
%S Safety: S2 - Safety in Motion
%A Medeiros-Ward, Nathan
%A Strayer, David L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1760-1764
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551365
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1760
%X Driving under the influence of alcohol poses a significant threat to
community health and safety. One approach to thwart drinking and driving
involves using an interlock device to test for alcohol consumption prior to
driving. These devices measure blood alcohol concentration by breath and
require drivers to pass a test before starting the vehicle and at a later
re-testing during the drive. Relatively little work has been done to
investigate the level of distraction potentially caused by these devices during
re-testing. The current study compared the level of distraction of using an
interlock device to single task driving and sending and receiving text messages
while driving. Both the interlock device and texting resulted in small
increases in lane deviation compared to single task baseline; however,
participants looked away from the road significantly more often in the texting
condition than the interlock condition. In terms of crashes and subjective
reports of workload, the interlock device was higher than baseline but
significantly lower than texting.

%M C.HFES.11.1765
%T Foot Placement in Oblique Stair Descent
%S Safety: S2 - Safety in Motion
%A VandenBussche, Jessica
%A Gallagher, Kaitlin M.
%A Young, Jason
%A Parkinson, Rob J.
%A Callaghan, Jack P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1765-1768
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551366
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1765
%X Extensive research has been conducted on stair safety as a loss of balance
due to a misplaced step on a stair can result in a fall and serious injury. One
aspect of stair safety that has not been well studied is oblique (angled) stair
descent/ascent. Since oblique stair geometry affects the distance travelled and
the theoretical symmetry of one's stance, there are potential implications for
fall risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are
adaptations in foot placement that pedestrians demonstrate when descending
stairs at oblique angles. Sixteen participants descended steps along two paths
-- 0 and 45 degrees. Kinematic data of the lower limbs were collected to
calculate average step length, average step width, and toe placement. The data
suggest that pedestrians compensate for angled descent by narrowing their step
width and using a biased foot placement relative to the step edges, such that
the inside foot (the foot furthest from the flared side) lands further forward
on the step than the outside foot (the foot closest to the flared side). These
variations from straight stair descent provide a more symmetric stance for
oblique stair descent and may reflect adaptations to reduce the risk of a
misstep.

%M C.HFES.11.1769
%T Increased Comprehension of Warning Pictorials with Color Highlighting
%S Safety: S3 - Safety in Everyday Life
%A McDougald, Brannan R.
%A Wogalter, Michael S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1769-1772
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551367
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1769
%X Although symbols or pictorials are increasingly being used to communicate
warning information, people's comprehension of them is not guaranteed and
sometimes can be quite low. The current study sought to determine whether
adding colored highlighting to the relevant components of a pictorial benefits
comprehension of the warning. There were three highlighting conditions: more
relevant parts were highlighted, less relevant parts were highlighted, or no
highlighting. Each participant was shown pictorials in each of the three
highlighting conditions and asked to write a short description about what each
pictorial communicates. The results showed that participants were more likely
to correctly understand the intended conceptual meaning of pictorials when the
most relevant parts were highlighted in comparison to the other two conditions.
Highlighting less relevant parts led to poorer comprehension than no
highlighting at all. Appropriately color highlighting relevant parts of complex
pictorial symbols could be a useful method of enhancing comprehension.

%M C.HFES.11.1773
%T Reading Pages of a Consumer Product Manual Text and Warnings: Effects of
Format Salience and Visual Cues on Eye Movements
%S Safety: S3 - Safety in Everyday Life
%A Cowley, Jennifer A.
%A Wogalter, Michael S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1773-1777
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551368
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1773
%X This study evaluated whether high or low salience product manual warning
formats resulted in different frequencies of both reading and warning recall
accuracy. Both experimental conditions constituted an amalgamation of warning
and product manual format features. The low salience condition was comprised of
a capitalized signal word, paragraph prose-style warning text, warnings
integrated with page content with low salience visual cues whereas the high
salience condition included an icon, signal word panel, bulleted warning text,
warnings placed separately at the page bottom with high salience visual cues.
Eye movements were recorded while participants read pages from product manuals
followed by a warning recall test. No significant difference in the number of
warnings read was found but visual cues in the high salience condition shifted
foveal vision to the warnings significantly more often than the cues in the low
salience condition. Warning recall was higher in the low salience condition
than in the high salience condition, probably because of the particular task
and formatting used. Caveats and study implications are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1778
%T Safety Beliefs about Consumer Products
%S Safety: S3 - Safety in Everyday Life
%A Kim, Soyun
%A Wogalter, Michael S.
%A Taylor, Jesseca R. I.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1778-1782
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551369
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1778
%X This study examined people's safety perceptions concerning consumer
products. Participants (n=129) were asked about their overall beliefs
concerning safety of consumer products sold in the U.S. Beliefs regarding
government and industry policies concerning safety were also collected. Results
showed that participants gave ratings indicating believing that consumer
products sold in the U.S. are safe. People tended to trust U.S. government's
policies towards product safety. However, participants' responses indicate
skepticism about manufacturers' motivations. Implications for HF/E research in
risk communication are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1783
%T Investigation of the Auditory Occlusion Effect with Implications for Hearing
Protection and Hearing Aid Design
%S Safety: S3 - Safety in Everyday Life
%A Lee, Kichol
%A Casali, John G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1783-1787
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551370
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1783
%X Previous research has shown that auditory occlusion effects could inhibit
people from using hearing protection devices or hearing aids, which raises
safety and usability concerns. The objective of this study was to evaluate
occlusion effects as a function of insertion depth (shallow and deep), earplug
type (foam earplug and medical balloonbased earplug), and excitation source
(bone vibrator and self vocal utterance). Ten participants, six male and four
female, completed the experiment. The ANOVA and post hoc tests conducted on the
measured occlusion effects revealed main effects of insertion depth and earplug
type, as well as an interaction effect between insertion depth and earplug
type. The occlusion effect of deeply inserted earplugs was smaller than that of
shallowly inserted earplugs by 11.2 dB. At deep insertion, the balloon-based
earplugs produced an occlusion effect of 14.9 dB while the foam earplugs
produced 5.9 dB.

%M C.HFES.11.1788
%T Effectiveness of Advanced Bone Conduction Earphones for People Who Enjoy
Outdoor Activities
%S Safety: S3 - Safety in Everyday Life
%A Chang-Geun, Oh
%A Lee, Kicheol
%A Spencer, Paul
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1788-1792
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551371
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1788
%X This paper shows the effectiveness of advanced bone conduction earphones
(BCE) for the people who enjoy outdoor activities with respect to entertainment
degree and situational awareness (SA) degree. Experiments were conducted to
determine the entertainment degree and the SA degree with objective and
subjective perspectives by asking participants to walk on the indoor track and
the treadmill in four different listening conditions; listening to music
through advanced BCE, kernel type earphones, open type earphones, and no music.
According to the results of the test on the indoor track, there was no
difference in their walking pace between the conditions. Subjectively, the BCE
had the same level of entertainment degree as conventional earphones, and
higher SA degree than conventional earphones. Objectively, the SA degree was
also higher with BCE than with the conventional earphones. These analyses show
wearing advanced BCE can be an option to meet both the entertainment and safety
purposes for the people who enjoy outdoor activities.

%M C.HFES.11.1793
%T Evaluating The Utility of DoD Hfacs Using Lifted Probabilities
%S Safety: S4 - Safety Theories and Analyses
%A Walker, Peter B.
%A O'Connor, Paul
%A Phillips, Henry L.
%A Hahn, Robert G.
%A Dalitsch, Walter W.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1793-1797
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551372
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1793
%X The Department of Defense continues to invest in the development and
validation of several accident investigation and reporting methodologies geared
toward the accurate analysis of human factors issues. Recently, a joint
memorandum of agreement was signed by each of the military services to use the
DoD Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). While a great
deal of research has been devoted to assessing the validity of HFACS as applied
to DoD mishaps, less research has focused on the utility of the model as both
an accident investigation and reporting tool. The primary aim of this research
was to apply lifted rule probabilities at the nanocode level within HFACS to
identify common linkages within the DoD version of HFACS.

%M C.HFES.11.1798
%T "Safety is everywhere" -- The Constituents of Maritime Safety
%S Safety: S4 - Safety Theories and Analyses
%A Praetorius, Gesa
%A Lützhöft, Margareta
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1798-1802
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551373
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1798
%X Although maritime safety is one of the key terms in regulation, guidelines
and recommendations, such as SOLAS (International Convention for the safety of
life at sea (IMO, 1974), in the shipping domain, there is, to the best of our
knowledge, neither an explanation of this specific type of safety nor any
explicit understanding on how it is promoted by those who work on board of
merchant vessel. This qualitative study approaches maritime safety from a crew
perspective and discusses what constituents should be considered to be part of
maritime safety.

%M C.HFES.11.1803
%T Use Error Analysis in a Medical Device Product Development Cycle
%S Safety: S4 - Safety Theories and Analyses
%A Hooper, Dean A.
%A Hitchens, Richard E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1803-1807
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551375
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1803
%X Product development organizations have well-established processes in
assessing potential hazards for both process and design. However, these
processes either do not apply to use error or they treat the human component of
systems in a superficial, non-formal way. While some user-centered effort is
directed at analyzing and reducing error, with a reliance on traditional
user-centered activities, formal human factors methods that specifically
address use error and regulatory needs are scarce. A formal Use Error Analysis
(UEA) process was developed to identify potential use error during initial
product design. This process generates an exhaustive, predictive list of use
errors. Then potential users familiar with the product environment determine
the frequency by which the error would occur and the severity of the effects.
Once it is determined which errors should be mitigated, the process allows
product risk assessment teams to determine the probable causes of the use
error. These causes are directly addressed through system design or other
mitigations as appropriate. The UEA process has been successfully incorporated
into formal hazard analysis processes in an FDA regulated environment and used
on numerous projects.

%M C.HFES.11.1808
%T Classifying Injuries Occurrence in Motor Vehicles Collisions Using
Artificial Neural Network
%S Safety: S4 - Safety Theories and Analyses
%A Liu, Dahai
%A Solomon, Desmond
%A Doherty, Shawn
%A Hardy, Leon
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1808-1812
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551376
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1808
%X Vehicle collisions amount to a significant loss of life in America. This
study used artificial neural networks as a means to predict the occurrence of
injury of a vehicle collision. Using Neural Ware's Predict software a neural
network structure was trained, tested, and validated using data from the 2006
and 2007 Florida Traffic Crash Database. The objective was to assess whether or
not properly designed neural network architecture could adequately classify the
levels of the "Injury Occurrence" output variable, given certain inputs such as
demographic and environmental factors involved in crashes. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov
statistical analysis was employed to objectively assess whether or not the
neural network properly classified the levels of Injury Occurrence and to what
extent. The artificial network's computational power was iteratively increased
by adding hidden layers thus boosting its performance. a sensitivity analysis
was used to find the level of contribution the input variables had on the
"Injury Occurrence" output variable. Top three positive and negative most
impacting factors were identified and the implications were discussed at the
end of the paper.

%M C.HFES.11.1813
%T Making Instance-based Learning Theory Usable, Transparent, and
Understandable: Instance-based Learning Tool
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS2 - Demonstrations
%A Dutt, Varun
%A Gonzalez, Cleotilde
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1813-1817
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551377
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1813
%X Although cognitive models of human behavior enjoy a rich history in
cognitive psychology, they lack a widespread impact, partly due to the
complexities of the modeling process including the need to know software
programming. We will demonstrate a modeling tool, called IBLTool, which
represents Instance-based Learning Theory (IBLT). IBLT is a theory of decisions
from experience in interactive, dynamic environments. IBLTool addresses the
complexity and programming challenges in cognitive modeling and helps in the
development of cognitive models for a particular task. The IBLTool makes IBLT
usable, transparent, and understandable for the cognitive modeling community.
The tool uses graphical user interfaces to represent the modeling process and
knowledge representations from the IBLT in a step-by-step manner. To derive
predictions of human behavior in the IBLTool for a decision task, a task
implementation, independent from the IBLTool connects and interacts with the
tool interactively as a human would. Data about human behavior is collected as
part of the task, while the IBLTool collects data about the execution of the
model and its parameters. We will introduce IBLT and provide a step-by-step
demonstration of building cognitive models with the IBLTool.

%M C.HFES.11.1818
%T Attention-aware Human-Machine Interface to Support Video Surveillance Task
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS2 - Demonstrations
%A Zheng, Xianjun Sam
%A Kiekebosch, Joeri
%A Rauschenberger, Robert
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1818-1822
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551378
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1818
%X There is a growing and pressing need to monitor dense, unconstrained
pedestrian crowds and to detect suspicious individuals, e.g., suicide bombers.
However, this is a perceptually and cognitively challenging task for human
operators, because they need to track and inspect a constant stream of moving
people, to make real-time decisions, and also maintain a high level of
vigilance. An attention-aware human-machine interface (HMI) is proposed and
prototyped, which monitors human operators' attention allocation and supports
eye gaze based interaction to support operator surveillance task. The goals are
to reduce the operators' cognitive load and fatigue, and speed up visual
search, thus enabling the surveillance of dense pedestrian streams with
increased accuracy. A preliminary user study showed promising results for
enhancing operators' detection performance using the attention-aware HMI,
especially while searching at the high density crowds.

%M C.HFES.11.1823
%T Cursor Control Device Test Battery
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS2 - Demonstrations
%A S´ndor, Anikó
%A Holden, Kritina L.
%A Pace, John W.
%A Martin, Lockheed
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1823-1826
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551379
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1823
%X A software-based test battery was developed for cursor control device
evaluation. Five tasks were taken from ISO 9241-9, and four from studies
conducted at NASA. The tasks focus on basic movements such as pointing,
clicking, and dragging. The test battery allows for standardized comparisons
across input devices through use of a standard suite of basic tasks and data
collection software. The test battery can also be used for other types of
investigations (e.g., gloved vs. ungloved performance). The demonstration will
showcase the software and give the audience the opportunity to operate various
cursor control devices using the tasks in the test battery.

%M C.HFES.11.1827
%T Collaborative Airport Traffic System (CATS) to Evaluate Design Requirements
for an Airport Surface Departure Management System
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS3 - Demonstrations
%A Fernandes, Alicia B.
%A Smith, Philip J.
%A Johnson, Dustin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1827-1831
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551380
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1827
%X Airport surface delays can impact operational costs, environmental
emissions, and passenger satisfaction. Departure metering is one alternative
approach to airport surface departure management intended to better manage such
delays and associated costs. We introduce a simulation environment that can be
used to explore human factors issues in the design of such procedures. This
includes support for a novel role, the Departure Reservoir Coordinator,
responsible for managing the metering procedure, a distributed adaptive
planning task. Support for such a novel role can be explored in the
Collaborative Airport Traffic System (CATS) simulation environment using
prototype information displays, user interaction designs, and a capability for
study participants to monitor the impacts of their actions on airport
performance in real time. We intend to demonstrate the CATS simulation test bed
that facilitates such studies in an effort to better understand human factors
requirements for the design of collaborative airport surface departure
procedures.

%M C.HFES.11.1832
%T Demonstration of a Network-Centric Communication Management Suite:
Multi-Modal Communication
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS3 - Demonstrations
%A Finomore, Victor, Jr.
%A Popik, Dianne
%A Dallman, Ron
%A Stewart, John
%A Satterfield, Kelly
%A Castle, Courtney
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1832-1835
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551381
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1832
%X The Multi-Modal Communication (MMC) is a network-centric communication
management suite developed to improve communication performance for Command and
Control operators. This tool provides operators with the ability to manage
communication from voice and text-based systems in a single intuitive, dynamic
display. MMC captures, records, and displays radio and chat communications to
the operator so that they have instant access and full control over all current
and past information. In addition to aiding in the retrieval of information,
speech intelligibility over the Radio channels is increased by spatially
separating each of the radio channels to virtual locations around the operator
via their headphones. The combination of these features provides operators with
the tools necessary to monitor multiple communication channels for critical
information and make quick and accurate decisions since it affords operators
with greater situational awareness while also reducing their perceived mental
workload.

%M C.HFES.11.1836
%T Head Movement Module in ACT-R for Multi-display Environment
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS3 - Demonstrations
%A Oh, Hyungseok
%A Jo, Seongsik
%A Myung, Rohae
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1836-1839
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551382
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1836
%X The ACT-R cognitive architecture only deals with a single display interface,
which needs to be expanded and improved so as to describe the real environment
that needs more than a single display. Therefore, this paper proposes a method
to describe human performance in a multi-display environment by developing the
head module because the behavior of searching the object beyond the preferred
visual angle of ± 15° could not be modeled with the visual module in
ACT-R. The result shows that ACT-R model with the head module should be
necessary when performing tasks in a multi-display environment. In addition, a
separate ACT-R model was also developed when a different head movement pattern
was involved such as a peripheral vision.

%M C.HFES.11.1840
%T Demonstration of a Human Task Inventory to Support Rapid Emulation of Human
Performance in Aviation Simulations
%S Special Sessions: Demonstrations: SS3 - Demonstrations
%A Bauer, David T.
%A Alexander, Amy L.
%A Picciano, Paul M.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1840-1844
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551383
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1840
%X Simulation testbeds enable researchers in the aviation domain to study a
wide variety of NextGen issues and are particularly useful in circumstances
where human-in-the-loop testing is impractical or impossible. In such cases,
human performance data is required to accurately represent operators within the
simulation framework. We are developing the Human Task Inventory (HTI) to
address this issue by providing a centralized repository of pilot and
controller task performance data. This web-based tool will allow users to
efficiently locate, evaluate, and export data. When possible, task data from
multiple studies are combined to produce better estimates of response
distributions. Users are also able to evaluate data sources and choose which
sources to include in the calculations. Our demonstration will include an
initial HTI prototype and a description of envisioned functionality.

%M C.HFES.11.1845
%T A Field Study of Haul Truck Operations in Open Pit Mines
%S Surface Transportation: ST1 - Not Your Normal Car Issues... Don't Let It
Ride!
%A Stahl, Patrick
%A Donmez, Birsen
%A Jamieson, Greg
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1845-1849
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551384
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1845
%X This paper presents findings from a field study of the operation of haul
trucks in two open pit gold mines. Qualitative results relevant to the haul
truck operator's work environment are presented, and the human factors
challenges of the work are identified. Three specific issues that stood out
from the study are discussed in detail. First, fatigue is identified as a major
contributing factor to crashes and overall performance in open pit traffic,
heightened by the specific work characteristics of a haul truck operator.
Second, negative transfer is discussed as it interferes with the adaptation
from one truck type to another: a consequence of inconsistent controls across
different truck brands. Third, the under utilization of and the general posture
of suspicion towards the dispatch system are reported, with a list of potential
reasons related to automation characteristics.

%M C.HFES.11.1850
%T Drivers' Decisions to Turn Across the Path of a Motorcycle with Low Beam
Headlights
%S Surface Transportation: ST1 - Not Your Normal Car Issues... Don't Let It
Ride!
%A Lenné, Michael G.
%A Mitsopoulos-Rubens, Eve
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1850-1854
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551385
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1850
%X Crashes involving a passenger car and a motorcycle, where the car is turning
across the path of the motorcycle, are a major crash type of motorcycle riders.
The incidence of such crashes could be reduced through improvements in
motorcycle conspicuity. Operation of low-beam headlights on motorcycles has
been discussed as one approach for improving the "sensory conspicuity" of
motorcycles during daylight hours. Forty-three experienced drivers completed a
series of trials in a driving simulator where their task in each trial was to
turn ahead of an oncoming vehicle if they felt that they had sufficient room to
do so safely. A key manipulation across trials was whether the oncoming vehicle
was a motorcycle with headlights on, or a motorcycle with headlights off. Time
gap (short, medium, long) was also manipulated. At short time gaps low-beam
headlights may confer some benefit in gap acceptance by encouraging drivers to
accept fewer gaps ahead of a motorcycle with headlights on than ahead of a
motorcycle with headlights off. No statistically significant differences in gap
acceptance between the headlight conditions were found at either the medium or
long time gaps. Overall the present research provides support for the use of
low-beam headlights as a tool through which to augment the conspicuity of
motorcycles. It is proposed that further research aim to explore directly the
precise mechanisms underlying the observed effects.

%M C.HFES.11.1855
%T How Does Motion Influence the Use of Touch Screen In-Vehicle Information
Systems?
%S Surface Transportation: ST1 - Not Your Normal Car Issues... Don't Let It
Ride!
%A Lenné, Michael G.
%A Salmon, Paul M.
%A Triggs, Tom J.
%A Cornelissen, Miranda
%A Tomasevic, Nebojsa
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1855-1859
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551386
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1855
%X While the use of in-vehicle touch screen devices is currently common in both
military and civilian settings, the effects of motion on the use of such
systems has not been researched extensively. This paper presents the findings
from a driving simulator study that aimed to explore the influence of motion on
task performance when using a touch screen device. The touch screen task was a
mock battle management system intended for use in military surface transport
vehicles. Twenty participants engaged in a series of battle management system
tasks that required both the pull and push of information, for example, reading
symbols and entering text. This was done while participants were seated in the
front passenger seat in the simulator with an experimenter driving at a
constant speed. High motion was simulated by driving along the road edge way,
while low motion was simulated by driving along a sealed rural road. Motion
profiles confirmed the greater amplitudes in acceleration across multiple axes
of movement. The findings illustrate that almost all aspects of battle
management system performance were degraded in the high motion condition,
although the level of degradation was not as severe as participants gained more
experience with the system.

%M C.HFES.11.1860
%T Pedestrians' Estimates of Their Own Visibility at Night Are Not Reduced When
Headlights Are Severely Weakened
%S Surface Transportation: ST1 - Not Your Normal Car Issues... Don't Let It
Ride!
%A Whetsel, Stephanie A.
%A Rosenberg, Rachel L.
%A Balk, Stacy A.
%A Tyrrell, Richard A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1860-1863
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551387
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1860
%X Although it is clear that pedestrians typically overestimate how conspicuous
they are to oncoming drivers at night, little is known about the factors that
affect pedestrians' estimates of their own conspicuity. This study explored the
extent to which pedestrians judge that their own conspicuity is affected by
headlight intensity and their clothing. Forty eight participants walked to and
from a parked vehicle until they felt they were conspicuous to the driver.
Unknown to the participants, headlight intensity was manipulated between
subjects by filtering the vehicle's high beams. Estimated recognition distances
did not change with variations in headlight intensity even when up to 97% of
the illumination from the headlights was blocked. This suggests that when
pedestrians judge their own conspicuity they do not consider the magnitude of
the headlight illumination that reaches them. Participants estimated that their
recognition distances were only somewhat shorter when wearing black clothing
relative to more reflective clothing. Together these findings underscore the
need to educate pedestrians about their own nighttime conspicuity.

%M C.HFES.11.1864
%T Pedestrians' perceptions of countermeasure efficacy in reducing risks at
intersection crossings
%S Surface Transportation: ST1 - Not Your Normal Car Issues... Don't Let It
Ride!
%A Emo, Amanda K.
%A Funke, Matthew E.
%A Matthews, Gerald
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1864-1868
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551388
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1864
%X The opinions pedestrians have regarding the efficacy of safety
countermeasures and how these countermeasures impact an area's walkability are
currently not known. To address this gap in research 268 college students
participated in a study to determine pedestrian appraisals of countermeasure
efficacy at varying levels of intersection threat (determined by speed) and
driver behaviors (safe, distracted, and aggressive). The authors developed a
questionnaire instrument designed to assess pedestrians' feelings of the
efficacy of four types of safety countermeasure interventions: infrastructure
design, increasing pedestrian control, traffic enforcement, and education.
Results indicate that overall speed seems to have a greater impact on
pedestrian perceptions of countermeasure efficacy than driver behaviors and
pedestrians seem to report greater efficacy for countermeasures at higher
speeds. Findings also suggest if a pedestrian views a countermeasure as
effective that perspective persists across behaviors. Implications of the
findings for pedestrian safety countermeasure design, increasing walking
behaviors, and including pedestrian perceptions in assessments of an area's
overall walkability are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.1869
%T United States Department of Transportation (DOT) Human Factors Coordinating
Committee (HFCC) Research Needs
%S Surface Transportation: ST2 - United States Department of Transportation
(DOT) Human Factors Coordinating Committee (HFCC) Research Needs
%A Coplen, Michael
%A Donovan, Colleen
%A Hallquist, Theresa
%A Monk, Chris
%A Stephen Popkin (Moderator), A
%A Traube, Eric
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1869-1873
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551389
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1869
%X The purpose of this discussion panel is to present the United States
Department of Transportation (DOT) human factors research needs to the larger
human factors research community. The DOT Human Factors Coordinating Committee
(HFCC) serves as a multi-modal team with government-wide liaisons to promote
human factors and to address crosscutting human factors issues in
transportation. HFCC regularly conducts a survey of the DOT modal agencies and
other federal agencies with a transportation focus (e.g., the National
Transportation Safety Board) to identify cross-cutting DOT research needs. In
this panel, the results of a recent survey will be presented with a discussion
of how each modal agency is addressing these human factors areas of interest.
Additionally, HFCC representatives from five modal agencies will review their
current research efforts, discuss their anticipated future research needs, and
address questions from the audience.

%M C.HFES.11.1874
%T A Pilot Investigation of the Impact of Cognitive Demand on Turn Signal Use
during Lane Changes in Actual Highway Conditions across Multiple Age Groups
%S Surface Transportation: ST3 - Cognition and Emotion Topics in Transportation
Research
%A Donmez, Birsen
%A Reimer, Bryan
%A Mehler, Bruce
%A Lavallière, Martin
%A Coughlin, Joseph F.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1874-1878
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551390
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1874
%X In a field study, we examined turn signal use characteristics during
highway-lane changes across three age groups (20-29, 40-49, and 60-69) and
under varying levels of secondary cognitive demand. Secondary cognitive demand
decreased the likelihood of turn signal use, and delayed the onset and turnoff
of the turn signals. These results suggest that added cognitive load can lead
to a neglect of operational tasks in face of competition over limited
resources. No major effects of age or relative level of secondary cognitive
demand were observed.

%M C.HFES.11.1879
%T Investigating the Role of Roadway Environment in Driving Errors: An on Road
Study
%S Surface Transportation: ST3 - Cognition and Emotion Topics in Transportation
Research
%A Salmon, Paul M.
%A Young, Kristie L.
%A Lenné, Michael G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1879-1883
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551391
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1879
%X This paper presents a sub-set of the findings derived from an on-road study
of driving errors, the main aim of which was to investigate the role of wider
road system failures in driving error causation. 25 participants drove a
pre-determined route in an instrumented vehicle. In-vehicle observers recorded
the different errors made, and a range of other data was collected, including
driver verbal protocols, forward, cockpit and driver video, and vehicle data
(speed, braking, steering wheel angle, lane tracking etc). Participants also
completed a post trial cognitive task analysis interview. In conclusion,
participants were found to make a range of driving errors, with speeding
violations being the most common. In-depth analysis of a sub-set of
representative errors indicates that driving errors have various causes,
including failures in the wider road 'system' such as inappropriate or poor
road environment design and unclear road rules and regulations.

%M C.HFES.11.1884
%T Cognitive and Collaborative Demands of Freight Conductor Activities Results
and Implications of a Cognitive Task Analysis
%S Surface Transportation: ST3 - Cognition and Emotion Topics in Transportation
Research
%A Rosenhand, Hadar
%A Roth, Emilie
%A Multer, Jordan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1884-1888
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551392
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1884
%X This paper reports the results of a cognitive task analysis (CTA) that
examined the cognitive and collaborative demands placed on conductors and the
knowledge and skills that experienced conductors have developed that enable
them to operate safely and efficiently. A secondary aim of the CTA was to
understand the implications of the Rail Safety Improvement Act (RSIA) of 2008
on the role of the freight conductor, specifically the mandate for conductor
certification and implementation of positive train control (PTC). Data was
collected through a combination of field observations, phone interviews and
on-site focus groups with experienced conductors, locomotive engineers,
trainers, and training managers. A primary finding is that conductors and
locomotive engineers operate as a joint cognitive system (Woods and Hollnagel,
2006). They not only participate jointly in monitoring outside the window, they
serve to fill-in each other's knowledge gaps, and participate jointly in
planning activities, problem-solving, and identifying and mitigating potential
risk. The CTA addresses the issue of how new technologies, such as PTC, are
likely to impact the role of conductors in the future by laying out the
multiple ways in which conductors contribute to safe and efficient train
operation and contrasts this with the anticipated features of PTC. The CTA also
uncovered a variety of knowledge and skills that distinguish experienced
conductors from less experienced ones. These findings suggest an opportunity to
potentially accelerate building conductor expertise by providing insight to
future training methods.

%M C.HFES.11.1889
%T What to detect?: Analyzing Factor Structures of Affect in Driving Contexts
for an Emotion Detection and Regulation System
%S Surface Transportation: ST3 - Cognition and Emotion Topics in Transportation
Research
%A Jeon, Myounghoon
%A Walker, Bruce N.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1889-1893
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551393
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1889
%X This research is a part of the IVAT (In-Vehicle Assistive Technology)
project, an in-dash interface design project to help drivers who have various
disabilities, including deficits in emotion regulation. While there have been
several studies on emotion detection for drivers, few studies have seriously
addressed what to detect and why. Those are crucial issues to consider when
implementing an effective affect management system. Phase 1 of our study
gathered a total of 33 different driving situations that can induce emotions
and 56 plausible affective keywords to describe such emotions. Phase 2 analyzed
factor structures of affect for driving contexts through user ratings and
Factor Analysis, and obtained nine factors: fearful, happy, angry, depressed,
curious, embarrassed, urgent, bored, and relieved. These factors accounted for
65.1% of the total variance. Results are discussed in terms of designing the
IVAT emotion detection and regulation system for driving contexts.

%M C.HFES.11.1894
%T Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Lane-keeping: Performance Loss or
Improvement?
%S Surface Transportation: ST3 - Cognition and Emotion Topics in Transportation
Research
%A He, Jibo
%A McCarley, Jason S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1894-1898
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551394
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1894
%X Cognitive distraction while driving often reduces the variability of lane
position. However, data do not make clear whether this effect should be
interpreted as a performance loss, indicating driver rigidity or
unresponsiveness to external stimuli, or a performance improvement, indicating
better vehicle control. To distinguish these possibilities, the present study
assessed drivers' responsiveness to heavy lateral winds under varying levels of
working memory load. Cognitive load reduced the variability of lane position,
increased drivers' steering reversal rate, and increased the coherence between
steering wheel position and lateral wind velocity. Results suggest that
cognitive distraction improved lateral lane keeping, rather than inducing
rigidified steering manipulation.

%M C.HFES.11.1899
%T Commercial Driver Acceptance of Heavy Vehicle Camera/Video Imaging Systems
%S Surface Transportation: ST4 - Vision Is King
%A Camden, Matthew C.
%A Fitch, Gregory M.
%A Blanco, Myra
%A Hanowski, Richard J.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1899-1903
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551395
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1899
%X Large trucks are estimated to be involved in 20,311 crashes annually as a
result of making improper lane changes, turns, and backing maneuvers.
Camera/Video Imaging Systems (C/VISs) are designed to be a low cost
countermeasure to these crash types by reducing the blind spots located around
large trucks. Their effectiveness, however, depends on whether drivers accept
and use this technology. This paper investigates drivers' opinions of C/VISs
that were measured from 12 drivers who each partook in a four-month C/VIS
technology field demonstration (TFD). The TFD investigated the utility of two
C/VISs in assisting commercial drivers as they drove on revenue-producing
routes. Drivers completed questionnaires pertaining to their perceptions of
their driving performance and the C/VISs every two weeks while in the study.
Drivers' indicated that the C/VISs reduced surrounding blind spots, improved
their spatial awareness, and helped them merge into traffic. Overall,
commercial drivers should accept C/VISs provided that they cover the right-side
blind spot, allow monitors to be substantially dimmed to reduce glare, and do
not create new blind spots.

%M C.HFES.11.1904
%T Determining Fixed Glance Duration for Visual Occlusion Research
%S Surface Transportation: ST4 - Vision Is King
%A Chen, Huei-Yen Winnie
%A Milgram, Paul
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1904-1908
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551396
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1904
%X Little empirical evidence can be found in the visual occlusion literature to
justify decisions about how glance durations should be fixed for self-paced
visual occlusion investigations. This paper presents a hypothesis about how
glance duration may affect performance, based on a theory of how uncertainty
develops as an operator's vision is occluded and how it is resolved during
visual glances. Data are analysed from two on-road driving experiments
involving a range of fixed glance durations. The analysis is repeated with data
collected from an analogous study in a low fidelity driving simulator. Both
analyses support the hypothesis that increasing glance duration may prolong
achievable mean occlusion times, but only up to a certain point, after which
essentially no changes are expected. The paper concludes with a practical
recommendation for selecting fixed glance durations for (self-paced) visual
occlusion studies.

%M C.HFES.11.1909
%T The Accuracy of Drivers' Judgments of the Effects of Headlight Glare on the
Visibility of a Non-retroreflective Object
%S Surface Transportation: ST4 - Vision Is King
%A Stafford, Ashley A.
%A Whetsel, Stephanie A.
%A Balk, Stacy A.
%A Ballou, David G.
%A Tyrrell, Richard A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1909-1913
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551397
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1909
%X Headlights must balance the conflicting goals of maximizing visibility for
the driver and minimizing glare to others. Yet consumer complaints about
headlights tend to emphasize only glare. This project extended earlier research
by asking 17 young drivers to judge the distance at which they would be able to
recognize the orientation of a non-retroreflective stimulus adjacent to the
headlights of a stationary opposing vehicle. The beam setting (low vs. high) of
both vehicles was manipulated. Participants correctly estimated that the
stimulus would be less visible when their own vehicle used low beams and when
the opposing vehicle used high beams. Contrary to earlier studies that used
high contrast (retroreflective) stimuli, drivers' estimates of conspicuity
were, on average, not significantly different from the actual visibility of the
stimulus. These results suggest that drivers' understanding of headlight glare
is more accurate for low contrast stimuli than for high contrast
(retroreflective) stimuli and that drivers may overestimate the disabling
effects of opposing headlights for higher contrast objects more than for lower
contrast objects.

%M C.HFES.11.1914
%T An On-Road Study of Head-Up Display: Preferred Location and Acceptance
Levels
%S Surface Transportation: ST4 - Vision Is King
%A Tretten, Phillip
%A Gärling, Anita
%A Nilsson, Rickard
%A Larsson, Tobias C.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1914-1918
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551398
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1914
%X The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of driver's
perceptions of Head-Up Displays (HUD). Many HUD studies have been conducted but
few have allowed drivers to test a HUD in their own vehicle, allowing them to
choose the best HUD location for themselves. Forty participants drove their own
vehicles using a portable HUD device, testing different HUD locations, and then
rated the HUD using the Technology Acceptance Model. The results showed that
the HUD was rated as easy to use and the drivers intended to use it in
continuation. The drivers wanted the HUD to be located outside of the traffic
scene, below their line of sight. These results give support for new HUD
locations and for increased HUD implementation.

%M C.HFES.11.1919
%T Drivers' Behavior Through a Yellow Light: Effects of Distraction and Age
%S Surface Transportation: ST4 - Vision Is King
%A Ohlhauser, Amanda D.
%A Boyle, Linda Ng
%A Marshall, Dawn
%A Ahmad, Omar
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1919-1923
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551399
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1919
%X The decision to proceed through an intersection once the traffic signal has
changed to yellow may increase the risk for a collision. This study sought to
understand how age differences, cell phone use, and time to the stop line
affected the likelihood that a driver would continue through a yellow light as
observed in a driving simulator study. Four age groups were examined; novice
(16 years), younger (18-25 years), middle (30-45 years) and older (50-60
years). The novice drivers were also between four to eight weeks of licensure.
The likelihood that a driver would either drive through a yellow phase or stop
was examined using a logistic regression model. A significant interaction
effect between age groups and cell phone use was observed. More specifically,
novice drivers talking on a handheld phone were significantly more likely than
middle-aged drivers to proceed through the intersection. This study examines
the safety consequences that may result for these novice drivers as they engage
in distracting tasks.

%M C.HFES.11.1924
%T "Unintended Acceleration": Human Factors Engineering Issues and Solutions
%S Surface Transportation: ST5 - Unintended Acceleration: Human Factors
Engineering Issues and Solutions
%A Mortimer, Rudolf G.
%A Casey, Steven
%A Dingus, Thomas
%A Schmidt, Richard
%A Sind-Prunier, Paula
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1924-1927
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551400
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1924
%X In the first few months of 2010 the news media reported numerous instances
of "unintended acceleration". Vehicles were recalled because a floor mat was
thought to be snagging the accelerator pedal. However, some vehicles that had
gone through the recall still experienced unintended accelerations, indicating
that the problem also lay elsewhere. In the 1980s there were recalls of over
100,000 Audi vehicles with automatic transmissions in which drivers had
reported unintended accelerations. Earlier cases had also been reported
(Mortimer, 2011), so the issue is an old one. As a result of such runaway
events, primarily in vehicles with automatic transmissions, automakers equipped
them with shift-interlocks, so that the vehicle could not be moved into either
a forward or reverse gear after starting the engine unless the driver's foot
was depressing the brake pedal. About 83% of unintended acceleration events
were reduced by this device (Schmidt, 1993), confirming the role of driver
pedal misapplication when starting out. Other studies found that drivers show
pedal confusions also when the vehicle is under way. Those events are not
reduced by the shift-interlock. Rogers & Wierwille (1988) found about 0.2%
of foot movements resulted in a "serious' pedal misapplication error in a
simulator. Tomerlin & Vernoy (1990) found that 1 of 169 of their drivers
stepped on the accelerator instead of the brake and continued to do so in a
driving test. Such results show that drivers "frequently" make pedal errors,
especially when considering that there is about one brake application per mile
(Mortimer et al, 1970) in the U.S. The panel members will discuss the human
factors issues that cause pedal misapplication in various types of vehicles and
their frequency, including crashes that result. The thrust of the discussions
will be on how our present knowledge can be used to reduce these hazardous
events and to discern what additional information is needed to solve the
"unintended acceleration" problem.

%M C.HFES.11.1928
%T Effects of an Advisory Warning and a Cash Bonus on Speeding Behavior
%S Surface Transportation: ST6 - Headway, Speed, Acceleration, and Automation
%A Reagan, Ian
%A Bliss, James P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1928-1932
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551401
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1928
%X Speeding results in significant human and financial costs annually. This
field experiment tested the effectiveness of a monetary incentive and an
in-vehicle alert system for curtailing speeding. Fifty participants completed a
3 (incentive group) X 4 (week) mixed factorial design. Twenty were in the
incentive group, 20 were in the no-incentive group, and 10 were in a control
group. Each driver operated an instrumented vehicle for four weeks. The
incentive was offered during Weeks 2 and 3; the alert system was active during
either Week 2 or 3. Primary measures included time spent driving at or below, 4
mph, 8 mph, or 9 mph over speed limits. Results indicated a robust effect for
the incentive and a limited effect for the advisory system. Interventions
tested have clear implications for reducing the risk and severity of traffic
crashes using a combination of automation and principles of behavior theory.

%M C.HFES.11.1933
%T Assessing Drivers Ability to Carry Out Headway Advice in Motorway Car
Driving
%S Surface Transportation: ST6 - Headway, Speed, Acceleration, and Automation
%A Risto, Malte
%A Martens, Marieke H.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1933-1937
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551403
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1933
%X In order to improve throughput on motorways, a headway advisory system is
being developed. This system could enable drivers to choose their headway
differently by providing in-vehicle advice. How well are drivers able to follow
a time or a distance headway advice and what effect has vehicle speed and
advised headway on their ability? To test this, a group of 20 participants
completed nine headway adjustment tasks in a driving simulator experiment. Half
of the participants received a time headway advice and half received a distance
headway advice. The absolute difference between the advised and the chosen
headway acted as a performance measure. In the experiment no performance
difference could be found between the driver's carrying out target headway and
those carrying out distance headway advice. Furthermore increasing vehicle
speed significantly reduced the driver's ability to carry out headway advice.
This effect was not found for target headway. High inter-driver difference in
headway estimation led to high standard deviations in estimation error. Apart
from reducing the average estimation error, the support system under
development should also focus on reducing the variance in chosen headways.

%M C.HFES.11.1938
%T Human Factors in Sudden Acceleration Incidents
%S Surface Transportation: ST6 - Headway, Speed, Acceleration, and Automation
%A Young, D.
%A Heckman, G.
%A Kim, R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1938-1942
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551404
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1938
%X Numerous governmental studies have established that the primary cause of
nearly all sudden acceleration incidents is pedal misapplication. Additional
scientific work has further examined the role of pedal control, vehicle design,
and other various human factors associated with incidents of this type. As an
extension of previous research, we examined various factors that could
contribute to these incidents using recent data from the North Carolina
Accident Reporting System. While vehicle class was not predictive of a pedal
error that led to a sudden acceleration event, the age of the driver was
statistically related to the more significant pedal error types. Specifically,
we found that over half of accidents involving older drivers occurred while
parking and involved them completely missing the brake. Also, young and elderly
women were over-represented for these miss-type pedal errors while parking.
These data underscore the role of human factors in understanding causes and
factors involved in pedal misapplications and sudden acceleration events.

%M C.HFES.11.1943
%T Adaptive Cruise Control: User Differences in Urban and Rural Environments
%S Surface Transportation: ST6 - Headway, Speed, Acceleration, and Automation
%A Bato, Jarrett A.
%A Boyle, Linda Ng
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1943-1947
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551405
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1943
%X This study aimed to evaluate the perceived use and safety of Adaptive Cruise
Control (ACC), a system that automatically maintains a user-defined headway by
controlling vehicle speed. A survey, comparable to that of Dickie and Boyle
(2009), was administered to drivers in Washington State who were experienced
with ACC. In this paper, urban settings in Iowa are compared to the less
urbanized areas of Iowa. The outcomes show that drivers in both states had
similar perceptions of ACC usefulness and reliability with high confidence in
understanding the controls and feedback of the ACC system. Differences were
observed in user's perception of ACC's ability to help avoid a crash. In Iowa,
drivers felt that ACC would help avoid crashes even with a vehicle stopped in
their lane, while Washington drivers had more neutral responses towards ACC's
ability to avoid crashes. In fact, drivers in Washington preferred to maintain
a longer following distance when compared to Iowa drivers. This could be
indicative of general ACC use in urban settings where there is more exposure to
varied traffic conditions and is discussed as part of this paper.

%M C.HFES.11.1948
%T Emoticons: What does this one mean?
%S Student Forum: SF2 - Emoticons, Trust, and Virtual Agents: Student Research
in Computing Interfaces
%A McDougald, Brannan R.
%A Carpenter, Eric D.
%A Mayhorn, Christopher B.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1948-1951
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551406
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1948
%X Emoticons are graphic signs illustrated with ASCII characters to accompany
text-based computer-mediated communication (Dresner & Herring, 2010). The
effects of using emoticons has begun to be investigated, but little effort has
been put forth to determine how well people are able to interpret the meaning
of emoticons. Preliminary data from the current research effort is reported to
indicate how well 34 undergraduate students were able to correctly interpret 50
distinct emoticons from Yahoo Messenger. Results suggest that correct
interpretation varied widely between emoticons, and the reported frequency of
use was positively correlated with emoticon interpretability. Research and
design implications are discussed, as well as questions for future research.

%M C.HFES.11.1952
%T How Does Anthropomorphism Affect User's Trust, Compliance, and Performance
On a Decision Making Automation Task?
%S Student Forum: SF2 - Emoticons, Trust, and Virtual Agents: Student Research
in Computing Interfaces
%A Bass, Brock
%A Fink, Nicole
%A Price, Margaux
%A Sturre, Lindsay
%A Hentschel, Erin
%A Pak, Richard
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1952-1956
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551407
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1952
%X Automation is becoming increasingly prevalent, as new technology develops to
replace tasks humans once performed. Users' adoption of the technology depends
on several factors, particularly how much they trust the automation. One
important, yet understudied factor that may influence trust in automation is
how 'human-like' the interface is, or how anthropomorphic the features of the
computer are. The current study seeks to examine the effect of anthropomorphic
automation on user's trust, compliance, and performance on a challenging
diabetes related decision-making task. We hypothesize that anthropomorphic
automation will engender more social responses (e.g., trust), which would
affect compliance and performance.

%M C.HFES.11.1957
%T Dynamic vs. Static: Age-related Differences in Recognizing Emotive Facial
Expressions in a Virtual Agent
%S Student Forum: SF2 - Emoticons, Trust, and Virtual Agents: Student Research
in Computing Interfaces
%A Smarr, Cory-Ann
%A Fisk, Arthur D.
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1957-1961
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551408
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1957
%X Technological advances will allow virtual agents to increasingly assist
individuals with everyday living tasks. As such, virtual agents will interact
with people of all ages and experiences. Facial expressions are often used to
facilitate social interaction. However, older and younger adults do not label
human (Ruffman et al., 2008) or virtual agent (Beer et al., 2009; 2010) facial
expressions in the same way, with older adults commonly mislabeling certain
expressions. Dynamic formation, or motion, of facial expression may provide
additional facial information potentially making emotions less ambiguous (Bould
& Morris, 2008). This study examined how motion affects younger and older
adults in recognizing emotion displayed by a virtual agent. Participants viewed
videos of the dynamic formation or static pictures of emotive facial
expressions. Older adults were found to better recognize static pictures than
the dynamic formation of emotions. Older adults had lower recognition rates for
anger, fear, happiness, and sadness than younger adults.

%M C.HFES.11.1962
%T Improving Communication of Usability Perceptions: An Analysis of a
Modified-Johari Window as a Tool for Software Designers
%S Student Forum: SF2 - Emoticons, Trust, and Virtual Agents: Student Research
in Computing Interfaces
%A Luong, Mary G.
%A McLaughlin, Anne Collins
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1962-1966
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551409
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1962
%X One of the most difficult problems in usability and user experience has been
to clearly illustrate differences in perceptions between software design teams
and end users of their products. Many strategies are directed at closing this
gap, such as video-taping users unable to perform a function on an interface
and collecting quotes from focus groups and interviews. In the current study we
have created a novel tool to quickly elicit perceptions of usability from
software designers and end users based on the Johari window (Luft, 1984). The
benefit of this technique is a visualization of differences in usability
perceptions and the flexibility to be used in many scenarios; for example, to
elicit inter-team differences in perceptions of usability by the designers
themselves. We will first provide the tool to a design team and group of end
users, then gather feedback from designers about the modified-Johari window's
usefulness and whether they desire to use it in future software development.

%M C.HFES.11.1967
%T Usability and Acceptability of the "Bite Counter" Device
%S Student Forum: SF3 - Human Factors in Health Care: Student Investigations of
Stressors, Comprehension, and Diagnosis
%A Scisco, Jenna L.
%A Muth, Eric R.
%A Dong, Yujie
%A Hoover, Adam W.
%A O'Neil, Patrick
%A Fishel-Brown, Stephanie R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1967-1969
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551410
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1967
%X Obesity, a primary health concern worldwide, results in increased rates of
chronic disease and mortality. Despite an urgent need for creative solutions to
the obesity epidemic, human factors and ergonomics professionals have yet to
apply their skill sets to solving this global problem. The present study
evaluates the "Bite Counter", a wrist-worn device that can detect when an
individual takes a bite of food. The usability and acceptability of the bite
counter will be examined during a weight loss trial. Understanding user
difficulties that lead to decreased user compliance will result in guidelines
for improving future iterations of the device and future weight loss trials
with the Bite Counter.

%M C.HFES.11.1970
%T Stressors in the Pharmacy: An Observational Study of Interruptions
%S Student Forum: SF3 - Human Factors in Health Care: Student Investigations of
Stressors, Comprehension, and Diagnosis
%A Burford, Mary E.
%A Yeck, Alison E.
%A Tucker, Johnny A.
%A Barker, Linsey M.
%A Pasupathy, Kalyan S.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1970-1974
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551411
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1970
%X Errors in the healthcare field are a significant problem. Interruptions
leading to distractions have been identified as an important cause of errors.
Within the pharmacy, interruptions leading to medication errors have received
particular attention. Both external and internal sources can cause
interruptions, which can distract the pharmacists and the technicians from
their tasks. Hence it is important to study interruptions, their types, how
they are caused, where and when they come from, how long they last, and how
pharmacists and technicians feel about them. The objectives of this
observational and survey study were to: 1) classify interruptions based on the
type of interruption and cause, time, location, and duration, 2) identify
differences in interruption types, duration and frequency across days of the
week or time of day, and 3) quantify pharmacist perceptions related to workload
and stressors (e.g. interruptions) in their work environment, through an
employee survey. Results indicate that 64% of interruptions were classified as
incoming phone calls, and the mean duration of interruptions is 1.14 minutes.
Further, pharmacists and technicians differ in their perceptions of workload
and reported top stressors. Analyzing stressors, including interruptions and
their causes, can aid in improving the processes and increasing safety within
the pharmacy.

%M C.HFES.11.1975
%T Older Adults' Comprehension of Probabilistic Risk Expressions in a Vaccine
Information Statement: A Teach-Back Approach
%S Student Forum: SF3 - Human Factors in Health Care: Student Investigations of
Stressors, Comprehension, and Diagnosis
%A Fausset, Cara Bailey
%A Rogers, Wendy A.
%A Fisk, Arthur D.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1975-1979
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551412
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1975
%X The probability of a risk can be expressed in various formats such as
percentages, frequencies, or words. People must be able to understand these
probabilistic risk expressions to make informed decisions about their health.
However, research has shown that people, especially older adults, have
difficulty comprehending probabilities (e.g., Gigerenzer, Gaissmaier,
Kurz-Milcke, Schwartz, & Woloshin, 2007; Kutner, Greenberg, & Baer,
2005; Lipkus, Samsa, & Rimer, 2001). In this study, the relationship
between the probability risk format (frequency, percentage, or words) and how
older adults described and understood the probabilistic information was
examined using a teach-back approach and a recall test. Four females and one
male participated; mean age was 73.2 years (SD=5.2). The results suggest that
people do attend to probabilistic risk information and that presenting risk
probabilities using words or percentages supports comprehension.

%M C.HFES.11.1980
%T Documentation in a Medical Setting: Effects of Technology on Perceived
Quality of Care
%S Student Forum: SF3 - Human Factors in Health Care: Student Investigations of
Stressors, Comprehension, and Diagnosis
%A Olsheski, Julia DeBlasio
%A Walker, Bruce N.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1980-1984
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551413
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1980
%X The authors extend previous findings regarding the social impact of
introducing new documentation technologies to the doctor-patient interaction by
including an age comparison. Participants (including 'young adults' aged 18-39
and 'older adults' aged 62-87) viewed one of several video conditions
portraying a medical interview during which the physician used one of five
documenting methods/devices (nothing, pen and paper, desktop computer, PDA,
wearable computer). After viewing the doctor-patient interaction, participants
completed a series of questionnaires evaluating their general satisfaction with
the quality of care (QoC) delivered during the medical interview. Results show
a significant effect of the documentation method on QoC ratings. Further,
participant responses varied significantly by age group, with younger adults
tending to rate the doctor more favorably. Though advanced technology may
afford the opportunity for better healthcare delivery, there may be a trade-off
with lower levels of patient satisfaction.

%M C.HFES.11.1985
%T Diagnosing HCI Trends of the Last Decade for the Medical Community
%S Student Forum: SF3 - Human Factors in Health Care: Student Investigations of
Stressors, Comprehension, and Diagnosis
%A Decheneaux, Charles
%A McNeil, Mike
%A Mouloua, Mustapha
%A Alicia, Thomas
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1985-1989
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551414
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1985
%X Medicine is a dynamic profession that has progressed as technology has
evolved. The medical community has embraced the technology and utilization has
strengthened the profession. Computers have become an integral part of
medicine. With the integration of medicine and computers, research surrounding
this area has become more prolific. Many papers and presentations regarding the
topic of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in the medical community are
submitted each year to the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society's Annual
Meeting and subsequently published in the proceedings. This paper identifies
the research trends of HCI in the medical community as published in the HFES
proceedings and The British HCI Group since 1999.

%M C.HFES.11.1990
%T An approach for identifying gait events using wavelet denoising technique
and single wireless IMU
%S Student Forum: SF4 - Cutting-Edge Research in Biomechanics and Cognition
%A Soangra, Rahul
%A Lockhart, Thurmon E.
%A Van de Berge, Nathalie
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1990-1994
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551415
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1990
%X A new approach is proposed to identify gait events in non-laboratory
environments with a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) embedded inside
shoe. The aim of our work is to develop a useful clinical tool for monitoring
individuals walking disability and detect specific pathological gait patterns.
Temporal parameters of gait are determined by classification of accelerations
and angular velocities. Wavelets denoising of IMU signals allows for an
important amount of information that is exploited in different manners for
event identification. It was found that wavelet denoising enhanced specific
turning points which could effectively identify gait events. The method is
verified by comparing the results of video-based motion capture system and
force plates as conventional standards. This portable gait-monitoring system
allows for versatile application beyond gait laboratory.

%M C.HFES.11.1995
%T A Bit of Decline: An Information Processing Approach to Complexity and
Performance Loss
%S Student Forum: SF4 - Cutting-Edge Research in Biomechanics and Cognition
%A Gerritsen, David
%A Musters, Adrian
%A Drews, Frank
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 1995-1999
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551416
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/1995
%X Cell phone use while driving has been shown to significantly impair driving
performance. A limitation of current work on driver distraction, however, is
that none of the research has been able to clearly measure the cognitive demand
of the conversation in which a driver engages. Precise measurement of different
levels of cognitive demand will improve our understanding of its impact on
driving performance. Here we describe a study that uses information theory to
quantify information processing in a simple, predictable way, i.e., performance
decline as a function of bits of processing. These data could eventually be
turned into a regressive model which matches performance loss to specific
levels of cognitive demand. The goal of this experiment was to determine the
degree to which performance on a tracking task was compromised when
participants engaged in varying degrees of information processing. First
analyses of the results indicate a significant and predictable impact of
increased information processing demand on tracking performance as demonstrated
by an increase in distance to the tracking target, increased response
formulation, and a decrease in answer accuracy.

%M C.HFES.11.2000
%T Designing for Consistency: Can Interface Consistency Reduce Workload in
Dual-task Situations?
%S Student Forum: SF4 - Cutting-Edge Research in Biomechanics and Cognition
%A Mendel, Jeremy
%A Pak, Richard
%A Drum, Jonathan E.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2000-2004
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551417
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2000
%X In-vehicle electronics systems are generally known to pose a distraction
risk to drivers and machine operators. Distraction effects could be more severe
for heavy machine operators since these vehicles have minimal margins for
error. Designers of in-vehicle systems should consider the interface design to
minimize distraction. This study examined whether interface consistency could
reduce workload in a multitasking situation. We know from previous work that
interface consistency showed positive effects on performance only when the
overall level of cognitive load in the task was high. Another goal of the
current study was to elaborate on this finding by examining how interface
consistency affected performance in a cognitively demanding dual task
situation. In the present study, the group using the inconsistent interface
performed significantly worse only during the dual task portion of the study.
Results support the notion that interface consistency has a significant effect
only when task complexity is sufficiently high. We discuss implications of this
finding along with areas for future research.

%M C.HFES.11.2005
%T The effect of backpack weight and position on subject discomfort and forward
trunk lean for college students
%S Student Forum: SF4 - Cutting-Edge Research in Biomechanics and Cognition
%A Palmer, Kysen
%A Bauer, Denise H.
%A Bowman, Alec
%A Magleby, Justin
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2005-2009
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551418
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2005
%X This survey explored the significance of the factors of backpack weight and
position on the discomfort and forward trunk lean angle. The survey included 10
test subjects, used a local average backpack weight for testing, and a 22
factorial design for the analysis. Photographs were analyzed to determine
forward trunk lean angle and a survey was used to collect discomfort
information. Angle of forward trunk lean was measured from a base angle and the
values varied from 0.95 degrees to 14.98 degrees. The forward trunk lean angle
was not significantly affected by either factor (weight and position). The
discomfort was also a measured variable in this survey and was shown to vary on
a scale of 0 to 10 by up to 3 points at maximum discomfort. The results showed
that discomfort significantly increased due to increased backpack weight as
well as the lowering of the backpack from a standard carrying position.

%M C.HFES.11.2010
%T Limitations and Advantages of Autonomy in Controlling Multiple Systems: an
International View
%S System Development: SD1 - Limitations and Advantages of Autonomy in
Controlling Multiple Systems: An International Perspective
%A Barnes, Michael J.
%A Oron-Gilad, Tal
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2010-2014
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551419
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2010
%X This panel has been designed to discuss future directions in unmanned system
(UMS) and human-robot interaction (HRI) research. It will focus on broad issues
related to controlling multiple UMSs in the military domain from the
perspective of different international studies. The members of this panel have
been chosen specifically for their background and insight into these areas and
it is hoped that their discussion will provide both direction and guidance
necessary to overcome the challenges of UMS integration into military
environments. We will discuss the following future systems (a) Israeli research
on the effects of UMS visualizations from multiple systems for
intelligence-gathering operations by dismounted soldiers (b) Canadian research
conducted on synergy between intelligent agents and war fighters, (c) problems
with autonomy and possible human factors solutions using common interface
solutions being developed by US Navy researchers for surface ship and ground
applications, (d) the use of co-operative cognitive agent technology developed
by the German Bundeswhre University as a middle ground between manual and
autonomous control and (e) US Army research on progressive autonomy.

%M C.HFES.11.2015
%T Updating Human Factors Engineering Guidelines For Conducting Safety Reviews
of Nuclear Power Plants
%S System Development: SD2 - System Development: From Guidelines Through
Assessment
%A O'Hara, John
%A Higgins, James
%A Fleger, Stephen
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2015-2019
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551420
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2015
%X The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the human factors
engineering (HFE) programs of applicants for nuclear power plant construction
permits, operating licenses, standard design certifications, and combined
operating licenses. The purpose of these safety reviews is to help ensure that
personnel performance and reliability are appropriately supported. Detailed
design review procedures and guidance for the evaluations is provided in three
key documents: the Standard Review Plan (NUREG-0800), the HFE Program Review
Model (NUREG-0711), and the Human-System Interface Design Review Guidelines
(NUREG-0700). These documents were last revised in 2007, 2004 and 2002,
respectively. The NRC is committed to the periodic update and improvement of
the guidance to ensure that it remains a state-of-the-art design evaluation
tool. To this end, the NRC is updating its guidance to stay current with recent
research on human performance, advances in HFE methods and tools, and new
technology being employed in plant and control room design. This paper
describes the role of HFE guidelines in the safety review process and the
content of the key HFE guidelines used. Then we will present the methodology
used to develop HFE guidance and update these documents, and describe the
current status of the update program.

%M C.HFES.11.2020
%T Predicting Total System Performance: The Benefit of Integrating Human
Performance Models
%S System Development: SD2 - System Development: From Guidelines Through
Assessment
%A Brett, Bryan E.
%A Rothblum, Anita M.
%A Lyle, William A.
%A Durgavich, Joel
%A Sargent, Michael G.
%A Downer, Kevin F.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2020-2024
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551421
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2020
%X Modeling and simulation (M&S) is a traditional means of analyzing system
alternatives. However, most M&S explicitly simulate only the hardware and
software components of a system and not the human operators. This study looked
at whether explicitly modeling human operators had any impact on estimates of
mission performance. A surveillance mission was simulated using: (1) a
stand-alone system model; and (2) a human performance model integrated with the
system model. These two models gave very different predictions of mission
performance. The case is made that human performance modeling is an essential
component of M&S when the intent is to understand total system performance.

%M C.HFES.11.2025
%T Both Sides of the Coin: Technique for Integrating Human Factors and Systems
Engineering in System Development
%S System Development: SD2 - System Development: From Guidelines Through
Assessment
%A Mitchell, Diane Kuhl
%A Agan, Kevin
%A Samms, Charneta
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2025-2029
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551422
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2025
%X Army analysts have developed an integrated technique for optimum system
design early in the system development cycle called the Human Availability
Technique (HAT). HAT combines a systems engineering technique, the System
Capabilities Analysis Process (SCAP) with a Human Factors Engineering
technique, Cognitive Building Block (CBB) Approach. Analysts implement HAT by
creating human performance models that include both common Soldier functions
from CBB and system capabilities from SCAP. To demonstrate the benefits of this
approach for a complex system, analysts completed a proof-of-concept analysis
with HAT for a conceptual 2-Soldier design utility vehicle. This case study
demonstrated the benefits of including a detailed representation of both
Soldier and system functions in one analysis.

%M C.HFES.11.2030
%T A Scale for Assessing Human Factors Readiness Levels
%S System Development: SD2 - System Development: From Guidelines Through
Assessment
%A Hale, Kelly
%A Fuchs, Sven
%A Carpenter, Angela
%A Stanney, Kay
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2030-2034
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551423
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2030
%X This paper describes a proposed scale of Human Factors Readiness Levels
(HFRL) that provides a method for standardizing Human Factors (HF) readiness
assessment. This scale can be used by HF decision makers in the acquisition,
project management, or implementation phases in conjunction with Technological
Readiness Levels, and includes HF-specific level descriptions and evaluation
requirements. To determine HF readiness, information about the risks,
processes, and quality of conducted R&D with respect to 24 HF study areas
must be gathered. Gathered information is then used to determine individual
HFRL scores for each area, and an overall HFRL for the evaluated system. Using
HFRLs, researchers or decision makers can identify several categories of
research issues. Specifically, an HFRL analysis can help them assess whether HF
R&D resources are optimally allocated, whether HF area interdependencies
are considered, whether gaps in the HF R&D process exist, or whether there
are problems with HF R&D quality. The use of such a process will enable the
standardization of HF R&D metrics across participating organizations to
ensure quality of research, and facilitate sharing HF R&D efforts and
outcomes across agencies.

%M C.HFES.11.2035
%T Human Factors Evaluation of the Advanced Search Boolean Design of the
Dynamic Enterprise Integration Platform (DEIP)
%S System Development: SD2 - System Development: From Guidelines Through
Assessment
%A Moore, Kristin
%A Gomer, Joshua
%A Shumberger, Michael
%A Stiening, John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2035-2039
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551424
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2035
%X Introduction. Due to recent defense information superiority initiatives,
intelligence assets have exponentially increased collection. Under the Maritime
Domain Awareness (MDA) program, the Dynamic Enterprise Integration Platform
(DEIP) has been created to mitigate this data overload and fuse several systems
into a common interface. Practice Innovation. A recent human factors evaluation
revealed concerns with the design of the DEIP Boolean Advanced Search
Functionality. Users of DEIP appear to have difficulty constructing accurate
queries. The goals of this study were to assess the accuracy of DEIP Advanced
Search users and to determine the effectiveness of the addition of visible
Boolean equations in the Advanced Search graphical user interface (GUI) header.
Findings. Overall, expert users were 67% accurate using DEIP Advanced Search.
Further, participants answered 74% of queries correctly without Boolean
equations visible but only 57% correctly with equations visible. Discussion.
Recommendations include additional usability testing, software design changes,
improved feedback, and improved Boolean training.

%M C.HFES.11.2040
%T Human Systems Integration Tradeoff Analyses: Lessons Learned in Support of
Naval Surface Acquisitions
%S System Development: SD3 - Human-Systems Integration Trade-Off Analyses:
Lessons Learned in Support of Naval Surface Acquisitions
%A Holness, Karen S.
%A Shattuck, Nita Lewis
%A Winters, John
%A Pharmer, James A.
%A White, Dennis
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2040-2043
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551425
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2040
%X Human Systems Integration (HSI) utilizes a variety of analysis methods to
evaluate systems with respect to seven key domains: manpower, personnel,
training, human factors engineering, personnel survivability, habitability and
safety & occupational health. A critical part of the "I" in HSI is the
tradeoff analysis where system features and attributes are "traded-off" to
satisfy constraints on system life cycle cost, performance, and
development/delivery schedule. Members of this panel will discuss general HSI
tradeoff lessons learned based on their experiences in support of Naval surface
acquisition programs, focusing on the mechanics of initiating and completing
HSI tradeoff analyses. These experiences include interactions with people and
hardware/software (e.g., data collection, formatting, processing, etc.),
timelines/deadlines to complete analyses and make decisions, and any required
support activities (e.g., meetings, briefings, etc.). Each panelist will share
experiences from the perspective of one of three key acquisition positions for
HSI: Technical Professional, Program Manager, or Support Contractor.

%M C.HFES.11.2044
%T A Baseline Evaluation of Situation Awareness For Electric Power System
Operation Supervisors
%S System Development: SD4 - System Design Concepts and Methods to Support
Cognitive Work
%A Lenox, Michelle M.
%A Connors, Erik S.
%A Endsley, Mica R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2044-2048
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551426
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2044
%X High levels of situation awareness (SA) are critical for successful power
transmission and distribution (T&D) operations. Robust and efficient
operations within power T&D require that system operators maintain high
levels of situation awareness to fully understand the current state of the
complex and dynamically changing power grid system, and to successfully project
future system states in order to respond in a timely manner. This paper
discusses the results of an evaluation study conducted at an electric power
control room facility to form a baseline understanding of the impact that
current control room conditions have on system operator SA. An objective
measure of operator SA was collected during the study through the use of the
Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), which was modified to
accommodate the real-time operational demands of the control room. The study
also gathered subjective SA measures for the system operator position. The
insights gleaned from this analysis can provide guidance when generating
recommendations for modifying or redesigning control center displays to support
operator situation awareness.

%M C.HFES.11.2049
%T Using Genetic Algorithms to Design Optimal Cognitive Work
%S System Development: SD4 - System Design Concepts and Methods to Support
Cognitive Work
%A Hale, Christopher R.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2049-2053
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551427
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2049
%X This paper proposes a method, and associated justification, for the use of
genetic algorithms as a way of optimizing the allocation of functions, levels
of automation, and cognitive work in system design. Genetic algorithms are
useful in finding near-optimal solutions to search problems involving large,
combinatorial spaces with multiple objectives. In attempting to determine the
best combination of functions and levels of automation in joint cognitive
systems, designers typically must consider issues of performance, cost and
operator workload at a minimum. Allocation decisions often are left to the
subjective judgment of cognitive systems engineers, thus introducing biases on
the part of these engineers and uncertainty on the part of the systems
engineering community. We anticipate that the use of genetic algorithms will
mitigate both of these challenges.

%M C.HFES.11.2054
%T Human Factors Hazard Identification: Industrial Testing of the Humhid
Technique and Tool
%S System Development: SD4 - System Design Concepts and Methods to Support
Cognitive Work
%A Hassall, M. E.
%A Sanderson, P. M.
%A Cross, N.
%A James, K.
%A Cameron, I. T.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2054-2058
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551428
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2054
%X HumHID is a hazard identification process that uses cognitive work analysis
techniques and human factors/error taxonomy information to help identify human
related hazards and the possible causes of them so designs can be modified to
mitigate or tolerate such hazards. To facilitate the usability of HumHID, a
software tool was constructed to guide users through the methodology and to
automate otherwise tedious activities. An initial pilot study of the HumHID
method and tool was conducted with industrial personnel on an industry case
study to assess its usability and usefulness prior to conducting a full case
study. The feasibility trial results showed that, with some further
improvements, the method and software tool could help process organisations
identify human factors issues.

%M C.HFES.11.2059
%T Performance-based Adaptive Automation for Supervisory Control
%S System Development: SD4 - System Design Concepts and Methods to Support
Cognitive Work
%A Calhoun, Gloria L.
%A Ward, Victoria B. R.
%A Ruff, Heath A.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2059-2063
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551429
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2059
%X Supervisory control of multiple autonomous vehicles raises many issues
concerning the balance of system autonomy with human interaction for optimal
operator situation awareness and system performance. An unmanned vehicle
simulation designed to manipulate the application of automation was used to
evaluate participants' performance on image analysis tasks under two automation
conditions: static (level of automation remained constant throughout trials)
and adaptive (level of automation adapted as a function of performance on five
types of tasks). The results showed that performance-based adaptation of the
image task autonomy level improved performance on this task, as well as other
tasks. Additionally, participants preferred the adaptive automation condition
and felt that it reduced their cognitive workload and aided performance.
Research issues are identified to further evaluate performance-based adaptation
for supervisory control.

%M C.HFES.11.2064
%T Single versus Dual Video Feed Displays for Dismounted Soldiers: Performance
and Attention Allocation (eye tracking)
%S System Development: SD4 - System Design Concepts and Methods to Support
Cognitive Work
%A Ophir, Ronny
%A Oron-Gilad, Tal
%A Borowsky, Avinoam
%A Parmet, Yisrael
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2064-2068
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551430
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2064
%X Dismounted operational tactics are heavily aided by unmanned vehicles (UVs).
The challenge for the dismounted soldier who receives video feed from UVs lays
in the ability to understand the global situation in the conflict area. A
possible way to enhance soldiers' orientation and awareness is to display
multiple sources of information. This study examined the added value of using
video feeds from aerial and ground vehicles (UAV/UGV) simultaneously relative
to using aerial feed alone. Thirty former infantry soldiers with no experience
using UV video feed participated. Objective mission-related performances and
eye tracking patterns where examined. Results show that performance scores in
both the Identification and Orientation tasks were superior in the combined
interface. In addition, few consistent eye scanning strategies were found, and
generally participants preferred to use the UGV feed video over the UAV feed.

%M C.HFES.11.2069
%T Tools for Battlefield Airmen: Where we've been and where we're going
%S System Development: SD5 - Tools for Battlefield Airmen: Where We've Been and
Where We're Going
%A Ritter, Jill A.
%A Bean, Robert
%A Burnett, Gregory
%A Mieskoski, Randy
%A Finomore, Victor
%A Militello, Laura G.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2069-2072
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551431
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2069
%X Air Force Special Operation Command's Battlefield Airmen (BA) work in
physically and cognitive demanding conditions. They conduct asymmetric and
irregular war operations that require advanced technologies to enhance
situational awareness and battlefield effectiveness. Recent efforts have
focused on providing tools for the Air Force Combat Controllers, one type of
BA. Advances in technology include a wearable computer, advanced targeting
capability, physiological sensors, lightweight power and ergonomically superior
load carriage concepts. This work will be leveraged to expand the scope to
assess the needs of the Pararescue Jumper or PJ. This panel will include a
combination of researchers and operational personnel reviewing previous
successes, outlining the operational challenges of a PJ, painting a vision for
the next phases, and drawing from cognitive research in related settings.

%M C.HFES.11.2073
%T The "Right Stuff" for Testing, Evaluating, and Analyzing Human Performance
%S Test and Evaluation: TE1 - The "Right Stuff" for Testing, Evaluating, and
Analyzing Human Performance
%A Savage-Knepshield, Pamela
%A Jessee, Sage
%A Kozycki, Richard
%A LaFiandra, Michael
%A Mitchell, Diane
%A Scharine, Angelique
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2073-2077
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551432
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2073
%X A great deal of military equipment is ill-fitting, uncomfortable, and
difficult to learn to use, operate, and maintain. For example, Soldiers report
difficulty during vehicle egress and ingress, as well as pain, fatigue and
discomfort from vehicle vibration, seats, restraint systems, and the sheer
weight of their equipment load. They also report that mission critical systems
are located outside their reach and field of view. Clearly, systems exhibiting
these characteristics have not benefited from the incorporation of human
factors/ergonomics or human system integration during their design and
development. The panel, which is comprised of multidisciplinary practitioners
and researchers from the Army Research Laboratory, discusses tools, techniques,
and test environments that they have used to study the effects of military
equipment on Soldier performance. The overall goal of this panel is to
highlight a variety of methods and facilities that they have found useful and
effective early in the design process before software is coded and metal bent.
These panelists have had previous experience in industry, academia, and working
with military services other than the Army, and will draw from their varied
areas of expertise in cognition and biomechanics to reveal critical factors and
insights that are generalizable across a wide range of products and industry
sectors as well as those that warrant further investigation.

%M C.HFES.11.2078
%T Evaluation of Input Devices for Pointing, Dragging and Text Entry Tasks On A
Tracked Vehicle
%S Test and Evaluation: TE2 - Test & Evaluation Lecture Session
%A Hong, Teo Chee
%A Kuan, Ng Aik
%A Kiang, Tan Keng
%A John, Soo Kok Tiong
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2078-2082
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551433
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2078
%X Soldiers in modern military context are often required to sit in front of
workstations and execute time or mission critical commands using computers.
These actions can mostly be broken down into very basic tasks such as pointing,
dragging and text entry which are common tasks related to human interaction
with a graphical user interface (GUI). In addition, many of these operations
are performed in vehicles while on the move. In this study, we conducted
experiments to evaluate the performances of input devices for pointing,
dragging and text entry tasks on a tracked vehicle. The results and findings
are documented in this paper. Results indicate that touchscreen has better
performance for non-precise pointing tasks and the thumbstick performed better
for dragging tasks. The keyboard performed better for text entry tasks.

%M C.HFES.11.2083
%T Mental Workload Modeling in an Integrated Cognitive Architecture
%S Test and Evaluation: TE2 - Test & Evaluation Lecture Session
%A Cao, Shi
%A Liu, Yili
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2083-2087
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551434
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2083
%X Mental workload analysis is an important component in the test and
evaluation of human-machine systems. Existing empirical workload measures have
limited applicability when human-in-the-loop tests are impractical, which
produces the need for theory-based workload modeling and prediction methods.
ACTR-QN is a theory-based integrated cognitive architecture combining the
advantages of Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) and Queueing Network
(QN) architectures. The research reported in this paper proposes and examines a
theory and method for modeling and visualizing mental workload in ACTR-QN.
Validation with an empirical study of a semantic judgment task showed that an
ACTR-QN model produced both performance and mental workload data similar to the
human results. In addition, different components of the multidimensional mental
workload can be visualized with ACTR-QN. Mental workload modeling in ACTR-QN
provides a new tool for human factors evaluation of mental workload.

%M C.HFES.11.2088
%T An Extended User Evaluation of the Apple Inc. iPod Touch to Aid the U.S.
Marine Corps
%S Test and Evaluation: TE2 - Test & Evaluation Lecture Session
%A Squire, Peter
%A Haro, Elizabet
%A Mead, Patrick
%A Schultz, John
%A Adame, Adrian
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2088-2092
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551435
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2088
%X An Extended User Evaluation (EUE) was completed to determine if a handheld
device aided Marines in the performance of their primary occupational duties
while deployed in an operational environment. The focus of the evaluation was
to gather usability insights, under operational conditions, that would
translate into generalized design criteria for future mobile devices. Marines
were provided with iPod touches, or Marine Pods (MPods), with preconfigured
sets of information and tools to be used during in-theater operations. The
evaluation spanned a seven-month deployment and consisted of monthly surveys. A
majority of Marines found the MPod to be a useful resource and tool as a
primary source of information during field operations and a secondary source of
information in shop. Two user categories were identified: informational and
general. Informational users employed the MPods primarily for access to
technical publications to support maintenance operations. General users
primarily employed the MPods for entertainment, note taking, and physical
training.

%M C.HFES.11.2093
%T Design Insights from Observing Student Loan Applicants Correcting their
FAFSAs Online
%S Test and Evaluation: TE2 - Test & Evaluation Lecture Session
%A Becker, Mark
%A Horst, Dick
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2093-2097
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551436
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2093
%X This case study describes an evaluation of the Office of Federal Student
Aid's (FSA's) Corrections on the Web (COTW) process to determine how well it
meets users' needs and to what extent it is usable by its intended audiences.
This process is invoked when submittals of the Free Application for Federal
Student Aid (FAFSA) are detected to contain errors or omissions. The applicant
receives a notice by mail or email and then must log in to the FAFSA Web site,
locate and understand the error messages, and make new entries to correct the
problem(s). To assess the COTW process, we recruited actual FAFSA filers whose
applications had been flagged and observed them in our usability lab as they
attempted to correct their online application. As a result, we delineated
numerous design improvements for the COTW site involving messaging, form
design, and workflow. Having participants approach the test session from the
perspective of their own personal situation and entering actual data into the
live FAFSA Web site provided useful insights which might otherwise not have
been possible had a more traditional methodology been used in which
representative users are given contrived tasks based on stakeholder objectives,
use cases, and heuristic analyses.

%M C.HFES.11.2098
%T Incorporating Human Factors into The Development and Operational Evaluations
of Runway Status Lights
%S Test and Evaluation: TE2 - Test & Evaluation Lecture Session
%A Olszta, Jessica E.
%A Kuffner, Maria Picardi
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2098-2102
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551437
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2098
%X The FAA is sponsoring MIT Lincoln Laboratory to conduct human factors
assessments of a prototype direct warning system aimed at preventing runway
incursions called Runway Status Lights (RWSL). RWSL is comprised of Runway
Entrance Lights (RELs), Takeoff Hold Lights (THLs), Runway Intersection Lights
(RILs), and the enhanced Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (eFAROS), which
provide autonomous information as a back-up to verbal air traffic control
clearances. Human factors assessment has been essential to both the design and
development of RWSL as well as on-going operational evaluations. This safety
system has proven effective when both the technical performance and human
response is correct according to the designated protocol. Since the
commencement of the first field tests of RWSL in 2005, the user outreach,
collection and assessment of feedback, and additional human factors assessment
techniques have been key to the successful operational concept validation.
Specific improvements resulting from system modifications based on human
factors assessment will be discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.2103
%T Human Factors Practitioners: Police or Partners? The Challenges of
Legislating Usability
%S Test and Evaluation: TE3 - Human Factors Practitioners: Police or Partners?
%A Holden, Kritina L.
%A Sandor, Aniko
%A Marks, Allison
%A Meingast, Melissa
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2103-2104
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551438
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2103
%X There is an age-old debate regarding whether human factors/usability
professionals should play the role of police or collaborative team member.
While the prevalent practice is that we avoid the authoritarian role of
"police", two questions remain: 1) is the softer approach really working in
most organizations? and 2) which role will ensure usability when development is
outsourced? This panel will explore usability cultures and challenges in
several different government and industry organizations. Panel members from
NASA will present some advances in developing usability requirements for
verifying contractor products, and will describe recent work to objectify
usability-related characteristics, such as consistency and legibility. Panel
members representing large (Hewlett-Packard) and small (Extreme Networks)
information technology companies will describe their unique challenges and
attempts made toward ensuring usability of their products.

%M C.HFES.11.2105
%T Human Factors Training in Aviation And Healthcare: What We Know Works Best
and How to Put It into Practice
%S Training: T1 - Human Factors Training in Aviation and Health Care: What We
Know Works Best and How to Put It Into Practice
%A Kolbe, Michaela
%A Grote, Gudela
%A Barshi, Immanuel
%A Salas, Eduardo
%A Weinger, Matthew B.
%A Smith-Jentsch, Kimberly
%A Bienefeld, Nadine
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2105-2108
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551439
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2105
%X Human factors and team training is indisputably relevant for specialists
working together in high risk environments such as aviation and healthcare. Due
to structural similarities, Crew Resource Management (CRM) training has been
adapted from aviation and implemented in medical training. However, proof of
its effectiveness remains difficult to obtain even though it is required in
order to A) fully establish and raise acceptance of CRM training in healthcare
and B) further improve the quality of existing training in aviation. Therefore
key factors for team training effectiveness need to be systematically
introduced into CRM training and tested to create new evidence. In this panel
researchers and practitioners from both fields will discuss those factors and
explain how they can be implemented into practice. A special focus will be
given to facilitation, briefing and debriefing, which are training methods that
have demonstrated to significantly increase trainee participation, stimulate
self-reflection and enable skill transfer.

%M C.HFES.11.2109
%T Extreme Teams: Is a Paradigm Shift Required?
%S Training: T2 - Extreme Teams: Is a Paradigm Shift Required?
%A Bedwell, Wendy L.
%A Dietz, Aaron S.
%A Keeton, Kathryn E.
%A Tani, Daniel
%A Goodwin, Gerald
%A Smith-Jentsch, Kimberly
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2109-2112
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551440
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2109
%X As more and more teams begin working in highly dynamic environments where
there are high risks and performance failures can mean disaster, the need for
stretching the science of teams to accommodate these "extreme teams" grows.
Operating in isolated, confined, and/or extreme environments (ICE) demands
effective and efficient team performance. Yet, it is unclear whether the
current science of team performance is enough. In other words, we must consider
whether we are in need of a paradigm shift with regard to teams or whether the
characteristics of these teams is just another moderating variable to consider.
This panel brings together a range of experts in team performance and team
training to debate this very topic and provide insight into the world of
extreme teams.

%M C.HFES.11.2113
%T Once Upon a Time: Behavioral, Affective and Cognitive Effects of
Metaphorical Storytelling as a Training Intervention
%S Training: T3 - Analysis and Application of Training Methods
%A Mancuso, Vincent
%A Parr, Alissa
%A McMillan, Eric
%A Tesler, Rachel
%A McNeese, Michael
%A Hamilton, Katherine
%A Mohammed, Susan
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2113-2117
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551441
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2113
%X In this paper, we describe the creation and experimentation of the effects
of storytelling as a training intervention in an emergency response simulation.
Specifically, the effects of analogous and metaphorical story-telling are
examined within the context of the NeoCITIES 3.1 simulation. Stories were
designed using the concepts of deep structure and surface structure. The
results show no behavioral effects, but affective and cognitive effects were
found. Finally, we address the design of the stories and their impact on
experimental research.

%M C.HFES.11.2118
%T Using Comics as a Transfer Support Tool for Crew Resource Management
Training
%S Training: T3 - Analysis and Application of Training Methods
%A Ritzmann, Sandrina
%A Kluge, Annette
%A Hagemann, Vera
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2118-2122
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551442
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2118
%X Transfer of Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training is an important issue
when determining the effectiveness of CRM, but factors influencing transfer
after training such as supervisor support cannot be easily controlled in the
daily work of airline crews. In this study, a comic-based transfer support tool
for flight attendants was designed and tested. Nineteen flight attendants
received four comics depicting realistic CRM-related incidents following their
initial CRM training in regular intervals. The impact of comics on attitudes,
knowledge, behavior, self-efficacy (SE), and retrospective perceived usefulness
of training was measured and compared against a control group (n = 22). The
comic group showed higher values in SE and retrospective usefulness, but lower
values in mean attitude toward CRM. Results for knowledge and behavior were not
significant. Correlation analyses showed that number of comics read was
associated with higher SE, higher values in retrospective usefulness and
assertive behavior, better knowledge about the aim of CRM and lower values in
attitude toward situation awareness. Comics thus had a positive impact on SE,
but higher SE might have caused a shift towards riskier attitudes (Krueger Jr.
& Dickson, 1994). Further research is needed to determine the effect of
comics on transfer of knowledge and behavior.

%M C.HFES.11.2123
%T Comics as a Cognitive Training Medium for Expert Decision Making
%S Training: T3 - Analysis and Application of Training Methods
%A Nalu, Amber
%A Bliss, James P.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2123-2127
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551443
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2123
%X The purpose of this research was to determine how effective comics are when
used as a cognitive training medium for expert military decision making.
Concepts utilized in comics, such as image schemas, are presented in relation
to trainees' reliance on a universal human language. U.S. Navy submarine
officers, ranks O-1 to O-4, participated in two studies to demonstrate the
effectiveness of comics relative to traditional text based training (Experiment
1) and the relative effectiveness of low, medium, and high-abstract comics
(Experiment 2). Results for Experiments 1 and 2 did not show better decision
making skills or speed after cognitive training using a comic medium than after
using a text-based medium or with levels of symbolic abstraction within comic
presentations. In Experiment 1, the time (seconds) that participants viewed the
comic media was significantly faster than text-based media. With significant
view time results in Experiment 1, participants were twice as fast when viewing
comics as reading text. This result could lead to reduced training time,
optimizing manpower, and cost savings for the military. Future studies are
needed to further assess the use of comics in training in terms of performance
to better understand the implications of the reduced training time such as cost
savings potential.

%M C.HFES.11.2128
%T Adaptive Skill Rehearsal and Experimentation Environment for Battle field
First-Aid Procedure Training
%S Training: T3 - Analysis and Application of Training Methods
%A Godwin, Alex
%A Kilgore, Ryan
%A Kudryavtsev, Dimitry
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2128-2132
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551444
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2128
%X Pictorial mnemonic devices represent a promising approach to improving the
efficiency and efficacy of procedural training in comparison to traditional,
text-based materials. However, simply trading static, textual depictions of
process flows with static, visual depictions will not support the development
of the rich knowledge structures necessary for procedural recall. In this
paper, we describe our ongoing effort to design dynamic, adaptive microgames
for battlefield first-aid training that incorporate pictorial mnemonic devices.
This effort builds upon prior pictorial mnemonic development work to
incorporate structured visual imagery within an adaptive training and
experimentation environment. Examples from the training microgame suite
developed under this effort are presented and a web-based component for
conducting longitudinal training experiments is discussed. This work sets the
stage for a follow-on effort to evaluate the performance benefits of adaptive,
pictorial mnemonic-based training methods in the battlefield first-aid domain.
It is our hope that this example will aid others in the development of
game-based training materials for other procedural skill domains.

%M C.HFES.11.2133
%T Effects of Instructional Strategies within an Instructional Support System
to Improve Knowledge Acquisition and Application
%S Training: T3 - Analysis and Application of Training Methods
%A Vogel-Walcutt, Jennifer J.
%A Marshall, Robyn
%A Schatz, Sae
%A Dolletski-Lazar, Rhianon
%A Nicholson, Denise
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2133-2137
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551445
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2133
%X Simulation based training requires skilled instructors to provide necessary
training. Due to the limited numbers of instructors available, alternative
methods of instruction are being investigated. This study replicated previous
labbased studies of instructional strategies (Metacognitive prompting and
Contrasting Cases) as applied with military personnel, within the Deployable
Virtual Training Environment (DVTE). Participants were randomly assigned to 3
groups, each group receiving either Metacognitive prompts, Contrasting Cases
prompts or no prompts, respectively. Results showed 1) no difference between
groups on declarative knowledge testing, 2) Contrasting Cases prompts scored
highest on procedural knowledge testing, 3) Metacognitive prompts scored
highest on conceptual knowledge testing, and 4) Metacognitive prompts scored
highest on integrated knowledge testing. Recommendations and future research
are discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.2138
%T Investigating the Impact of Training on Transfer: A Meta-Analytic Approach
%S Training: T3 - Analysis and Application of Training Methods
%A Wickens, Chris
%A Hutchins, Shaun
%A Carolan, Tom
%A Cumming, John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2138-2142
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551446
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2138
%X Do training methods differentially impact task performance? This paper
discusses a set of meta-analytic studies being conducted as part of an ongoing
research project to identify evidence-based guidelines for training the complex
cognitive skills involved in technology related task domains. Given an emphasis
on complex cognitive tasks and training transfer, our current focus is on
training methods for effectively managing learner effort and workload during
training. In this paper we identify six prominent training methods and present
a deeper look at the results for two different meta-analysis strategies. Small
to moderate overall beneficial effects were found for three of the six training
strategies (adaptive training, error prevention (training wheels) and
scaffolding). No benefit was found for learner control and exploratory
learning. An overall cost for part task training was associated with its
failure to train a time sharing skill. The modest benefit for error prevention
was amplified for cognitive skills.

%M C.HFES.11.2143
%T Extended Practice in Motor Learning Under Varied Practice Schedules: Effects
of Blocked, Blocked-repeated, and Random Schedules
%S Training: T4 - Training Complex Skills and Improving Training Systems
%A Gane, Brian D.
%A Catrambone, Richard
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2143-2147
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551447
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2143
%X We examine motor learning under different training conditions by
manipulating the order in which participants practice 4 multisegment movement
tasks. We extend previous research on practice schedules by lengthening
acquisition training sessions and evaluating a variant of a blocked schedule
that is appropriate for longer training sessions. We have 2 primary goals: (1)
to characterize if and how practice schedule affects acquisition and retention
with extended practice, and (2) to evaluate a blocked-repeated schedule for
extended practice. We find that with extended practice at the task, practice
schedule effects remain. Acquisition performance continues to suffer under a
random schedule and retention is worse for participants that were trained with
a blocked schedule. Additionally, we find that a blocked-repeated schedule
shows characteristics of both blocked and random schedules: improved
acquisition performance (similar to blocked) and improved retention (similar to
random).

%M C.HFES.11.2148
%T Motor Skill Acquisition in a Virtual Gaming Environment
%S Training: T4 - Training Complex Skills and Improving Training Systems
%A Howie, Nicole
%A Purkayastha, Sagar N.
%A Byrne, Michael D.
%A O'Malley, Marcia K.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2148-2152
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551448
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2148
%X There are many domains that still require use of complex manual control,
despite the general shift in the field toward research on supervisory control.
One of the problems in complex manual control is training; we currently lack
models that can help guide training. The research reported here is part of an
effort to fill that gap. In this study, we used the Neverball video game as a
motor control task and used performance metrics from the game to measure
learning. In addition, we collected motion data to determine what basic
movements correlated with game performance. Subjects showed evidence of
learning in almost all of the performance metrics, which will enable
comparisons with the motion data. The ultimate goal is to use the motion data
to identify basic movements that underlie successful performance to provide as
feedback during training, and hopefully accelerate learning.

%M C.HFES.11.2153
%T A Review of Military Predeployment Stress Tolerance Training
%S Training: T4 - Training Complex Skills and Improving Training Systems
%A Taylor, Andrea H.
%A Schatz, Sae
%A Marino-Carper, Teri L.
%A Carrizales, Michael L.
%A Vogel-Walcutt, Jennifer
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2153-2157
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551449
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2153
%X Stress-induced psychological disorders and related attrition are major
concerns for the U.S. Military. In fact, the Marine Corps has identified
"mental toughness," a construct including psychological resilience, among its
critical competencies. In response to the psychological sequelae of exposure to
stressful and potentially traumatic environments, the Services have recently
implemented programs designed to promote stress tolerance. However, empirical
evidence to support the efficacy of these training efforts is sorely lacking.
As a result, these programs are often disjoint, cross-sectional, and delivered
haphazardly. As a preliminary step toward addressing these issues, this
outlines the efforts currently in use by the armed services, as well as those
recommended by related communities. We present the potential shortcomings of
these contemporary efforts, identify best-of-breed approaches and outcomes, and
recommend next steps to improve resilience training efforts.

%M C.HFES.11.2158
%T Making Teams More Resilient: Effects of Shared Transformational Leadership
Training on Resilience
%S Training: T4 - Training Complex Skills and Improving Training Systems
%A van der Kleij, Rick
%A Molenaar, David
%A Schraagen, Jan Maarten
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2158-2162
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551450
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2158
%X Resilience is of great importance to teams operating in complex
environments, such as command and control teams. Team resilience is the ability
of teams to respond to sudden, unanticipated demands for performance quickly
and with minimum decrement of performance. The objective of this study was to
design and test a training intervention to make teams more resilient. In a
between-subjects design utilizing a sample of 35 three-person teams, two
training manipulations were compared to each other and a control group. Higher
levels of team resilience were found when shared leadership was enforced
through brief training of transformational-leadership behaviors. This study
demonstrated the effectiveness of a relatively small training intervention in
boosting resilience.

%M C.HFES.11.2163
%T Mitigation of System Latency in Next Generation Helmet Mounted Display
Systems (Nghmds)
%S Training: T4 - Training Complex Skills and Improving Training Systems
%A Vincenzi, Dennis A.
%A Deaton, John E.
%A Buker, Timothy J.
%A Blickensderfer, Elizabeth L.
%A Pray, Rick
%A Williams, Barry
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2163-2167
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551451
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2163
%X The ability of helmet mounted display (HMD) systems to increase
effectiveness in operational aircraft has been well documented over the last
several years. Now that advanced aircraft are committed to using HMDs in combat
operations, issues associated with their use in simulators must be addressed. A
major factor associated with the onset of simulator sickness is system latency.
Simulator sickness can be a significant distraction during training and may
result in ineffective training, negative training, reduced user acceptance, and
a reduction in simulator usage. Innovative solutions to address system latency,
as well as many other issues, must be developed so that training can be
optimized. The current project developed a number of innovative strategies that
effectively mitigate both system latency and image alignment error. The
strategies developed include: 1) a customized Kalman predictive filter, 2) a
learning neural network, and 3) "Warper Board" technology. These strategies
operate independently yet in concert to continually sample, compare, and adjust
their outputs to produce the most accurate prediction of future image placement
possible using current available head movement and position data. Experimental
results indicate that effective system latency was reduced up to 90% from the
baseline system state. Implications for training systems and improved training
will be discussed.

%M C.HFES.11.2168
%T Haptic Communication for a 2D Pointing Task in a Virtual Environment
%S Virtual Environments: VE1 - Investigations of Human and System Factors in
Virtual Environments
%A Takac, Boris
%A Chellali, Amine
%A Dumas, Cédric
%A Milleville, Isabelle
%A Grosdemouge, Cristol
%A Cao, Caroline G. L.
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2168-2172
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551452
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2168
%X This paper examines the properties of haptic communication between two human
operators using kinesthetic haptic devices in a collaborative task in a virtual
environment. Twenty subjects, divided into 10 dyads, participated in a 2D
pointing task. Each dyad consisted of a supervisor and an acting agent. The
supervisor's role was to guide the acting agent towards a target in the virtual
environment through either verbal or haptic communication only. Verbal
communication was found to be the most efficient means of communication, but
collaboration was also effective using haptic communication. Several different
haptic communication strategies were observed, all with equal effectiveness as
measured by task completion time. These strategies followed the same pattern as
the verbal strategies. These results suggest that haptic communication in a
virtual environment is possible, allowing for future designs of haptically
enhanced collaborative work in virtual environments.

%M C.HFES.11.2173
%T Distributed Team Performance in a Computer Game: The Implications of Task
Difficulty
%S Virtual Environments: VE1 - Investigations of Human and System Factors in
Virtual Environments
%A Proaps, Alexandra
%A Bliss, James
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2173-2177
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551453
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2173
%X The use of computer game based architectures may help provide a safe,
controlled environment in which geographically dispersed military units can
develop leadership skills while rehearsing a specific task such as search and
rescue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among
task difficulty, team task performance, personality and computer game
experience using a modified version of the popular video game, Half Life
2™. Twenty dyads searched a virtual environment to find a target avatar
while disregarding distractor avatars. Task difficulty was represented by low
or high numbers of distracters. Findings showed that manipulating difficulty in
this way led to differences in search efficiency, but not overall accuracy or
task completion time. Personality and gaming experience did not influence team
performance outcomes as expected. This research suggests researchers and
trainers must act judiciously when modifying game characteristics, such as task
difficulty, to design and implement immersive training programs.

%M C.HFES.11.2178
%T Comparing Active vs. Passive Participation in a Virtual Tour: An Initial
Look at User Attitudes and Preferences
%S Virtual Environments: VE1 - Investigations of Human and System Factors in
Virtual Environments
%A Thiruvengada, Hari
%A Derby, Paul
%A Foslien, Wendy
%A Beane, John
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2178-2182
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551454
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2178
%X In corporate virtual world (VW) demonstrations, it can oftentimes be
difficult to gain the active participation (i.e., first hand interaction) of
all users of the demonstration. Due to the general willingness or ability to
register with VWs (e.g., Second Life®) and self-efficacy associated with
controlling an avatar, many users may be more apt to participate passively
(e.g., watch someone else interact). Therefore, in the present work, we
investigated the differences and similarities in the attitudes between visitors
to a virtual tour, who either actively or passively participated. The results
of the study indicated that large group active participation led to more
confusion and distraction when compared to large group passive participation.
However, passive participants indicated less confidence in their ability to
interact with the tour on their own. This paper concludes with lessons learned
and recommendations for this virtual tour.

%M C.HFES.11.2183
%T An Examination of Flow and Immersion in Games
%S Virtual Environments: VE1 - Investigations of Human and System Factors in
Virtual Environments
%A Procci, Katelyn
%A Bowers, Clint
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2183-2187
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551455
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2183
%X The valid assessment of engagement a player of serious games experiences is
vital if future research is to focus on the role such a state has in improving
learning outcomes. Researchers have attempted to do so by quantifying aspects
of flow and immersion. Both constructs are distinctly defined in the literature
yet feature a great amount of overlap when applied to the gaming domain to the
point where they are often used to describe one-another. This work seeks to
examine the ways in which these two constructs converge when assessed by two
commonly-used measures, the Dispositional Flow State Scale (DFS-2) and the
Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ). Not only did we find a surprising
lack of conceptual overlap between flow and immersion in this domain using
these specific measures, the results suggested that the use of the DFS-2 and
ITQ may not be adequate for use in the gaming domain. This pilot study reveals
the necessity for a line of research further examining these two constructs and
their measurement in gaming.

%M C.HFES.11.2188
%T Use of Neurophysiological Metrics Within a Real and Virtual Perceptual
Skills Task to Assess Virtual Training Environment Fidelity Requirements
%S Virtual Environments: VE1 - Investigations of Human and System Factors in
Virtual Environments
%A Skinner, Anna D.
%A Tan, Veasna
%A Berka, Chris
%B Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting
%D 2011-09-19
%P 2188-2192
%G doi: 10.1177/1071181311551456
%* (c) Copyright 2011 HFES
%W http://pro.sagepub.com/content/55/1/2188
%X Both military and civilian virtual environment (VE) developers are
increasingly looking to cognitive scientists to provide virtual training
platforms to support optimal training effectiveness within significant time and
cost constraints. A need exists for objective and efficient methods of
identifying optimal fidelity characteristics to support transfer of training.
Previous research has demonstrated that brain event-related potentials (ERP's)
are sensitive to slight variations in virtual task environment fidelity, even
in cases in which task performance does not significantly differ. The current
experiment compared physiological and performance data for subjects completing
a real-world perceptual discrimination task, as well as a similarly-structured
VE training task under systematically varied fidelity conditions, in an effort
to characterize the impact of the various conditions. Significant differences
were found for task condition (real world versus virtual, as well as visual
stimulus parameters within each condition), within both the performance and
physiological data.