| Evaluation of Hypermedia Application Development and Management Systems | | BIBAK | PDF | 1-10 | |
| S. P. Christodoulou; G. D. Styliaras; T. S. Papatheodrou | |||
| In this paper we propose and study a framework for evaluating Hypermedia
Application Development and Management Systems (HADMS) in relation to specific
application requirements. We address the need for HADMS capable to efficiently
support the main users involved in the life cycle of hypermedia applications,
namely designers, programmers/implementers, authors/administrators and
end-users. A HADMS consists of a hypermedia application development and
management methodology and the respective environment. In this work, we
propose and classify a set of evaluation criteria. These are mainly imposed by
real life development and the need to support forthcoming, or next generation,
features for hypermedia applications. We also introduce a simple framework for
a comparative evaluation of HADMS. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of the
criteria and the framework proposed, for the case of three real-life
applications. A representative set of seven HADMS is selected and the
evaluation of these systems is carried out, leading to some useful conclusions
and suggestions for future work. Keywords: Hypermedia application development systems, Evaluation framework, Criteria,
Methodology, Hypermedia design, Hypermedia systems, WWW | |||
| Pushing Reuse in Hypermedia Design: Golden Rules, Design Patterns and Constructive Templates | | BIBAK | PDF | 11-20 | |
| Marc Nanard; Jocelyne Nanard; Paul Kahn | |||
| Reuse is increasingly strategic for reducing cost and improving quality of
hypermedia design and development. In this paper, based on the design and
development of a real hypermedia application, we classify and explore different
types of reuse in hypermedia design. We show how constructive templates
constitute a practical technique for capturing the specification of reusable
structures and components and enabling the automation of the production
process. We also discuss connections between constructive templates and design
patterns. Keywords: Hypermedia design, Golden rules, Design patterns, Templates, Reuse,
Hypermedia generation | |||
| Patterns of Hypertext | | BIBAK | PDF | 21-29 | |
| Mark Bernstein | |||
| The apparent unruliness of contemporary hypertexts arises, in part, from our
lack of a vocabulary to describe hypertext structures. From observation of a
variety of actual hypertexts, we identify a variety of common structural
patterns that may prove useful for description, analysis, and perhaps for
design of complex hypertexts. These patterns include:
Cycle Counterpoint Mirrorworld Tangle Sieve Montage Split/Join Missing Link Feint Keywords: Design, Patterns, Pattern languages, Rhetoric, Hypertext structure,
Criticism, Navigation | |||
| Linking by Inking: Trailblazing in a Paper-Like Hypertext | | BIBAK | PDF | 30-39 | |
| Morgan N. Price; Gene Golovchinsky; Bill N. Schilit | |||
| "Linking by inking" is a new interface for reader-directed link construction
that bridges reading and browsing activities. We are developing linking by
inking in XLibris, a hypertext system based on the paper document metaphor.
Readers use a pen computer to annotate page images with free-form ink, much as
they would on paper, and the computer constructs hypertext links based on the
ink marks. This paper proposes two kinds of reader-directed links: automatic
and manual. Automatic links are created in response to readers' annotations.
The system extracts the text near free-form ink marks, uses these terms to
construct queries, executes queries against a collection of documents, and
unobtrusively displays links to related documents in the margin or as "further
reading lists." We also present a design for manual (ad hoc) linking: circling
an ink symbol generates a multi-way link to other instances of the same symbol. Keywords: Dynamic hypertext, Information retrieval, Paper-like user interface, Pen
computing, Document metaphor, Digital ink | |||
| Toward an Ecology of Hypertext Annotation | | BIBAK | PDF | 40-49 | |
| Catherine C. Marshall | |||
| Annotation is a key way in which hypertexts grow and increase in value.
This paper first characterizes annotation according to a set of dimensions to
situate a long-term study of a community of annotators. Then, using the
results of the study, the paper explores the implications of annotative
practice for hypertext concepts and for the development of an ecology of
hypertext annotation, in which consensus creates a reading structure from an
authorial structure. Keywords: Annotation, Study, Spatial hypertext, Reading-oriented systems, Consensus | |||
| Fluid Links for Informed and Incremental Link Transitions | | BIBAK | PDF | 50-57 | |
| Polle T. Zellweger; Bay-Wei Chang; Jock D. Mackinlay | |||
| We have developed a novel user interface technique for hypertext, called
fluid links, that has several advantages over current methods. Fluid links
provide additional information at a link source to support readers in choosing
among links and understanding the structure of a hypertext. Fluid links
present this information in a convenient location that does not obscure the
content or layout of the source material. The technique uses
perceptually-based animation to provide a natural and lightweight feeling to
readers. In their richer forms, fluid links can provide a novel hypertext
navigation paradigm that blurs the boundaries of hypertext nodes and can allow
readers to fluidly control the focus on the material to support their current
reading goals. Keywords: Fluid UI, Fluid links, Hypertext navigation paradigms, Rhetoric of
departure, Scent, User interface, Animation | |||
| Graphical Multiscale Web Histories: A Study of PadPrints | | BIBAK | PDF | 58-65 | |
| Ron R. Hightower; Laura T. Ring; Jonathan I. Helfman; Benjamin B. Bederson; James D. Hollan | |||
| We have implemented a browser companion called PadPrints that dynamically
builds a graphical history-map of visited web pages. PadPrints relies on
Pad++, a zooming user interface (ZUI) development substrate, to display the
history-map using minimal screen space. PadPrints functions in conjunction
with a traditional web browser but without requiring any browser modifications.
We performed two usability studies of PadPrints. The first addressed general navigation effectiveness. The second focused on history-related aspects of navigation. In tasks requiring returns to prior pages, users of PadPrints completed tasks in 61.2% of the time required by users of the same browser without PadPrints. We also observed significant decreases in the number of pages accessed when using PadPrints. Users found browsing with PadPrints more satisfying than using Netscape alone. Keywords: World Wide Web, Web navigation, Web browser, Usability, Pad++, Zooming user
interface (ZUI), Hypertext, Multiscale interfaces, Information visualization | |||
| MAPA: A System for Inducing and Visualizing Hierarchy in Websites | | BIBAK | PDF | 66-76 | |
| David Durand; Paul Kahn | |||
| The MAPA system provides improved navigation facilities for large web sites.
It extracts a hierarchical structure from an arbitrary web site, with no or
minimal human assistance, and creates an interactive map of that site that can
be used for orientation and navigation. MAPA is designed and most useful for
large web sites of from 500 to 50,000 pages. We present an overview of the
mapping problem, with a list of 10 important user facilities that maps can
offer. Then we describe how the MAPA system analyzes the link structure of a
site, and provides effective aids for the navigation of large hypertexts. We
also compare MAPA with a number of other web-mapping systems, and conclude with
a review of how MAPA stands with respect to our wish-list of map features. Keywords: Hypertext interfaces, Structural analysis, Hierarchical organization, WWW,
Web mapping, Data visualization | |||
| From Latent Semantics to Spatial Hypertext -- An Integrated Approach | | BIBAK | PDF | 77-86 | |
| Chaomei Chen; Mary Czerwinski | |||
| In this paper, we introduce an integrated approach to the development of
spatial hypertext. This approach brings together several theories and
techniques concerning semantic structures, and streamlines the transformation
from implicit semantic structures to a semantic space rendered in virtual
reality. Browsing and querying become natural, inherent, and compatible
activities within the same semantic space. The overall design principle is
based on the theory of cognitive maps. Techniques such as latent semantic
indexing, Pathfinder network scaling, and virtual reality modelling are used in
harmony. The value of this integrated approach is discussed based on initial
results of a recent empirical study, which suggests that the spatial metaphor
is intuitive and particularly useful when dealing with implicit information
structures, or when a highly flexible and extensible virtual environment is
required. Search strategies in association with the spatial hypertext and
further work are also discussed. Keywords: Spatial hypertext, Latent semantic indexing, Virtual reality, Digital
libraries | |||
| Temporally Threaded Workspace: A Model for Providing Activity-Based Perspectives on Document Spaces | | BIBAK | PDF | 87-96 | |
| Koichi Hayashi; Takahiko Nomura; Tan Hazama; Makoto Takeoka; Sunao Hashimoto; Stephan Gumundson | |||
| In this paper, we present a framework for providing activity-based
perspectives of a document space, especially in the WWW. An activity-based
perspective is a view of the subspace of the WWW document space that a
knowledge worker should understand or modify while executing the activity. We
designed the framework to reduce the cognitive overhead of managing document
spaces dependent on various internal and external changes. Changes within the
activity (often resulting from the natural progress of the activity) result in
changes of focus in the subspace related to the activity. For such internal
changes, we introduce a temporally-threaded workspace model. Our model
introduces a structured workspace that maintains a thread of snapshots of a
knowledge worker's perspective on a document space. Such threads of snapshots
are constructed by monitoring user actions. External changes (for example,
changes to documents managed in external sites) are independent of the progress
of users' activities. To deal with these changes, we introduce a proxy
mechanism to maintain documents in the same state as accessed. This paper also
describes the implementation of prototype systems, in the WWW environment,
based on our frameworks. Interlocus is a client/server system providing
facilities based on the temporally-threaded workspace model. It provides a
user interface that presents spatial-temporal views of a workspace thread.
Packrat is a WWW proxy server that maintains documents in the same state as
accessed. Keywords: Hypertext, WWW, Spatial hypertext, Version management, Shared workspace,
Authoring, Activity | |||
| Adaptive Narrative Abstraction | | BIBAK | PDF | 97-105 | |
| Michel Crampes; Jean Paul Veuillez; Sylvie Ranwez | |||
| Narrative abstraction consists in selecting and assembling meaningful events
from an original set of related events. This acquisition of information hinges
on several requirements. This paper deals with some of them, namely the
viewer's intention, the viewer's resource constraint, particularly the time
constraint, and the narrative coherence.
We present a foundation of narrative abstraction and several algorithms that can be used to build up abstracts compliant with the requirements. Our evaluation of these algorithms in a prototype leads to some questioning about their performance. We propose and discuss several solutions to improve them with regard to the flexibility of the abstract building process. Keywords: Narratives, Abstraction, Hypermedia, Adaptivity, Granularity, Causality,
Context | |||
| The Moment in Hypertext: A Brief Lexicon of Time | | BIBAK | PDF | 106-112 | |
| Marjorie C. Luesebrink | |||
| Hypertext literature has been characterized as spatial construct by many of
the critics involved with its aesthetics and poetics. Michael Joyce, Cathy
Marshall, Mark Bernstein, Carolyn Guyer, George Landow, Stuart Moulthrop and
many others have explored the way in which metaphors of visual space can inform
hypertexts -- impacting both meaning and process. Although these writers refer
to the time/space continuum, their writing has been less concerned with
temporal constructs -- how time might influence the programming, writing, and
reading of hypertext literature. Time factors, however, could be viewed as
important elements in the way hypertexts are conceived and received. This
paper seeks to raise questions about issues of time -- and to suggest some
possible categories that might be investigated. Significant "information" is
coded into everything from the equipment -- determined limitations of "Machine
Time" to the author -- controlled clues embedded in "Mythic Time." To the
extent that we make mental scripts of spatial parameters, readers and writers
of hypertext fiction may build into the space of the cyberworld a complementary
universe fully as rich in temporal experience. In both the Interface
Experience and the Cognitive Structure, time is part of the inscription of
coherent meaning for cyber-narratives and electronic poetry. Keywords: Time frames, Hypertext fiction, Hypertext poetry, Narrative structures,
Story parameters, Spatial metaphor, Temporal metaphor, Interface, Hypertext
structure | |||
| Link Services or Link Agents? | | BIBAK | PDF | 113-122 | |
| L. A. Carr; W. Hall; S. Hitchcock | |||
| A general link service for the WWW has been used within an Electronic
Libraries' project. Experience using it shows that as the links become
increasingly interesting to the user, processing them becomes increasingly
expensive. Eventually textual analysis, ontological services and remote
database lookups conflict with the goal of prompt delivery of documents. This
paper summarizes the history of the Link Service software behind the Open
Journal project together with the kind of links that it has been used to
produce. Building on this work it then discusses how the paradigm,
architecture and user interface of the DLS have been newly modified both in
response to user feedback and also to allow more linking facilities to be added
to the WWW environment. We then introduce AgentDLS, an agent-style system that
offers suggestions to help the user's browsing and information discovery
activities. Keywords: Links, Hypertext, Open hypermedia, Link services, Autonomous user interface
agents | |||
| Dynamic Hypertext Catalogues: Helping Users to Help Themselves | | BIBAK | PDF | 123-131 | |
| Maria Milosavljevic; Jon Oberlander | |||
| Electronic hypertext catalogues provide an important channel for information
provision. However, static hypertext documents cannot be dynamically adapted
to help the user find what he/she is looking for. We demonstrate that natural
language generation techniques can be used to produce tailored hypertext
documents, and we focus on two key benefits of the resulting DYNAMIC HYPERTEXT.
First, documents can be tailored more precisely to an individual's needs and
background, thus aiding the search process. Secondly, the incorporation of
techniques for comparing catalogue items allows the user to search still more
effectively. We describe the automatic generation of hypertext documents
containing comparisons, with illustrations from two implemented systems. Keywords: Adaptive hypertext, Dynamic hypertext, Natural language generation, User
modelling, Discourse history | |||
| TourisT: The Application of a Description Logic Based Semantic Hypermedia System for Tourism | | BIBAK | PDF | 132-141 | |
| Joe Bullock; Carole Goble | |||
| Web-based Public Information Systems of the kind common in tourism do not
satisfy the needs of the customer because they do not offer a sufficiently
flexible linking environment capable of emulating the mediation role of a
tourist adviser. We present the requirements of a tourism hypermedia system
resulting from ethnographic studies of tourist advisers, and conclude that an
open semantic hypermedia (SH) approach is appropriate. We present a novel and
powerful SH prototype based on the use of a semantic model expressed as a
terminology. The terminological model is implemented by a Description Logic,
GRAIL, capable of the automatic and dynamic multi-dimensional classification of
concepts, and hence the web pages they describe. We show how GRAIL-Link has
been used within the TourisT hypermedia system and conclude with a discussion. Keywords: Semantic hypermedia, Tourism, Description logics, Link services | |||
| Stalking the Paratext: Speculations on Hypertext Links as a Second Order Text | | BIBAK | PDF | 142-151 | |
| Francisco J. Ricardo | |||
| In the popular conception of hypertext as nonlinear writing, primary
emphasis typically falls on the construction, character, and quantity of
constituent lexias that comprise any given hypertext. This paper, however,
will focus on what the text would reveal if an ordered collection were made of
the links emerging from the main (first order) text. Such a collection, as a
second order text or parallel text, which I propose to call the paratext,
comprises the layer-world of links, of intertextual descriptors that could he
subjected to cluster analyses that reveal aspects of cohesion, breadth, and
other speculative characteristics of the first order text. Keywords: Hypertext, Intertextuality, Link semantics, Grammatology, Paratext, Rhetoric | |||
| Locus Looks at the Turing Play: Hypertextuality vs. Full Programmability | | BIBAK | PDF | 152-160 | |
| Jim Rosenberg | |||
| Hypertext extensibility is briefly reviewed: strategies have included
external execution, published internal primitives, scripted articulation
points, generalized object inheritance, and guest algorithms. Hypertext
algorithms are typically localized. The user/algorithm relationship in
hypertext is typically master/slave; other types of relationship are possible
in generalized cybertext. Hypertext algorithms normally have a clear identity;
for generalized cybertext, identity of the algorithm may need to be hidden.
The algorithm might only be revealed by sampling activities; these activities
might or might not be structured. Identity of the programmer needs to be
considered as much as that of reader or writer. Hypertext is typically
structurally focused; generalized algorithms exhibit behavior, and a behavioral
rather than a structural focus may be important in certain types of cybertext.
Hypertextuality is not "all or nothing"; there are dimensionalities to
hypertextuality, only some of which may be present. The extensibility
architecture should be flexible enough to allow for all of these
dimensionalities. Keywords: Hypertext, Extensibility, User interface, Localization, User/algorithm
relationship, Algorithm identity, Sampling, Structure, Behavior | |||
| XHMBS: A Formal Model to Support Hypermedia Specification | | BIBAK | PDF | 161-170 | |
| Fabiano B. Paulo; Marcelo Augusto S. Turine; Maria Cristina F. de Oliveira; Paulo C. Masiero | |||
| This paper introduces XHMBS (the eXtended Hyperdocument Model Based on
Statecharts) to support the formal specification of general hypermedia
applications. XHMBS uses a novel formalism called hypercharts as its
underlying model for specifying the navigational structure, browsing semantics
and synchronization requirements of a hyperdocument. Hypercharts are
statecharts extended with additional mechanisms for describing the time
sequencing and information synchronization requirements typical of multimedia.
The extensions incorporated into hypercharts are based on the major
characteristics of some Petri net based multimedia models, and make it an
alternative to such models for multimedia and hypermedia specification. XHMBS
provides facilities for defining the structure of a hypermedia application in
terms of nodes and links and also for describing the temporal behavior of
dynamic data streams contained in nodes. The model incorporates presentation
and communication channels for describing spatial coordination and distribution
of information, and anchor objects for ensuring separation between information
structure and content. Keywords: Multimedia/hypermedia modeling, Statecharts, Hypercharts, HMBS, XHMBS,
Temporal synchronization, Formal specification | |||
| Enforcing Strong Object Typing in Flexible Hypermedia | | BIBAK | PDF | 171-179 | |
| Pedro Furtado; H. Madeira | |||
| The presentation layer of hypermedia systems could benefit from standard
object querying functionality and this is most effective if strong typing is
enforced. By strong typing we mean the direct representation of data semantics
as object types in an object database as opposed to a "slotted frames"
representation. On the other hand, the flexible emergent nature of structure
must be considered in the authoring activity and in this sense premature typing
and organizing is counterproductive. Reflecting on these apparently
contradictory issues and the past proposals to handle the problem, we extend
the strongly typed data model of a prototype hypermedia system, WorldView, to
support semi-automatic object submission and type metamorphosis. Weak types
are also necessary for some constructs, so they coexist with strong types, but
these are enforced. We emphasize the benefits available to the presentation
layer of keeping a uniform object oriented structure. In particular we
implement a dynamic linking capability that uses queries to retrieve the
objects related to some object attribute and suggest other improvements. We
stress that most object oriented hypermedia systems are frame-based, especially
in what concerns user-defined and emergent structure. Keywords: Hypermedia, Flexibility, Knowledge structuring, Emergent structures, Frame
model, OODBMS | |||
| Structural Properties of Hypertext | | BIBAK | PDF | 180-187 | |
| Seongbin Park | |||
| We provide a framework that allows one to study structural properties of
hypertext in connection with formal language theory. We model hypertext as a
transformation device (an a-transducer) that transforms a link-following into a
sequence of matched pairs: basic linkable units. Then, we address the
following questions: What can hypertext do? What structure is formed when a
link-following is done? What structure is built when a virtual document is
constructed? We show that the set of all link-followings in hypertext is a
regular set. Then, the set of all possible outputs of link-followings is shown
to be context-free, which means that constructing virtual documents is
essentially same as generating words of a context-free language. Keywords: Hypertext structure, Dexter model, Regular set, Context-free language,
Hypertext models, Link-following, a-transducer, Virtual document | |||
| Using the Flag Taxonomy to Study Hypermedia System Interoperability | | BIBAK | PDF | 188-197 | |
| Uffe Kock Wiil; Kasper Østerbye | |||
| Interoperability between existing systems, program packages, tools and
applications with various degrees of hypermedia awareness is a complex and
important challenge facing the hypermedia community. This paper presents a
general framework (called the Flag Interoperability Matrix) to discuss and
examine hypermedia system interoperability based on the concepts and principles
of the Flag taxonomy of open hypermedia systems. The purposes of the Flag
Interoperability Matrix are to provide a framework to classify, describe
concisely and compare different approaches to hypermedia system
interoperability, and provide an overview of the design space of hypermedia
system interoperability. The Flag Interoperability Matrix is used to examine
existing interoperability approaches. Based on a systematic analysis of
possible approaches to hypermedia system interoperability, the paper explores
one solution to hypermedia system interoperability that seems particularly
promising with respect to handling the growing number of applications with
increasing but incomplete awareness of hypermedia structure concepts. Keywords: Flag taxonomy, Interoperability matrix, Partial hypermedia system,
Interoperability protocol | |||
| An Agenda for Open Hypermedia Research | | BIBAK | PDF | 198-206 | |
| Peter J. Nurnberg; John J. Leggett; Uffe K. Wiil | |||
| The historical development of hypermedia systems can be characterized as a
series of successive abstractions of functionality away from the "core"
hypermedia server, often resulting in a new open layer in the hypermedia
environment architecture. Recently, this trend of abstraction has been applied
to the hypermedia server itself, replacing the notion of a single, closed
hypermedia server with an open layer of structure servers. This newest
development brings with it a new set of challenges and research issues for open
hypermedia researchers. In this paper, we discuss these issues, review some of
our collective applicable experience with contemporary open hypermedia systems
and other work, and point out some of the more pressing and intriguing open
questions that we feel are facing open hypermedia researchers today. We also
examine the "split" in the current hypermedia research community between
"system" and "domain" researchers and the still-present need for
interoperability among systems, and discuss why any attempt to address the
issues we discuss in this paper must account for these observations. Keywords: Open hypermedia system (OHS), Component-based open hypermedia system
(CB-OHS), Structural computing, Hypermedia middleware, Hyperbase, Hypermedia
operating system, Hypermedia domain research | |||
| Referential Integrity of Links in Open Hypermedia Systems | | BIBAK | PDF | 207-216 | |
| Hugh C. Davis | |||
| This paper is concerned with broken hypertext links. These are links which
do not refer the reader to the information that was intended by the author of
the link. The paper presents three distinct models which have been adopted by
various developers for the storage of hypertext links, and considers the
problems that may result from adopting each of these models, and reviews and
classifies a number of methods that may be adopted for preventing these
problems.
The link models that are reviewed range from the tightly coupled links implemented by html in the World Wide Web, through to the loosely coupled links adopted by some link server systems. The paper concludes that there can be no universal solution to this problem; rather there is a range of approaches from which hypertext developers must choose a solution appropriate to their needs. Keywords: Open hypermedia, Link services, Dangling links, Broken links, Referential
integrity | |||
| Combining Structure Search and Content Search for the World-Wide Web | | BIBAK | PDF | 217-224 | |
| Hermann Kaindl; Stefan Kramer; Luis Miguel Afonso | |||
| When searching information in the World-Wide Web (WWW), the currently
available search engines typically return too many irrelevant addresses to
their users. This is a deep and many-faceted issue and very hard to be
generally solved. One of the current problems involved is that these search
engines focus on content search and not on structure search as investigated in
hypertext research. A prerequisite of full-fledged structure search would be
that links are first-class objects. This is obviously not the case for the
representation of links in the WWW. So, we introduce a rudimentary form of
structure search that is based upon content search. In our application of this
approach to searching the WWW, we combine this kind of structure search with
content search in a meta-search engine. In this way, we are able to reduce the
number of irrelevant addresses returned. As a consequence, we propose this
approach for searching the World-Wide Web. Keywords: World-Wide Web, Content search, Structure search, Meta-search engine | |||
| Inferring Web Communities from Link Topology | | BIBAK | PDF | 225-234 | |
| David Gibson; Jon Kleinberg; Prabhakar Raghavan | |||
| The World Wide Web grows through a decentralized, almost anarchic process,
and this has resulted in a large hyperlinked corpus without the kind of logical
organization that can be built into more traditionally-created hypermedia. To
extract meaningful structure under such circumstances, we develop a notion of
hyperlinked communities on the www through an analysis of the link topology.
By invoking a simple, mathematically clean method for defining and exposing the
structure of these communities, we are able to derive a number of themes: The
communities can be viewed as containing a core of central, "authoritative"
pages linked together by 'hub pages"; and they exhibit a natural type of
hierarchical topic generalization that can be inferred directly from the
pattern of linkage. Our investigation shows that although the process by which
users of the Web create pages and links is very difficult to understand at a
"local" level, it results in a much greater degree of orderly high-level
structure than has typically been assumed. Keywords: Hypertext communities, Information exploration, World Wide Web,
Collaborative annotation | |||
| Cut as a Querying Unit for WWW, Netnews, E-Mail | | BIBAK | PDF | 235-244 | |
| Keishi Tajima; Yoshiaki Mizuuchi; Masatsugu Kitagawa; Katsumi Tanaka | |||
| In this paper, we propose a query framework for hypertext data in general,
and for WWW pages, Netnews articles. and e-mails in particular. In existing
query tools for hypertext data, such as search engines for WWW or intelligent
news/mail readers, data units in query are typically individual nodes. In
actual hypertext data, however, one topic is often described over a series of
connected nodes, and therefore, the logical data unit should be such a series
of nodes corresponding to one topic. This discrepancy between the data unit in
query and the logical data unit hinders the efficient information discovery
from hypertext data. To solve this problem, in our framework, we divide
hypertexts into connected subgraphs corresponding to individual topics, and we
use those subgraphs as the data units in queries. Keywords: Query, Structuring, Information discovery, Graph-partitioning, WWW, Netnews,
E-mail, Hypertext | |||
| Flexible Coordination with Cooperative Hypertext | | BIBAK | PDF | 245-255 | |
| Weigang Wang; Jorg M. Haake | |||
| In current workflow and groupware systems, there is a gap between formal and
informal coordination mechanisms. To fill the gap, flexible coordination
support covers the whole spectrum of informal and formal coordination
mechanisms. In this paper, a flexible coordination model integrating formal
and informal coordination mechanisms is presented. Methods of using
cooperative hypermedia concepts to uniformly model all objects representing
coordination mediums and shared artifacts are described. Using the proposed
model and methods, a cooperative hypermedia system (CHIPS), that offers
flexible coordination support has been implemented. An application example of
the system shows how a set of tasks and different coordination mechanisms are
integrated into a cooperative process. This work demonstrates that cooperative
hypermedia can serve as a bridge to close the gap. Keywords: Cooperative hypermedia, Groupware, Coordination, Workflow, CHIPS | |||
| JPernLite: An Extensible Transaction Server for the World Wide Web | | BIBAK | PDF | 256-266 | |
| Jack J. Yang; Gail E. Kaiser | |||
| Concurrency control is a well-known problem in design and implementation of
multi-user hypermedia systems. Most existing systems store data and links in
specialized databases (link servers or hyperbases) with a built-in concurrency
control policy, typically the conventional atomic/serializable transaction
model, usually implemented via locking. But this conventional model may not be
appropriate for collaborative hypermedia systems, where the multiple users work
together in groups on shared tasks.
Further, it is desirable to construct collaborative hypermedia systems on top of the World Wide Web, but most web servers do not support even conventional transactions, let alone distributed (multi-website) transactions or flexible concurrency control mechanisms oriented towards teamwork -- such as event notification, shared locks and fine granularity locks. We present a transaction server that operates independently of web servers or the hypermedia applications, to fill the concurrency control gap. The transaction server by default enforces the conventional transaction model, where sets of operations are performed in an all-or-nothing fashion and isolated from concurrent users. The server can be tailored dynamically to apply more sophisticated concurrency control policies appropriate for collaboration. The transaction server also supports applications employing information resources other than web servers, such as legacy databases, CORBA objects, and other hypermedia systems. Keywords: Distributed transactions, Extended transaction models, WWW, Computer
supported collaborative work | |||
| Using Paths in the Classroom: Experiences and Adaptations | | BIBAK | PDF | 267-276 | |
| Frank M., III Shipman; Richard Furuta; Donald Brenner; Chung-Chi Chung; Hao-wei Hsieh | |||
| Walden's Paths was designed to enable teachers to collect, organize, and
annotate Web-based information for presentation to their students. Experiences
with the use of Walden's Paths in high-school classrooms have identified four
needs/issues: (1) better support for the gradual authoring of paths by
teachers, (2) support for student authoring of paths including the ability for
students to collaborate on paths, (3) more obvious distinction between content
of the original source materials and that added by the path author, and (4)
support for maintaining paths over an evolving set of source documents. These
observed needs have driven the development of new versions of Walden's Paths.
Additionally, the experiences with path authoring have led to a
conceptualization of meta-documents, documents whose components include
complete documents, as a general domain where issues of collaboration,
intellectual property, and maintenance are decidedly different from traditional
document publication. Keywords: Computers and education, Meta-documents, Guided tours, Directed paths,
World-Wide Web, Walden's paths | |||
| Hypertext and Web Engineering | | BIBAK | PDF | 277-278 | |
| Michael Bieber | |||
| We take a two-stage approach to engineering World Wide Web applications.
First a Relationship-Navigation Analysis, analyzes an existing or new
application specifically in terms of its intra- and inter-relationships.
Second, a dynamic hypermedia engine (DHymE), automatically generates links for
each relationship and metaknowledge items at run-time. Links and navigation
supplement the application's primary functionality. Keywords: Hypermedia, World Wide Web, Web engineering, Software engineering,
Relationship management, Linking, Complex interfaces | |||
| Automatic Creation of Hypervideo News Libraries for the World Wide Web | | BIBAK | PDF | 279-280 | |
| Guillaume Boissiere | |||
| This paper presents the design of a server offering up-to-date hypervideo
news to World Wide Web users. The novel advantage of this system is that it
combines simplicity to maintain: all the tasks are automated, accessibility:
everyone with a widely used browser can access the interactive videos and view
them inside the browser, and extensibility: new video databases or links can be
easily added to the database. The segmentation of news video is done
automatically by using the closed caption information extracted from the
broadcast, and the hyperlinks are defined with a simple scripting language. Keywords: Hypervideo server, Closed caption, Digital libraries, News segmentation | |||
| Designing Open Hypermedia Applets: Experiences and Prospects | | BIBA | PDF | 281-282 | |
| Niels Olof Bouvin | |||
| The experiences with the continued development of DHM/WWW, an applet integrating WWW with external structures stored in the Dexter-based hypermedia system Devise Hypermedia (DHM), will be described, some problems discussed, and a brief outline of current and future work will be given. | |||
| 2L670: A Flexible Adaptive Hypertext Courseware System | | BIBAK | PDF | 283-284 | |
| Paul De Bra; Licia Calvi | |||
| In [4,5] (among other papers) we have reported on the development of an
adaptive hypertext document and system, used for learning about the subject of
hypertext, through distance learning by means of World Wide Web. In the
terminology of Brusilovsky's overview paper [1], the system offered adaptive
content and link hiding. This short paper briefly describes the latest
developments, which include the possibility for users to choose between link
hiding and link annotation. The adaptive hypertext contents consists of
standard HTML (3.2) pages, which makes it easy for authors to create adaptive
courses using off the shelf authoring tools. Keywords: Hypertext courseware, Adaptive content, Adaptive hiding and annotation | |||
| Applying Open Hypermedia to Audio | | BIBAK | PDF | 285-286 | |
| David DeRoure; Steven Blackburn; Lee Oades; Jonathan Read; Neil Ridgway | |||
| We describe a set of tools to support navigational hypermedia linking within
audio ('branching audio') and between media types including audio. We have
adopted an open hypermedia approach, with a component-based architecture, and
aim to be compliant with the emerging Open Hypermedia Protocol (OHP).
Content-based navigation is supported and we have focused on speech and musical
content for our case studies. Although our investigation concentrates on
audio, many of the techniques are generic and therefore applicable to other
temporal media. Keywords: Open hypermedia, Content-based navigation, Open Hypermedia Protocol (OHP),
Branching audio | |||
| 1-800-Hypertext: Browsing Hypertext with a Telephone | | BIBAK | PDF | 287-288 | |
| Stuart Goose; Michael Wynblatt; Hans Mollenhouer | |||
| We present the issues and design of a telephone-based browser for email and
the World Wide Web. Keywords: Hypertext, Browsing, WWW, Telephone | |||
| Clusters on the World Wide Web: Creating Neighborhoods of Make-Believe | | BIBAK | PDF | 289-290 | |
| Stephen C. Hirtle; Molly E. Sorrows; Guoray Cai | |||
| A study is reported on the role of neighborhoods in searching for
information on the WWW. Users were asked to search collections of web pages in
which the conceptual content of groups of pages was used to assign a specific
background color to each group. The results indicate that for collections of
web pages with moderately complex topologies, the structured backgrounds were
significantly easier to search. The results suggest that neighborhoods can be
induced by visual characteristics of the page and that the identification of
neighborhoods can improve the overall navigability of the space. Keywords: World Wide Web, Neighborhoods, Navigation | |||
| Adaptive Navigational Facilities in Educational Hypermedia | | BIBAK | PDF | 291-292 | |
| Denise Pilar da Silva; Rafael Van Durm; Erik Duval; Henk Olivie | |||
| Hypermedia users with different goals and knowledge may be interested in
different pieces of information and may use different links for navigation.
Irrelevant information and links overload their working memories and screen
[1]. In order to overcome this problem, it is possible to use information
represented in a user model and then adapt the content and/or the links to be
presented to that user. Adaptive hypermedia systems build such a model with
the goal of personalizing hypermedia.
Adaptation can be done either at content level (adaptive presentation), or at link level (adaptive navigation). In this paper, we focus on adaptive navigation support. More specifically, we want to reduce the cognitive overload in order to facilitate learning. In the following sections, we present our system, called AHM, which consists of three main parts: the domain model, the user model, and the adaptive engine. Then we come to our conclusions and present the main open issues in this research. Keywords: Adaptiveness, Navigation, Educational hypermedia | |||
| Browsing Hyperdocuments with Multiple Focus+Context Views | | BIBAK | PDF | 293-294 | |
| Laurent Robert; Eric Lecolinet | |||
| We present an interactive focus+context environment based on zooming and
hierarchical representations for browsing large data sets. It gives an
overview of the data and provides multiple views for visualizing the content
and the local organization of documents of interest. This multi-view system
has been applied to the World Wide Web browsing as a first practical
demonstration. Keywords: Information visualization, World Wide Web, Multi-view system, Focus+context,
Zooming interfaces, Hierarchical representations, Animation | |||
| Contextures: focus+context+texture | | BIBAK | PDF | 295-296 | |
| Terry Stanley | |||
| When the amount of information to present is large relative to the display
area, views organized around a focus of attention and its surrounding context
make effective use of the limited area. Contextures extend the concept of
focus+context by adding texture -- compact, expressive views providing
statistical rather than detail information. Keywords: Focus, Context, Critical discussion, Mediator, Navigation, Linkmap | |||
| Dynamic Bookmarks for the WWW: Managing Personal Navigation Space by Analysis of Link Structure and User Behavior | | BIBAK | PDF | 297-298 | |
| Hajime Takano; Terry Winograd | |||
| This paper describes a management tool to support revisiting WWW pages,
which we call "WWW Dynamic Bookmark (WDB)." WDB watches and archives a user's
navigation behavior, analyses the archive, and shows analyzed results as clues
for revisiting URLs. We have integrated link analysis and user behavior
analysis to evaluate WWW page importance. WDB presents a list of sites that a
user has visited, in importance order, via a landmark list in each site, and
showing relationships among sites. Experimental implementation shows that
importance calculation and structure displays help users to pick up useful
URLs. Keywords: WWW navigation, Bookmark, Link analysis, User behavior analysis | |||
| Finding Links | | BIBAK | PDF | 299-300 | |
| John Tebbutt | |||
| Possibilities for the automatic designation of pre-existing text elements as
implicitly-typed links through the use of information retrieval technology are
discussed. Results of preliminary work in this area are presented, and plans
for future research outlined. Keywords: Automatic hypertext construction, Embedded links, Installed links,
Hypertext, Information retrieval, IR | |||
| Generating Hypertext Explanations for Visual Languages | | BIBAK | PDF | 301-302 | |
| Neil W. Van Dyke | |||
| Visual languages with well-defined semantics are used for systems analysis
and design, software programming, business process modeling, architectural and
mechanical drafting, scientific visualization, and other purposes in a variety
of fields. Many of these languages are highly expressive and employ large sets
of graphical elements that a reader can find difficult to learn fully.
Hypertext can aid understanding of a given visual language diagram by essentially allowing the reader to point at a use of an unfamiliar language element and ask, "what is this thing here saying?" The system can respond with a dynamically generated natural language text explanation of the language element in terms of the particular usage. The explanation can embed hypertext links to explanations of other elements of the diagram and definitions of language terms. Keywords: Generated hypertext, Dynamic hypertext, Explanation, Visual languages,
Education | |||
| Grammatron: Filling the Gap? | | BIBA | PDF | 303-304 | |
| Karin Wenz | |||
| The aesthetically open and fragmented character of modern and postmodern texts which is based on the technically prescribed linearity of the medium of the book, turns out to be trivial in hypertext as it is the material nature of this new medium. The resulting gap has to be filled in new ways. Some of these new possibilities can be shown in hypertext literature. I have chosen Mark Amerika's Grammatron, because he develops a kind of reader instruction for the new functions of narrativity. | |||
| Camping on the Banks of the Hypermedia Literature: Waiting for (a Hyperliterate) Civilization to Arrive | | BIBA | PDF | 305 | |
| John J. Leggett | |||
| After all, our intellectual product is all that endures. What legacy are we
leaving for the future? Is this the legacy we wish to leave? Are we making
the impact in the world that we thought we could when we started this
conference series?
This talk will concentrate on the body of literature produced by the hypertext conference community. I will trace the previous threads of research through the literature and discuss where I see these threads going in the future. It will be like camping on the banks or bluffs overlooking the hypertext conference literature. We will be trying to identify the rudiments of a civilization. Will we find civilization? Or just more camps? Will we find a literate culture? Could we dare hope for a hyperliterate culture? I will give you my perspective on the above and outline some ideas of things we could do as a community to move towards a more rewarding civilization. Despite the topic of this talk, it will be light-hearted with many fond remembrances and anecdotes! | |||
| Straight Talk for Troubled Times, or: The Street Finds Its Uses for Things | | BIBA | PDF | 306 | |
| Stuart Moulthrop | |||
| A few years ago Thomas Landauer, a key figure in hypertext research, wrote an indispensable book called The Trouble with Computers. According to Landauer, society fails to understand that information technologies breed complexity in almost every area of application; yet inexplicably we expect these technologies to deliver simplicity, efficiency, and a straightforward return on investment. Landauer answers these false expectations with "user-centered design" (UCD), asking us to shift attention from systems and software to people, their activities, and their needs. Though this is a promising thesis, it begs some primary questions: Who defines appropriate uses of information technology? How do new technological affordances affect our concepts of value and productivity? Could a more basic process precede UCD, one in which we redefine use itself? The talk applies these questions to the most notorious area of hypertext development, HTTP and the World Wide Web. What has the Web meant so far for business, academia, and society in general? Has widespread and relatively intense engagement with hypertext produced any changes in our understanding of this technology? What does it mean to use the Web? | |||
| Actual & Potential Hypertext & Hypermedia: 5 Realizations | | BIBA | PDF | 307 | |
| Diane Greco; Markku Eskelinen; Chis Funkhouser; Marjorie Luesebrink; Jim Rosenberg | |||
| It is by now a commonplace that the advent of hypertext and hypermedia has changed, and will continue to change, received notions of what it means to organize and consume information. However, much of the promise of these new media is in fact limited by the availability of sufficiently flexible and sophisticated authoring tools. This disconnect between designers and users often leads to the disappointing situation in which work-arounds designed to refine the functionality of an existing hypertext/hypermedia system themselves compromise the integrity of the writer's or artist's original vision. To motivate a deeper and fuller discussion between developers and writers, the panelists will discuss their experiences trying to "write around" various software constraints and will demonstrate their solutions and/or ideas for solutions, either in systems or interface design. | |||
| Developing Hypermedia | | BIBA | PDF | 307 | |
| David Lowe; Mark Bernstein; Paolo Paolini; Daniel Schwabe | |||
| Although various hypertexts and hypertext-based applications exist which demonstrate the power of HT concepts, hypertext still tends to be underutilised in many systems, especially the Web. This can possibly be attributed in part to the lack of appropriate approaches to the creation or development of hypertext-based applications and sites. This panel will focus on different perspectives relating to how we should be approaching the development. In particular, the panel will consider development which enhances both the quality of the creative or development process, and the quality of the (hypertext) results of our development. The panelists will discuss aspects such as their positions with respect to the level of formality needed in the process and where the strong focus of attention during the development should be placed. | |||