| Cloud computing and equal access for all | | BIBA | Full-Text | 1-4 | |
| T. V. Raman | |||
| Web-2.0 applications use the Web as a platform for delivering end-user
applications. This transformation has a profound impact on how applications are
authored, deployed and consumed. Software applications in this environment are
no longer monolithic -- instead, they are naturally separated into distributed
components that implement application and interaction logic. The application
logic along with user data resides in the network cloud; the user interface
made up of presentation and interaction logic is delivered in a form best
suited to the user's needs, e.g., via a universal client such as a Web browser.
The advantages of this usage/delivery model for mainstream users has been widely explored in the last 18 months. This keynote focuses on the impact of this transformation on users with special needs. Today, the potential for universal access presented by applications delivered via the Web remains largely unrealized. This is partly due to the impedance mismatch that results from trying to treat interactive Web applications as static Web documents. Eliminating this impedance mismatch requires innovation at all levels of the technology stack with respect to: * How Web applications are authored and deployed, * How Web applications are consumed, * How Web interaction is augmented by adaptive technologies. This keynote will describe some of these challenges and the accompanying opportunities. | |||
| The impact of accessibility assessment in macro scale universal usability studies of the web | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 5-14 | |
| Rui Lopes; Luís Carriço | |||
| This paper presents a modelling framework, Web Interaction Environments, to
express the synergies and differences of audiences, in order to study universal
usability of the Web. Based on this framework, we have expressed the implicit
model of WCAG and developed an experimental study to assess the Web
accessibility quality of Wikipedia at a macro scale. This has resulted on
finding out that template mechanisms such as those provided by Wikipedia lower
the burden of producing accessible contents, but provide no guarantee that
hyperlinking to external websites maintain accessibility quality. We discuss
the black-boxed nature of guidelines such as WCAG and how formalising audiences
helps leveraging universal usability studies of the Web at macro scales. Keywords: WIE, audience modelling, universal usability, web interaction environments | |||
| Is Wikipedia usable for the blind? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 15-22 | |
| Marina Buzzi; Barbara Leporini | |||
| Today wikis are becoming increasingly widespread, and offer great benefits
in a variety of collaborative environments. Therefore, to be universally
valuable, wiki systems should be easy to use for anyone, regardless of ability.
This paper describes obstacles that a blind user may encounter when interacting
via screen reader with Wikipedia, and offers some suggestions for improving
usability. Keywords: accessibility, blind, elearning, usability, wiki | |||
| The accessibility kit for SharePoint: a community-based approach to web accessibility | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 23-26 | |
| Robert B. Yonaitis; Dana Louise Simberkoff; Kurt A. Mueffelmann; Cynthia Shelly | |||
| Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) is an integrated suite of
server capabilities that can help improve organizational effectiveness by
providing comprehensive content management and enterprise search, accelerating
shared business processes, and facilitating information-sharing across
boundaries for better business insight.
The Accessibility Kit for SharePoint (AKS) is an add-on pack for Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 that provides accessibility and usability enhancements for SharePoint. This development effort was broken into two parts (a) standing up a more accessible web-site in an effort to accelerate the process of building accessible Web sites in SharePoint in accordance with the WCAG 1.0 AA guidelines and (b) enhancing the accessibility of the collaborative environment within SharePoint, including blogs and Wikis, to meet the guidelines in a similar fashion. The AKS is developed by HiSoftware in collaboration with and on behalf of Microsoft. The product was designed to be partner-led to allow the partners specific examples through the use of best practices and documentation. As part of the project, Microsoft and HiSoftware are co-hosting and nurturing an AKS Community. The AKS Community site allows Microsoft Partners, customers and stakeholders to engage in dialogue with each other and Microsoft about Accessibility best practices, lessons learned challenges and successes. This community-based approach to accessibility has generated a great deal of enthusiasm, including approximately 1000 downloads in the first month and 150 organizations joining the community. This community approach to accessibility for a particular authoring environment has applicability to the broader field of web accessibility. Keywords: SharePoint, accessibility, best practices, collaboration, community,
extensible | |||
| The CISNA model of accessible adaptive hypermedia | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 27-36 | |
| Robert Dodd; Dr. Steve Green; Dr. Elaine Pearson | |||
| With the growth of script-intensive web pages, particularly those using AJAX
technology, the adaptation of Web content to match the needs and capabilities
of individual users has become increasingly problematic. New versions of
well-known websites, including for example Google Suggest, which is an AJAX
driven variant of their standard search page, are now largely opaque to screen
reading technology such as Jaws. Taken together with the trend to surf the Web
on small hand-held devices, which causes its own accessibility problems, a new
approach to expressing heavily scripted content is needed. This research
returns to first principals, and considers the underlying Dexter Model of
Hypertext, and how that may be placed within a broader model of document
content that is amenable to adaptation of content to user needs either through
configuration, or through dynamic self-adaptation. The model proposed considers
a document in terms of five individual abstractions: content, inventory,
semantics, navigation, and adaptation. A simple (fully working) example, taken
from a small fragment of Google Maps, is presented to demonstrate how such a
model may operate in practice, adapting between two different user profiles on
demand. Keywords: Dexter model, abstract user interface, hypermedia, hypertext | |||
| A syntactic analysis of accessibility to a corpus of statistical graphs | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 37-44 | |
| Leo Ferres; Petro Verkhogliad; Livia Sumegi; Louis Boucher; Martin Lachance; Gitte Lindgaard | |||
| Designing graphs and charts visually by means of graphing applications such
as OpenOffice or MS Excel is extremely efficient and cost-effective. However,
one of the drawbacks of such approach is that graphs are sometimes
involuntarily made less accessible by, for instance, using a text box as title.
In this paper we evaluate a corpus of 120 ecologically-valid statistical graphs
for accessibility problems, discuss possible algorithms to solve these problems
and finally propose the OM (Object Model) Principle, which states that any
digital object is made more accessible by simply using the application's model
for that object: for instance, the TITLE field for the title text. Keywords: accessibility (blind and visually impaired), knowledge representation,
statistical graphs | |||
| A web compliance engineering framework to support the development of accessible rich internet applications | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 45-49 | |
| Carlos A Velasco; Dimitar Denev; Dirk Stegemann; Yehya Mohamad | |||
| Web Compliance Engineering is a new field within Web Engineering that deals
with the increasing complexity of Internet applications, the wide variety of
mobile devices, the richer user interfaces coming out of Web 2.0 and the
quality assurance processes for non-uniform policy environments worldwide.
Considering these issues from the perspective of Web accessibility, the borders
of its traditional components [6] are blurred as users become content
providers. We present in this paper a Web compliance framework developed to
support both users and application developers to create accessible content for
Rich Internet Applications. This framework is an evolution of traditional
evaluation tools aimed at supporting compliance as a quality process, which
ensures its successful implementation in production environments. Keywords: EARL, compliance, imergo, rich internet applications, semantic web, software
engineering, web accessibility, web compliance engineering | |||
| Grouping hyperlinks for improved voice/mobile accessibility | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 50-53 | |
| Alex Penev; Raymond K. Wong | |||
| The majority of websites focus on the presentation of content as opposed to
meeting standards or accessibility requirements. Accessibility is important for
the future of the web: sites that are easier to use on a wider range of devices
will likely attract more traffic. A factor guiding the evaluation of
accessibility is how easy it is to find something on a page.
We propose an on-demand automatic clustering of a page's hyperlinks to help a blind user locate a desired link quickly. Clustering related links into cohesive groups allows users to focus attention on a subset of content. Another application is to help create portal pages for hand-held mobile devices. Keywords: accessibility, clustering, links, metadata, web | |||
| AxsJAX: a talking translation bot using google IM: bringing web-2.0 applications to life | | BIBA | Full-Text | 54-56 | |
| Charles L. Chen; T. V. Raman | |||
| Web-2.0 applications turn static Web documents into dynamic user interfaces.
They epitomize the final realization of the vision "The Document Is The
Interface!". This transition from static Web pages to interactive Web
applications also requires the introduction of a fresh set of innovations to
how such applications are accessed in conjunction with adaptive technologies.
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) breathes life into static Web pages. ARIA live regions helps bring such interaction to life when used in conjunction with adaptive technologies such as screenreaders and self-voicing browsers. This paper introduces the motivation behind live regions in ARIA, and describes how this support can be used to enhance the user interaction provided by Google Talk -- an instant-messaging client that is integrated into the GMail Web interface. We describe the interaction model as it is surfaced to the end-user, and show how the introduction of live regions makes all aspects of the resulting UI usable with adaptive technologies. Web-2.0 applications -- especially mashups -- excel at creating end-user solutions that are greater than the sum of their individual building blocks. We demonstrate this by bringing together Google Talk, Live Regions and Natural Language translation by demonstrating a multi-lingual talking translation interface that is the result of speech-enabling these applications using the Google AxsJAX framework. | |||
| MokE: a tool for Mobile-ok evaluation of web content | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 57-64 | |
| John Garofalakis; Vassilios Stefanis | |||
| The ever-growing corpus of web content is now accessible from mobile
devices. But is web content ready for mobile access? Which characteristics
provide an acceptable user experience when using a mobile device? Based on
W3C's MobileOK best practices and tests we present MokE (Mobile OK Evaluator),
a tool that helps creators of web content, webmasters and site administrators
to evaluate how a mobile user will experience browsing of their content. By
making use of W3C's basic tests this tool is comprised of a set of modules that
crawl a web site, analyze its content (including a hidden web capability) and
provide an evaluation of its appropriateness for mobile access. Keywords: crawlers, hidden web, mobile best practices, mobile ok tests, mobile web | |||
| Evaluating web accessibility for specific mobile devices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 65-72 | |
| Markel Vigo; Amaia Aizpurua; Myriam Arrue; Julio Abascal | |||
| This paper presents a tool for evaluating web accessibility for mobile
devices regardless their software, hardware or user agent characteristics.
Taking the mobileOK Basic tests by the W3C as a basis, these tests are extended
so that device characteristics can be considered in the evaluation process. A
sound tool that takes into account these extended tests has been developed.
Device features of a given device are retrieved from heterogeneous device
description repositories and CC/PP based profiles are automatically generated.
Based on these profiles, evaluation queries are dynamically created obtaining
device-tailored evaluation reports. Finally, in order to demonstrate the
feasibility of the tool, a case study has been conducted concluding that the
tool reduces the number of false positives and false negatives. Keywords: device-tailored evaluations, mobile web, web accessibility | |||
| WebAnywhere: a screen reader on-the-go | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 73-82 | |
| Jeffrey P. Bigham; Craig M. Prince; Richard E. Ladner | |||
| People often use computers other than their own to access web content, but
blind users are restricted to using only computers equipped with expensive,
special-purpose screen reading programs that they use to access the web.
Web-Anywhere is a web-based, self-voicing web browser that enables blind web
users to access the web from almost any computer that can produce sound without
installing new software. The system could serve as a convenient, low-cost
solution for blind users on-the-go, for blind users unable to afford a full
screen reader and for web developers targeting accessible design. This paper
overviews existing solutions for mobile web access for blind users and presents
the design of the WebAnywhere system. WebAnywhere generates speech remotely and
uses prefetching strategies designed to reduce perceived latency. A user
evaluation of the system is presented showing that blind users can use
Web-Anywhere to complete tasks representative of what users might want to
complete on computers that are not their own. A survey of public computer
terminals shows that WebAnywhere can run on most. Keywords: WebAnywhere, blind users, screen reader, web accessibility | |||
| Towards bridging the accessibility needs of people with disabilities and the ageing community | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 83-86 | |
| Shadi Abou-Zahra; Judy Brewer; Andrew Arch | |||
| This communication paper introduces the "Web Accessibility Initiative:
Ageing Education and Harmonisation" (WAI-AGE) project, a World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) project. It is funded by
the European Commission under its 6th Framework Programme (FP6) of the
Information Society Technologies (IST), and includes activities to: better
understand the needs of the ageing community in the context of existing Web
accessibility guidelines; work with the ageing community to obtain more direct
input and contribution into the development of solutions and strategies for Web
accessibility; revise existing and develop new educational materials to better
reflect the accessibility needs of the ageing community on the Web; and to
pursue standards coordination and harmonisation to promote the adoption and
implementation of a common set of Web accessibility guidelines. This paper
delivers some insights on the current progress of the project, and describes
some of the expected outcomes. This paper also highlights some of the
opportunities for researchers, experts, developers, industry, and users to
contribute to the outcomes of the project. Keywords: accessibility, ageing, aging, design for all, elderly, older people, people
with disabilities, web, web accessibility | |||
| A survey on the accessibility awareness of people involved in web development projects in Brazil | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 87-96 | |
| Andre P. Freire; Cibele M. Russo; Renata P. M. Fortes | |||
| Accessibility has become a very important issue to promote inclusion in the
Information Society, and people involved in Web development projects have a
very important role to contribute with the development of a more inclusive Web.
In this paper, we propose an investigation on the accessibility awareness of
people involved in Web development in Brazil. We have conducted the research by
means of an exploratory survey with a Web based questionnaire and a sample with
subjects from academy, industry and government. The study had 613 valid answers
and involved representatives from all of the 27 states of Brazil. The results
show that accessibility is still far from being actually considered in Web
development projects in Brazil, as only 19.9% of the participants have stated
that accessibility is considered in their projects. The lack of education on
accessibility, as well as the poor spread of the Brazilian accessibility law
are important issues to be dealt with to boost a stronger accessibility
awareness among people involved in Web development. Keywords: developers, perception, survey, web accessibility | |||
| Thailand's national digital divide strategic framework | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 97-100 | |
| Proadpran Punyabukkana; Suchai Thanawastien; Ajin Jirachiefpattana | |||
| Thailand's IT2002 framework calls for the creation of knowledge economy
under the equality of all aspects in society as demanded by the constitution.
In so doing, it is imperative that the digital divide must be bridged. This
necessitates the formulation of the "Digital Divide Strategic Framework" which
is in-line with the National Economic Development Plan 2007-2011 and supports
the implementation of the Quality of Life for Disabilities Act 2007. The
Digital Divide Strategic Framework will address mainly the issue of Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility for the poor, the disabled and
the senior citizens. This strategic plan is designed with implementation in
mind in which a total of 16 projects will be implemented over a period of three
years from 2008-2010. Keywords: accessibility policy, assistive technology, digital divide, strategic plan,
web accessibility | |||
| Enabling access to geo-referenced information: Atlas.txt | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 101-104 | |
| Kavita E. Thomas; Livia Sumegi; Leo Ferres; Somayajulu Sripada | |||
| We present Atlas.txt, a novel data-to-text natural language generation
system which enables access to geo-referenced information like online census
data. We first discuss initial findings from an accessibility study on
geo-referenced data and outline needs requirements for visually-impaired users
of such data. We then present work towards realising our data-to-text system
and indicate how it aims to address this issue. Keywords: geo-referenced data, visually-impaired access | |||
| An accessibility evaluation platform: borrowing from web 2.0 | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 105-108 | |
| Yui-Liang Chen; Gina Lin | |||
| There are limitations when it comes to promoting increased Internet access
to the wider population in Taiwan, mainly because efforts are centered on
government-led initiatives that are guided by a Web Accessibility policy. These
include the establishment of a call center to handle both technical and
administrative issues; creation of a validation toolset, known as 'Freego', to
detect violation of Web Accessibility guidelines; the provision of services to
support Accessibility Conformances; evaluation reports of websites conducted
via automated and human reviews; and progress reports that monitor compliance
with Web Accessibility guidelines. The Research, Development & Evaluation
Commission (RDEC) has been established as an agency of the Executive Yuan of
Taiwan, and is responsible for the administration of a Web Accessibility
policy.
An Accessibility Evaluation platform, based on ideas taken from Web 2.0, is therefore proposed in this paper in order to leverage these public sector initiatives, as well as to allow for contributions from the wider, interested community. This platform borrows from concepts such as social learning theory (SLS) and social networking service (SNS), which demonstrate that increased social interaction and networking enables people to learn more and to utilize Internet resources more often and productively. Increased Internet accessibility overcomes the challenges of longdistance communication and allows for the maintenance of new and existing relationships, which has societal, as well as individual, benefits. The proposed platform framework is based upon front-end and back-end interfaces, which incorporate user and administrator functions that implement accessibility policies. This should enable a wider participation from the community in the accessibility evaluation process, and allow for a wider dissertation of community experience and knowledge. Keywords: accessibility, accessibility evaluation platform, accessible evaluation, web
2.0 | |||
| WCAG 2.0: a web accessibility standard for the evolving web | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 109-115 | |
| Loretta Guarino Reid; Andi Snow-Weaver | |||
| Since the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG) became a W3C
recommendation in May 1999, the Web has changed dramatically. This paper
describes some of the major issues encountered because of these changes and the
approaches developed to address them in WCAG 2.0. Keywords: WCAG, accessibility | |||
| E-learning 2.0: you are We-LCoME! | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 116-125 | |
| Stefano Ferretti; Silvia Mirri; Ludovico Antonio Muratori; Marco Roccetti; Paola Salomoni | |||
| The Internet is turning into a participating community where consumers and
producers of resources merge into "prosumers", dialectically sharing their
knowledge, their interests and needs. This Web 2.0 archetype is now strongly
impacting on e-learning methodologies and technologies, by enforcing the
participation of students in creating and sharing materials and resources.
Overcoming latent alarms introduced by the coming out of new complex tools,
e-learning 2.0 represents a new challenge for accessibility. The production of
accessible contents can now be turned from an impossible mission centrally
managed by teachers and institutions to a joint work of people improving
learning materials.
In this context, we present an e-learning 2.0 tool, designed and developed to support users in editing educational resources and compounding multimedia contents through a collaborative work. Starting from a multimedia resource provided by the lecturer, an entire community can contribute in adding alternative contents and views, creating a multidimensional information structure. The resulting enriched resource can be tailored to a specific user by resorting to automatic adaptation mechanisms. This system can be used to transform the content production workflow, involving all the different actors (lecturers, learning technologists, student support services, staff developers and students) playing a role in improving accessibility and, more generally, effectiveness of learning materials. Keywords: E-learning 2.0, accessibility, multimedia editing, web 2.0 | |||
| Accessible blog posts with windows live writer | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 126-127 | |
| Cynthia Shelly; Becky Pezely | |||
| Windows Live Writer is a desktop application for publishing to blogs. This
paper demonstrates the ways in which Writer enables blog authors to publish
accessible HTML to blogs without extra effort, knowledge of HTML or awareness
of accessibility. Keywords: accessibility, blogs, microsoft, publishing, web, windows live, writer | |||
| The SADIe transcoding platform | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 128-129 | |
| Darren Lunn; Sean Bechhofer; Simon Harper | |||
| The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system
that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses
this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to explicate implicit visual
structures through a combination of an upper and lower ontology. By identifying
elements within the Web page, in addition to the role that those elements play,
accurate transcoding can be applied to a diverse range of Websites. Keywords: VI users, accessibility, transcoding, world wide web | |||
| Towards one world web with HearSay3 | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 130-131 | |
| Yevgen Borodin; Jeffrey P. Bigham; Amanda Stent; I. V. Ramakrishnan | |||
| In this paper, we present the key functionalities of HearSay 3, a non-visual
web browser designed with the goal of improving web accessibility across the
world. The featured functionalities include transparent support for multiple
languages, collaborative labeling that harnesses the power of the social web,
and a usable interface for handling dynamic web content. Keywords: HearSay, blind users, collaborative accessibility, dynamic content,
multilingual browser, screen reader, web browser | |||
| WebAnywhere: a screen reading interface for the web on any computer | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 132-133 | |
| Jeffrey P. Bigham; Craig M. Prince; Sangyun Hahn; Richard E. Ladner | |||
| Fulfilling the promise of a web-enabled global community means enabling
blind web users to access their information and collaborative web services
wherever they happen to be on whatever computer to which they happen to have
access. Whether they're checking their email at a local internet café,
using an airport kiosk to connect with a new business contact on a social
networking site, or collaboratively editing a document in a hotel business
center, blind web users need to stay connected to be successful. While
web-enabled computers are everywhere, screen readers are installed on very few.
Downloading and installing new software can take a long time and is difficult
without a screen reading interface, and many will not allow users to download
and install new software at all. Accessible mobile devices are prohibitively
expensive. WebAnywhere is a free screen-reading web application capable of
making the web accessible to blind users on any web-enabled computer or device,
regardless of platform or browser used, without installing new software. Keywords: blind users, screen reader, web accessibility | |||
| A web design framework for improved accessibility for people with disabilities (WDFAD) | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 134-140 | |
| Rehema Baguma; Jude T. Lubega | |||
| Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as the World Wide Web
(WWW) has increasingly become embedded in everyday life and is progressively
becoming indispensable for public, business, personal efficiency or even
improvement of livelihoods [1]. Web users including People with Disabilities
(PWDs) can conveniently undertake a number of tasks that would otherwise be
difficult or impossible. But many Web applications such as e-learning,
e-commerce and e-government are not accessible to PWDs including the blind.
Through Web accessibility guidelines, Web developers can develop Web
applications that are accessible to PWDs. However, majority of the available
accessibility guidelines are difficult to integrate into existing developer
workflows and rarely offer specific suggestions that are developer oriented. In
this paper, we propose a Web Design Framework for Improved Accessibility for
People with Disabilities (WDFAD). The WDFAD provides precise guidelines on how
to develop Web applications that are accessible to PWDs particularly the blind.
These are packaged according to the three components of Web applications
namely; content, navigation and user interface. Using constructs of the Non
Functional Requirements (NFR) Framework, Web accessibility design objectives
are represented as primary goals and sub goals. The primary goals represent the
high level accessibility design objectives, while the sub goals represent the
requirements that need to be met in the Web development process in order to
meet each primary goal. WDFAD also illustrates the overlaps between the process
of meeting each primary goal. This unveils the optimal ways of achieving Web
accessibility during Web design. The precise nature of WDFAD and its packaging
according to the main components of Web applications makes Web accessibility
requirements potentially easier to understand and apply by Web developers. Web
Developers prefer precise and familiar tools due to their busy work life and
daily interface and expression in formal instructions. In addition, the global
versus local classification of Web accessibility requirements in WDFAD
modularizes the web accessibility guidelines hence making them easier to
understand, apply and update. Keywords: blind, people with disabilities, requirements, web accessibility, web design
framework | |||
| One world, one web ... but great diversity | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 141-147 | |
| Brian Kelly; Liddy Nevile; E. A. Draffan; Sotiris Fanou | |||
| The mantra "One World, One Web" has a strong appeal to Web developers. They
think of it as a design philosophy based on use of internationally agreed open
standards for providing universal access to networked resources and services
available on the World Wide Web. But does the available evidence show that
practices match this philosophy? How would such an approach work in a Web 2.0
environment in which users may be authors of content?
This paper reviews the limitations of the dependence on a single WAI model and WCAG 1.0 guidelines. It describes a holistic approach to Web accessibility that has been discussed previously. There are additional complexities of accessibility in a Web 2.0 environment, in which not only can readers be creators of Web resources in a variety of formats, but also content can be surfaced in a variety of ways, addressed in this paper. The authors describe how the holistic model, initially developed to support the development of accessible e-learning in a Web 2.0 context, is well-suited for a Web 2.0 environment. The paper provides a case study to illustrate how this holistic approach can be applied in the development of Web resources for users with learning difficulties. The paper concludes by arguing that future work to enhance the accessibility of Web services should focus on the development and commissioning processes rather than continue the current narrow emphasis on the compliance with universal accessibility guidelines of the digital resources themselves, independently of the context of their use. Finally, the paper refers to two new developments that support the wider focus, providing for individual user-centred accessibility with descriptions of resources and components enabling adaptation of resources to individual needs and preferences. Keywords: AccessforAll, WAI, WCAG, guidelines, metadata, methodologies, people with
disabilities, web accessibility | |||