| Movement Time for Different Input Devices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-9 | |
| L. Paige Bacon; Kim-Phuong L. Vu | |||
| Fitts' law states that movement time can be predicted by knowing the size of
a target to which a person is intending to move and the distance to be moved.
The current study measured choice-movement time with three input devices
commonly used in human-computer interaction tasks: response panel, computer
mouse, and touch-screen. We also examined how direction of movement with the
different input devices influences performance. Movement time was shorter when
responses were made with the response panel than with the mouse and
touch-screen. Furthermore, horizontal movement time was faster than vertical
movement time, even when the size of the stimuli and distance to be moved were
equal. Fitts' law was used to estimate the slope and intercepts of the
functions for each input device and dimension to determine whether the devices
and dimensions had greater influence on the starting time or the speed of
execution. Keywords: Fitts' law; input device; movement time; display-control compatibility | |||
| Audio and Audiovisual Cueing in Visual Search: Effects of Target Uncertainty and Auditory Cue Precision | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 10-20 | |
| Hugo Bertolotti; Thomas Z. Strybel | |||
| Auditory spatial cue accuracy and target uncertainty were examined within
visual search. Participants identified a visual target to be present or absent
under various target percentage conditions (25%, 50%, & 100%) with either
an auditory cue which was spatially coincident with or displaced 4° or
8° (vertical or horizontal) from the target, or both an auditory and visual
cue (circle 6.5° radius; identifying the local-target-area surrounding the
target). Within the auditory cue condition, horizontal displacement was a
greater detriment to target present search times than vertical displacement,
regardless of error magnitude or target percentage. When provided an
audiovisual cue, search times decreased 25% for present targets, and as much as
300% for absent targets. Furthermore, within audiovisual cue condition, while
present target search times decreased with target percentage, absent target
search times increased with target percentage. Cue condition and target
uncertainty driven search strategies are discussed, with recommended design
requirements and research implementations. Keywords: Visual Search; Audio Cue; Audiovisual Cue; Auditory Cue Precision; Target
Uncertainty; False Alarm | |||
| Interpretation of Metaphors with Perceptual Features Using WordNet | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 21-27 | |
| Rini Bhatt; Amitash Ojha; Bipin Indurkhya | |||
| Metaphors based on perceptual similarity play a key role in stimulating
creativity. Here, we present a metaphor interpretation tool using features of
source and target to generate perceptual metaphors which might be conceptually
very different, thereby generating new interpretations from familiar concepts. Keywords: Perceptual metaphors; conceptual combination; creative cognition;
juxtaposition; conceptual association; metaphorical interpretation | |||
| Acoustic Correlates of Deceptive Speech -- An Exploratory Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 28-37 | |
| David M. Howard; Christin Kirchhübel | |||
| The current work sets out to enhance our knowledge of changes or lack of
changes in the speech signal when people are being deceptive. In particular,
the study attempted to investigate the appropriateness of using speech cues in
detecting deception. Truthful, deceptive and control speech was elicited from
five speakers during an interview setting. The data was subjected to acoustic
analysis and results are presented on a range of speech parameters including
fundamental frequency (f0), overall intensity and mean vowel formants F1, F2
and F3. A significant correlation could not be established for any of the
acoustic features examined. Directions for future work are highlighted. Keywords: Deception; speech; acoustic; Voice Stress Analyzer | |||
| Kansei Evaluation of HDR Color Images with Different Tone Curves and Sizes -- Foundational Investigation of Difference between Japanese and Chinese | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 38-44 | |
| Tomoharu Ishikawa; Yunge Guan; Yi-Chun Chen; Hisashi Oguro; Masao Kasuga; Miyoshi Ayama | |||
| High dynamic range (HDR) color images are evaluated for Kansei impression by
two groups of observers: Japanese and Chinese. Twenty HDR images were created
by converting each of five HDR images with different tone curve properties into
four screen sizes. As a result, the subjective rating value for the
psychophysical properties of images, such as "Light" and "Dark," increased or
decreased monotonically with the average brightness L*, but not with image
size. On the other hand, the rating value for some Kansei evaluations,
including "Natural" and "Clear," followed the same patterns. Next, we applied
factor analysis to the results, having divided the data into Japanese and
Chinese. The analysis result indicated that two and three factors were
extracted from the rating value evaluated by Chinese and Japanese participants,
respectively. These results suggest that Japanese observers evaluated HDR
images in more detail than Chinese ones did. Keywords: Kansei Evaluation; High Dynamic Range; Japanese and Chinese; Tone Curve;
Screen Size | |||
| Personalized Emotional Prediction Method for Real-Life Objects Based on Collaborative Filtering | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 45-52 | |
| Hyeong-Joon Kwon; Hyeong-Oh Kwon; Kwang-Seok Hong | |||
| In this paper, we propose a personalized emotional prediction method using
the user's explicit emotion. The proposed method predicts the user's emotion
based on Thayer's 2-dimensional emotion model, which consists of arousal and
valence. We construct a user-object dataset using a self-assessment manikin
about IAPS photographs, and predict the target user's arousal and valence by
collaborative filtering. To evaluate performance of the proposed method, we
divide the user-object dataset into a test set and training set, and then
observe the difference between real emotion and predicted emotion in the
2-dimensional emotion model. As a result, we confirm that the proposed method
is effective for predicting the user's emotion. Keywords: Emotional Prediction; IAPS; Self-assessment Manikin | |||
| A Study of Vision Ergonomic of LED Display Signs on Different Environment Illuminance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 53-62 | |
| Jeih-Jang Liou; Li-Lun Huang; Chih-Fu Wu; Chih-Lung Yeh; Yung-Hsiang Chen | |||
| The LED (light emitting diode, also referred to as LED) have already been
used widely. However, despite the high visibility of LED with high brightness
performance, it also leads to a glare problem, which generates a direct
security issue in applying to traffics. Therefore, this research aimed to study
how to make the LED display sign be more legible under high illuminative
environments and to avoid the observers feeling dazzling glare under low
illuminative environments. This research firstly studied the literatures to
explore the drivers of visual ergonomic as well as the optical properties of
LED, and investigated the relatively existing norms for engineering vehicle LED
display signs. Three variables were set in this study: three kinds of ambient
illumination, four kinds of luminance contrast and two kinds of character form.
In the first phase of the experiment, subjects observed LED display signs in
both near and distant locations and filled out the SWN scale (Subjective
Well-being under Neuroleptics), and in the second phase, subjects were then
asked to moved forward and recorded their perceptions of comfort and glare to
distance range. The findings demonstrated that, there was no variation in
subjective evaluation to display signs with no backgrounds either in the near
or distant locations, while to display signs with backgrounds, the subjects
perceptions were the farther the distance, the clearer the legibility; higher
ambient illumination could effectively reduce observers of glare perception to
LED display signs; display signs with backgrounds at the luminance contrast of
3:1 (L max = 3100, L min = 1033 cd / m2) showed the lowest uncomfortable and
glare level to observers. The two forms of character showed no significant
variation in affecting observers in terms of the comfort and glare perception. Keywords: LED display signs; engineering vehicles; legibility; ambient illumination;
luminance contrast | |||
| Spatial Tasks on a Large, High-Resolution, Tiled Display: A Male Inferiority in Performance with a Mental Rotation Task | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 63-71 | |
| Bernt Ivar Olsen; Bruno Laeng; Kari-Ann Kristiansen; Gunnar Hartvigsen | |||
| In previous research we have investigated the effect of screen size on the
perceptual mental rotation task (MRT) by comparing performance on a large 230
inches display with that on a standard 14.1 inches laptop display. The former
work indicated that females might gain an advantage over males on a larger
display. The current study confirms a significant female advantage over male
performance in the MRT. However, our current findings helped to reveal that,
instead of improving the females' performance, the screen size had a
detrimental effect on male performance, while female performance actually
remained unaffected by both the large object size than the standard one. Keywords: Tiled display; Spatial Tasks; Mental Rotation; Sex differences | |||
| Modeling Visual Attention for Rule-Based Usability Simulations of Elderly Citizen | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 72-81 | |
| Aaron Ruß | |||
| Designing systems for the special interests and needs of older user has
become an important subject. However, necessary usability evaluations are time
and resource consuming. One way of automation lies in simulating UI use. Since
substantial sensory and cognitive age-related effects on the human visual
system have been observed, mechanisms of Visual Attention (VA) are promising
candidates for simulating GUI interactions specific for older users. This
article discusses VA mechanisms relevant for simulating age-related effects in
GUI interactions. An integration of such mechanisms is discussed on basis of
the MeMo workbench, a rule-based approach that uses UI interaction simulations
for uncovering usability problems. In the end, simulation of GUI interactions
cannot replace human-based usability evaluation, but can provide early feedback
for GUI designs, reducing time and resource demands for evaluations. In that,
VA provides an instrumental framework for considering age-related effects in
simulations of GUI interactions by older users. Keywords: visual attention; user model; usability simulation; deficit; impairment;
rule-based; Monte Carlo simulation | |||
| Operational Characteristics Related to Memory in Operating Information Devices with Hierarchical Menu | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 82-91 | |
| Norikazu Sasaki; Motoki Shino; Minoru Kamata | |||
| In an aged society, easy-to-use information devices are necessary. In order
to develop information devices which elderly adults can use easily, it is
important to bring out characteristics of elderly adults in using information
devices based on their cognitive functions. In this study, the authors focus on
a relation between memory function and exploration behavior in a hierarchical
menu while learning process. An experiment is conducted with eight elderly
adults and eight young adults. In this experiment, a hierarchical menu composed
based on the library classification, not actual hierarchical menus, is used in
order to eliminate differences of knowledge about information devices between
elderly and young adults. As a result, it seems that decrease of episodic
memory increases a possibility of improper selections in the hierarchical menu
when doing the same operations as previous operations. Keywords: Elderly adults; Hierarchical menu; Memory function | |||
| Effects of Paper on Page Turning: Comparison of Paper and Electronic Media in Reading Documents with Endnotes | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 92-101 | |
| Hirohito Shibata; Kengo Omura | |||
| This study compares the performances of paper and electronic media during a
reading task that includes frequent page turning. In the experiment, 18
subjects read multi-page documents aloud while referring to endnotes using
paper, a large display, and a small display. Results revealed that reading from
paper was 6.8% faster than reading from a large electronic display and 11.4%
faster than reading from a small electronic display. No difference was found
between scores of recognition tests of important words of documents among the
three conditions, which indicates that paper is the most effective medium for
people to read text speedily without reducing comprehension. Detailed analyses
of the reading process show that, in the Paper condition, people perform both
text reading and page-turning simultaneously. However, when using computer
displays, reading and turning pages were divided completely and performed
separately. Keywords: paper; reading; page turning | |||
| Viability of Mobile Devices for Training Purposes | | BIBA | Full-Text | 102-109 | |
| Shehan Sirigampola; Steven Zielinski; Glenn A. Martin; Jason Daly; Jaime H. Flores | |||
| Mobile devices offer an advantageous platform on which to perform training simulations. However, they create new issues that are unique to mobile device development. First we will explore several reasons for using mobile devices for training simulators, instead of desktop or legacy-based systems. Once we have established the requirements of mobile simulators, we will discern some of the differences that arise between major mobile platforms in each development area. Finally we propose a solution that will address these differences and aid developers in creating cross-platform mobile simulations. | |||
| Display System for Advertising Image with Scent and Psychological Effect | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 110-119 | |
| Keisuke Tomono; Hiroki Wakatsuki; Shigeki Kumazawa; Akira Tomono | |||
| We propose a new method in which scents are ejected through the display
screen in the direction of a viewer in order to enhance the reality of the
visual images. A thin LED display panel filled with tiny pores was made for
this experiment, and an air control system using a blower was placed behind the
screen. We proved that the direction of airflow was controlled and scents
properly travelled through the pores to the front side of the screen. Moreover,
the effectiveness to an advertising field of this system was estimated by
simulating an actual situation in which various advertisements are around using
the immersive VR System. The subjects' eye movements and impressions, when they
look at the scented advertisements while walking, were analyzed. Keywords: Display; Scent; Digital signage; Multi-Media; Advertisement | |||
| Subitizing-Counting Analogue Observed in a Fast Multi-tapping Task | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 120-125 | |
| Hiro-Fumi Yanai; Kyouhei Kurosawa; Kousuke Takahashi | |||
| A widely-used method for entering texts with mobile phones is the
multi-tapping one. To understand the internal processes of humans while doing
multi-tapping, we designed an experiment with time pressure, that is, to
multi-tap a key for the prescribed number of times as fast as possible. We
observed three types in time series data for inter-tap intervals: Type I (Plan
and Do), Type II (Do and Adjust), and Type III (Mixture of Type I and II). And,
for the distribution of errors in the tapping, we found a subitizing-counting
analogue. That is, if the instructed number of tapping was smaller (< 4),
the error rate was smaller, and if the number was larger (> 4), the error
rate rose abruptly. These findings could lead to the model of human cognition
and manipulation of the number, hence to the design of the usable human
interface. Keywords: subitizing; counting; numerosity; cognitive process; text entry; mobile
phone | |||
| The Number of Trials with Target Affects the Low Prevalence Effect | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 126-131 | |
| Fan Yang; Xianghong Sun; Kan Zhang; Biyun Zhu | |||
| Wolfe J M. et al found that subject's miss rate increased markedly when
target prevalence decreased in simulated X-ray luggage screening task, which
was so-called the low prevalence effect. He thought it was caused by shift of
observer's decision criteria. But the number of trials with target (NTT) also
affected the effect. The present study had two experiments, and there were two
blocks in each experiment. Subjects in Exp 1 were in different NTT (20 vs. 100)
but the same target prevalence (both 50%); In Exp 2, NTT was the same (both 20)
but the target prevalence was different (50% vs. 5%). The results showed that
subject's miss rate was mainly changed with NTT, and decision criteria was up
to the target prevalence, Wolfe's conclusion was not completely correct. Keywords: X-ray luggage screening; low prevalence effect; miss rate; visual search | |||
| Facial Expression Measurement for Detecting Driver Drowsiness | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 135-144 | |
| Satori Hachisuka; Kenji Ishida; Takeshi Enya; Masayoshi Kamijo | |||
| This paper presents the method of detecting driver's drowsiness level from
facial expressions. Our method is executed according to the following flow:
taking a driver's facial image, tracing the facial features by image
processing, and classifying the driver's drowsiness level by pattern
classification. We found that facial expression had the highest linear
correlation with brain waves as the general index of drowsiness during
monotonous driving. After analyzing the facial muscle activities, we determined
17 feature points on face for detecting driver drowsiness. A camera set on a
dashboard recorded the driver's facial image. We applied Active Appearance
Model (AAM) for measuring the 3-dimensional coordinates of the feature points
on the facial image. In order to classify drowsiness into 6 levels, we applied
k-Nearest-Neighbor method. As a result, the average Root Mean Square Errors
(RMSE) among 13 participants was less than 1.0 level. Our method also detected
the driver's smile. Keywords: Facial expression; Facial muscle; Driver drowsiness; Drowsiness detection | |||
| Estimation of Driver's Fatigue Based on Steering Wheel Angle | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 145-155 | |
| Qichang He; Wei Li; Xiumin Fan | |||
| Driver's fatigue has been verified as a major factor in many traffic
accidents. The estimation of driver's vigilance by steering wheel angle is good
way because it is a non-invasive method compared with EEG. An adaptive
vigilance estimation methodology based on steering wheel angle information is
proposed. The sample data classification index is built from EEG and PVT
information of ten driver's virtual driving experiment on driving simulator.
According to the geometry information of road centerline and the location of
the automobile center, a new algorithm is proposed to compute the lane
deviation. The correlation coefficient between steering wheel angle and lane
deviation are computed, and the results show that their correlation level is
0.05. Based on the steering wheel angle, the driver fatigue evaluation model is
established by the Bayesian Network (BN). The structure and parameters for BN
model are determined after adaptive training. The experiment results verified
that this model is effective to identify driver's fatigue level. Keywords: Driver fatigue; Steering wheel angle; Lane deviation; Bayesian Network model | |||
| Study on Driving Performance of Aged Drivers at the Intersections Compared with Young Drivers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 156-166 | |
| Seunghee Hong; Byungchan Min; Shun'ichi Doi | |||
| In the recent aged society, the framework for assisting safe driving should
be prepared with understanding the elderly driver's driving performance and
their psychological features. The purpose of this study is aimed to obtain the
fundamental data of aged driver for their effective assist-system. First, using
driving simulator, aged people were observed their driving behaviors in various
conditions at intersections compared with young drivers. These behaviors were
measured in the condition of right and left turns and crossing. As the results,
in particular, significantly slower approaches were observed on every occasion,
and the unstable driving behaviors were examined. Next, on the field tests of
real running in proving ground, the aged drivers were apt to run rapidly in the
case of approaching the crossing compared with young drivers. These driving
performances should be interfered with the traffic flow and exposed to the risk
of accidents. Keywords: Aged Driver; Driving Performance; Intersection | |||
| The Influence of False and Missing Alarms of Safety System on Drivers' Risk-Taking Behavior | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 167-175 | |
| Takayuki Masuda; Shigeru Haga; Azusa Aoyama; Hiroki Takahashi; Gaku Naito | |||
| This study investigates the influence of false and missing alarms of safety
system on drivers' risk-taking behavior by laboratory experiments. The task is
to move a vehicle from below to top through an intersection displayed on a PC
monitor without colliding with crossing traffic. Participants performed the
task under different experimental conditions with different types of system
failure: (1) no failure, (2) false alarm, (3) missing alarm, and (4) no
information. We conducted two experiments. The difference between Experiment 1
(E1) and Experiment 2 (E2) is the frequency of false or missing alarms:
erroneous alarms occurred twice as many in E2 as E1. The differences of the
result between E1 and E2 indicate that the different frequencies of missing
alarm have a different effect on risk-taking behavior. Keywords: negative adaptation; risk-taking; system failure | |||
| Estimation of Driver's Arousal State Using Multi-dimensional Physiological Indices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 176-185 | |
| Mieko Ohsuga; Yoshiyuki Kamakura; Yumiko Inoue; Yoshihiro Noguchi; Keiji Shimada; Masami Mishiro | |||
| The goal of our research is to develop a method to assess the arousal states
using facial images of drivers. Multi-dimensional physiological indices are
expected to be alternative external criteria of arousal states to manual coding
of facial expression which require a lot of human resources. Changes in multi
dimensional physiological indices (i.e., blink categories, skin conductance,
EEG alpha wave, respiration, heart rate variability) depending on the arousal
states defined by the combination of "arousal level" and the presence of
"effort" to wake up were studied. Multiple linear regression analysis was also
executed using one of the face scores ("arousal level" or "effort") as
dependent variables and the physiological indices as explanatory variables.
Relatively high multiple correlation coefficients were obtained, however, the
number and combination of selected indices showed great differences between
individuals. To obtain common equations is an issue in future. Keywords: driver behavior; arousal level; drowsiness; facial expression; blinks;
electro-oculogram; skin conductance; electroencephalogram; respiration; heart
rate; heart rate variability | |||
| The Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distraction on Driver Situation Awareness | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 186-195 | |
| Meghan Rogers; Yu Zhang; David Kaber; Yulan Liang; Shruti Gangakhedkar | |||
| Driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety due
to the increasing use of in-vehicle devices. To reduce safety risk, it is
crucial to understand how fundamental aspects of distracting activities affect
driver cognition in terms of roadway situation awareness. This study used a
simulator-based experiment to investigate the effects of visual, cognitive and
simultaneous distraction on operational and tactical control of vehicles.
Twenty drivers participated in the study and drove in following or passing
driving scenarios under four distraction conditions (without, with visual, with
cognitive, and with simultaneous distraction). Results revealed visual
distraction to affect all aspects of driver situation awareness. Cognitive
distraction affected comprehension and projection of roadway and vehicle
states. Correlation analyses revealed decrements in driver SA due to
distraction to be associated with decreases in performance. Keywords: Driver Distraction; Situation Awareness | |||
| Experienced and Novice Driver Situation Awareness at Rail Level Crossings: An Exploratory On-Road Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 196-204 | |
| Paul M. Salmon; Michael G. Lenné; Kristie Young; Guy H. Walker | |||
| Poor or degraded situation awareness has previously been identified as a
contributory factor in crashes at rail level crossings. Despite this, the
concept remains largely unexplored in this context. This paper describes an
exploratory on-road study focusing on novice and experienced driver situation
awareness whilst negotiating rail level crossings. Participants drove a
pre-determined urban route, incorporating two rail level crossings, in an
instrumented vehicle. Situation awareness was assessed using propositional
networks which were constructed based on content analyses of driver verbal
protocols. Differences between drivers' situation awareness were found in terms
of the information underpinning it and the integration of this information. It
is concluded that, whilst negotiating the two rail level crossings,
inexperienced drivers had less efficient situation awareness than experienced
drivers. In closing, the implications of this study are discussed along with a
series of recommendations for further research in this context. Keywords: Situation awareness; rail level crossings; on-road studies | |||
| Influence of Brightness and Traffic Flow on Driver's Eye-Fixation-Related Potentials | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 205-213 | |
| Yoshihisa Terada; Koji Morikawa; Yuji Kawanishi; YongWook Jeon; Tatsuru Daimon | |||
| This paper investigates the influence of environmental factors and driver
distraction on the eye-fixation-related potential (EFRP) of drivers. Brightness
and traffic conditions were set up as environmental factors in experiments
using a motion-based driving simulator, and several cognitive tasks were given
simultaneously to the participants while they simulated driving. The results of
this experiment show that brightness and traffic flow do not affect the EFRP.
This shows that EFRP is a stable index of driver distraction. Keywords: Electroencephalogram; Eye-fixation-related potentials; Distraction | |||
| Cognitive Compatibility of Motorcyclists and Drivers | | BIBA | Full-Text | 214-222 | |
| Guy H. Walker; Neville A. Stanton; Paul M. Salmon | |||
| Incompatibility between different types of road user is a problem that previous research has shown to be resistant to a range of interventions. Cars and motorcycles are particularly prone to this. Insight is provided in this paper by a naturalistic method using concurrent verbal protocols and an automatic, highly reliable semantic network creation tool. Analysis of the structure and content of the semantic networks reveals a greater degree of cognitive compatibility on faster roads such as motorways, but evidence of more critical incompatibilities on country roads and junctions. The results are discussed in terms of practical measures such as road signs which warn of events behind as well as in front, cross-mode training and the concept of route driveability. | |||
| Information Searching on the Web: The Cognitive Difficulties Experienced by Older Users in Modifying Unsuccessful Information Searches | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 225-232 | |
| Aline Chevalier; Aurélie Dommes; Jean Claude Marquié | |||
| The present study addressed age-related differences in performances and
strategies developed by web users while searching for information. Ten older
and 10 younger adults had to search for information with Google and to answer 9
questions varying in complexity: from simple ones (participants needed to use
keywords provided in the questions) to impossible ones (no answer existed). The
results showed that older participants had lower performances than younger
ones; age-related differences were more particularly marked as the question
complexity increased. Regression analyses showed that processing speed and
cognitive flexibility accounted for a large part of the variance in
performances. The younger and older participants also differed in the
strategies they developed while searching for information. The older
participants tended to focus on the evaluation of the results provided by
Google. In contrast, the younger participants tended to plan and regulate their
activity, this last strategy provided better performances. Keywords: Information searching; aging; question complexity; cognitive abilities;
strategies | |||
| Template for Website Browsing | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 233-242 | |
| Fong-Ling Fu; Chiu Hung Su | |||
| Websites on e-commerce often display large amounts of multi-media and
information, creating problems for viewers when locating specific information.
This research uses the concepts of template and selective attention to
understand the cognitive simplification in finding information and browsing
websites. Utilizing content analysis with 240 university students as subjects,
we conducted an experiment on information retention with browsing a shopping
website. Although the amount of information displayed by the website was
staggering, the result of the experiment showed that participants applied a
template built up through past experiences of what's important and where things
belong. This internal map containing three mechanisms: segmentation, grouping
and attention, is then used to create an efficient task strategy, to segment
the page, and to categorize the information. This research tried to understand
the attributes of template for users who are browsing Websites. The
"findability" of online information would be improved if the arrangement of
information of a web site were the same as what viewers expected. Keywords: Information search ability; selective attention; interface design of
websites; template matching | |||
| Mental Models: Have Users' Mental Models of Web Search Engines Improved in the Last Ten Years? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 243-253 | |
| Sifiso Mlilo; Andrew Thatcher | |||
| This study investigated the accuracy and completeness of mental models users
have of Web search engines in the context of a comparison of matched data
obtained from samples from 2000 and 2010. The performance measures time, steps
and accuracy were assessed along with 17 salient features of Web search engines
identified in the study conducted in 2000. The results indicated that the 2010
sample had improved significantly across all performance measures. The two
samples did, however, identify an equal number of salient features (N=7). It
was clear from the detailed analyses of the salient features though, that the
accuracy and completeness of users' mental models of search engines had
demonstrably improved from 2000. So, while users' mental models of Web search
engines still remain largely inaccurate and incomplete, their alignment with
designer's conceptualisations has improved. Keywords: Mental models; search engine; time; steps; accuracy; salient features | |||
| The e-Progression in SEs | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 254-262 | |
| Karl W. Sandberg; Olof Wahlberg; Fredrik Håkansson | |||
| The development of Information and communication technology (ICT) has
changed the action of business. The view to considered SEs sector as
homogeneous, within which SEs take an ordered, sequential e-progression on the
route to ICT adoption, and postulate that businesses move in stages from basic
use of the Internet to the full integration of business systems and redesign of
business processes. The aim of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the
stage model in the context of the progression of ICT adoption by SEs. Empirical
cases are given that show weaknesses of stage models to explain e-progression
in SEs, the stage model are too general and do not take into account the
diversity of SEs and focused upon factors such as firm size, age, owner/manager
characteristics and geographical position This variety of different
perspectives on the adoption of ICT by SEs suggests the need for a
multidimensional framework to more adequate explained e-progression in SEs. Keywords: SEs; e-progression; stage model; ICT adoption | |||
| Cross-Cultural Comparison of Blog Use for Parent-Teacher Communication in Elementary Schools | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 263-272 | |
| Qiping Zhang; April Hatcher | |||
| There are many factors that effect student learning and achievement. Factors
such as socioeconomic status, class size, a child's learning style, and
parental involvement all have influence on a student's achievement in school.
In this study, we focus only on the factor of parental involvement as it
relates to parent-teacher communication. Parent-teacher communication has
traditionally been conducted through parent-teacher conferences, personal
letters to parents, telephone calls home, etc. However, the growth of the
Internet based communications such as e-mails and blogs have expanded the ways
in which parent-teacher communication can occur. The objective of this study is
to find out how blogs, a lightweight web 2.0 technology, are used to support
communication between parents and teachers in different national culture
settings. The findings of this interview study suggested that cultural values,
privacy policies, teacher background and technology knowledge have influenced
the use of blog in parent-teacher communication. Keywords: blog; web 2.0; culture; computer-mediated communication; parent-teacher
communication | |||
| How Font Size and Tag Location Influence Chinese Perception of Tag Cloud? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 273-282 | |
| Qiping Zhang; Weina Qu; Li Wang | |||
| Social tagging as a new approach for metadata creation has emerged to
support browsing, searching, sharing on social network sites. Tag clouds are
visual displays of social tags. In this paper we reported a user study on tag
cloud perception. The goal of our evaluation is to investigate the effect of
some of the different properties that can be utilized in presenting tags e.g.
tag font size, tag location. Both behavior data and eye tracking data
demonstrated a significant effect of font size, but effect of tag locations was
mixed. Big tags were recalled better than medium and small font tags regardless
of their locations in a tag cloud. Tags in the middle circle of a tag cloud
received longer eye duration than outer circle, but were not recalled better. Keywords: tag cloud; tagging; evaluation; visualization; user studies; Chinese | |||
| Balance between Abstract Principles and Concrete Instances in Knowledge Communication | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 285-293 | |
| Toshiya Akasaka; Yusaku Okada | |||
| In tasks requiring dealing with variable situations, workers are expected to
do more than following prescribed instructions. In this paper, we presented our
view and framework for creating instructions with a good balance between the
flexibility of abstract principles and the preciseness of concrete instances,
which aims at helping instruction receivers become capable of dealing with
variable situations where no concrete instructions are available. Our approach
represents knowledge using an abstraction hierarchy. It is situated in our
grand model which deals with the whole picture of knowledge communication. A
case study is also presented, which suggests that seen in our view existing
manuals can be improved by providing them with principles combined with
instance-dependent variables. Keywords: Hierarchic Representation of Knowledge; Modeling Language; Knowledge
Management; Knowledge Visualization | |||
| Using Uncertainty to Inform Information Sufficiency in Decision Making | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 294-302 | |
| Xiao Dong; Caroline C. Hayes | |||
| Decision making is a critical part of design. Designers must constantly
compare, weigh and select design options throughout the design process. The
effectiveness of those decisions impacts the effectiveness of the final design.
In this paper, we compare two decision support systems, one that allows
designers to enter and visualize the uncertainty in each alternative, and one
that does not. We compared differences in the designers' perceptions of whether
they had sufficient information to make a choice, and their confidence in their
choice. The goal is not to make designers more confident of their decisions,
but rather to help them evaluate realistically whether they have sufficient
information to make a clear choice. Keywords: Decision support system; decision making under uncertainty | |||
| Consideration of Human Factors for Prioritizing Test Cases for the Software System Test | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 303-312 | |
| Christoph Malz; Kerstin Sommer; Peter Göhner; Birgit Vogel-Heuser | |||
| A big challenge of software test managers is the limited test time.
Especially the system test, where the whole integrated software system is
tested shortly before delivery to the customer, is affected by this limitation.
During the system test usually several test cycles are needed. However, a test
manager cannot execute all available test cases in each test cycle due to the
limited test time. He/she has to decide which test cases have to be executed in
each test cycle in order to find new possible faults of the software. In this
paper the Adaptive Test Management System (ATMS) based on software agents is
presented which relieves the test manager from this complex manual work by
using software agents for prioritizing test cases based on current information
about the software system, the test cases and the human factors of the
developers. The goal of the ATMS is to maximize the number of found faults in
the available test time with the determined prioritization order. Keywords: Test case prioritization; human factors; software agents | |||
| Cognitive Engineering of Automated Assembly Processes | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 313-321 | |
| Marcel Ph. Mayer; Barbara Odenthal; Carsten Wagels; Sinem Kuz; Bernhard Kausch; Christopher M. Schlick | |||
| A novel approach to cognitive automation of assembly processes is
introduced. An experimental assembly cell with two robots has been designed to
proof the concept. The cell's numerical control -- termed a cognitive control
unit (CCU) -- is able to simulate human information processing at a rule-based
level of cognitive control on the basis of the SOAR cognitive architecture.
Thus the CCU can plan assembly processes autonomously and can react to changes
in assembly processes due to increasing number of products that have to be
assembled in a large variety in production space as well as changing or
uncertain conditions. To develop a "Humanoid-Mode" for automated assembly
systems similar to the H-metaphor for automated vehicles human assembly
strategies where identified in empirical investigations and formulated as
production rules. When the CCU is enriched with these production rules
underlying human heuristics, a significant increase of the predictability of a
robot when assembling products can be achieved. Keywords: Cognitive Automation; SOAR; Assembly; Joint Cognitive Systems | |||
| Delegation to Automation: Performance and Implications in Non-optimal Situations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 322-331 | |
| Christopher A. Miller; Tyler H. Shaw; Joshua D. Hamell; Adam Emfield; David J. Musliner; Ewart de Visser; Raja Parasuraman | |||
| We have previously advocated adaptable interaction with automation through
approaches derived from human-human delegation and using the metaphor of a
sports team's "playbook". In work sponsored by the U.S. Army's
Aeroflightdynamics Directorate (AFDD), we have been studying the effects of
play-based delegation on human-machine system performance. Of particular
interest is performance with plays in "non-optimal play environments" (NOPE)
where no, or only poorly fitting, plays exist to achieve needed behaviors.
Plays have been shown to offer benefits in situations for which they are
customized, but more interesting is whether complacency, expectation, loss of
training, and automation bias might affect performance when plays do not
perfectly fit. We provide a taxonomy of NOPE conditions and report on the
exploration of some of these conditions in a series of three experiments
performed to date. Keywords: adaptive/adaptable automation; playbook; delegation; automation complacency;
automation bias; mixed initiative automation | |||
| Effective Shift Handover | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 332-341 | |
| Thomas Plocher; Shanqing Yin; Jason C. Laberge; Brian Thompson; Jason Telner | |||
| In the refining industry, control room and field operators document their
daily activities using shift logs. These logs are supposed to be an important
part of the shift handover process and are the mechanism by which activities
are coordinated across shifts. Previous research identified the need for a more
structured approach to shift handover. However, the value of a structured
approach has never been demonstrated experimentally. We report here on an
experiment sponsored by the Abnormal Situation Management Consortium conducted
at the ENGEN Refinery that compared the quality of shift handovers using a
structured checklist-integrated logbook to a more traditional less structured
logging approach. The results showed that significant benefits to situation
awareness derive from the more structured approach. Keywords: logbook; shift work; shift handover; process control; situation awareness Note: Best Paper Award | |||
| Measuring Self-adaptive UAV Operators' Load-Shedding Strategies under High Workload | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 342-351 | |
| Axel Schulte; Diana Donath | |||
| This article focuses on the experimental identification of changes in human
behaviour patterns of UAV-operators guiding multiple UAVs from a helicopter
cockpit. These changes are based on self-regulation mechanisms of the operators
to adapt to the current task and workload demands. Main objective of the use of
these so called self-adaptive strategies is to avoid overload situations, and
to retard exceeding capacity limits, to maintain overall acceptable performance
as long as possible. Expressed by shedding and deferring tasks of lesser
importance, or the relaxation of self-imposed criteria, these strategies lead
to an observable change of human behaviour patterns, prior to grave performance
decrements. This article describes a laboratory experiment utilising a virtual
flight simulator to stimulate operator's workload and observe their mitigation
strategies by means of gaze detection and a detailed interaction monitoring.
Using the observed behaviour changes in an assistant system as indicator for
high workload situations of the operator, it shall be possible to support the
operator prior the occurrence of errors. Keywords: multi-UAV guidance; subjective workload; self-adaptive strategies; human
behaviour model; eye movements | |||
| Display Requirements for an Interactive Rail Scheduling Display | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 352-361 | |
| Jacqueline M. Tappan; David J. Pitman; Mary L. Cummings; Denis Miglianico | |||
| This work, a collaboration between Alstom Transport and the MIT Humans and
Automation Laboratory (HAL), is focused on the development of an interactive
in-cab scheduling interface for train operators. Currently, operators rely on a
combination of paper schedules, paper speed charts, and rote memorization to
meet the many demands of train operation. The separation of this information
over multiple sources shifts driver attention away from the windscreen and may
result in increased workload levels and safety compromises. A Hybrid Cognitive
Task Analysis (hCTA), which derives the information requirements necessary to
meet mission goals directly from operational tasks, was conducted to generate
cognitive requirements for the desired scheduling display. The resulting
seventeen requirements were used to guide the development of a new scheduling
display, which is presented. Keywords: Information requirements; cognitive task analysis; rail; schedule
management; decision ladders | |||
| Application of Natural Language in Fire Spread Display | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 365-373 | |
| Yan Ge; Li Wang; Xianghong Sun | |||
| How to express fire spread efficiently and effectively to firefighters was
an important issue. The present study aimed to investigate how to present the
fire alarm information, focusing on whether natural language alarm presentation
was better than the alarm list presentation. Objective method and subjective
evaluation were used to compare the difference among different expressions. The
results revealed that natural language was better than alarm list in described
a fire spread situation, and the effect was more robust when spatial
information was added. Traditional alarm list was more accuracy than other
forms, but it cost more time to read and comprehension. So natural language
with spatial information will be recommended to the future design of fire alarm
system. Keywords: natural language; alarm list; fire spread display; comprehension | |||
| Differences between Students and Professionals While Using a GPS Based GIS in an Emergency Response Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 374-383 | |
| Rego Granlund; Helena Maria Granlund; Nils Dahlbäck | |||
| This paper describes the results and differences between students and
professionals who used a GPS based GIS as a collaborative tool in an
experimental emergency response study. A total of 132 students, forming 22
groups and 108 professionals forming 18 groups were tested. Differences in both
performance and behaviors between the groups have been identified. In the
discussion we reflect on the importance to be aware of the participants'
background and behaviors while selecting the participants in an experimental
study. Keywords: Experiment; Collaboration Support; Global Position Systems; Simulation;
Emergency Management | |||
| Adversarial Behavior in Complex Adaptive Systems: An Overview of ICST's Research on Competitive Adaptation in Militant Networks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 384-393 | |
| John Horgan; Michael Kenney; Mia Bloom; Cale Horne; Kurt Braddock; Peter Vining; Nicole Zinni; Kathleen M. Carley; Michael W. Bigrigg | |||
| There is widespread agreement among scholars and practitioners that
terrorism scholarship suffers from a lack of primary-source field research [1].
The absence of solid ethnographic research has yielded studies that suffer from
a lack of rigorous analysis and often result in opinion masquerading as
analysis. This dearth of field work stems in part from a failure to integrate
ethnographic research into computational modeling efforts. The project outlined
in this paper seeks to redress this deficiency by combining the strengths of
ethnographic field research with sophisticated computational models of
individual and group behavior. Specifically, we analyze data from interview
transcripts, news reports, and other open sources concerning the militant
activist group Al-Muhajiroun and the terrorist groups Provisional Irish
Republican Army (PIRA) and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Using
competitive adaptation as a comparative organizational framework, this project
focuses on the process by which adversaries learn from each other in complex
adaptive systems and tailor their activities to achieve their organizational
goals in light of their opponents' action. Keywords: Al-Muhajiroun; competitive adaptation; network analysis | |||
| Preferred Temporal Characteristics of an Advance Notification System for Autonomous Powered Wheelchair | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 394-403 | |
| Takuma Ito; Minoru Kamata | |||
| In a rapidly aged society, providing mobility aids such as motorized
wheelchairs is becoming increasingly important. Such low-speed vehicles have
recently been developed with autonomous locomotion capabilities. In order to
enhance the security and safety offered by these vehicles, human-machine
interfaces are needed to inform the rider about the path of locomotion that is
being taken. In this research we developed a prototype steering interface that
provides haptic information to the rider about the locomotion of the vehicle.
Initial experiments using a powered wheelchair simulator were performed to
study the most acceptable temporal characteristics of the system in terms of
the timing of the information provided to the rider. Keywords: Locomotion Advance Notification; HMI; Low-Speed Vehicle; Autonomous
Locomotion; System Acceptance | |||
| Pre-validation of Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 404-413 | |
| Jari Laarni; Paula Savioja; Hannu Karvonen; Leena Norros | |||
| Evaluation of the design of complex automation and control room systems is
an essential phase in the design process in the nuclear field. For example, in
order to meet the nuclear regulatory requirements, the new control room systems
have to be evaluated in full-scope simulators to achieve a validation of the
systems. We have developed a specific approach for the pre-validation of
human-system interfaces and applied the method to evaluate the control room
designs of a Finnish nuclear power plant. Some lessons learned from previous
tests are provided. The paper will also discuss some open questions concerning
the use of pre-validation test data. One of the most interesting questions is
how pre-validation test data can be used in the final validation of a system,
and how a set of pre-validation tests can support the validation by providing
cumulative evidence of the functionality and usability of the system. Keywords: Verification & Validation; Pre-validation; Control Room; Concept of
Operations | |||
| Deception and Self-awareness | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 414-423 | |
| Glyn Lawson; Alex Stedmon; Chloe Zhang; Dawn L. Eubanks; Lara A. Frumkin | |||
| This paper presents a study conducted for the Shades of Grey EPSRC research
project (EP/H02302X/1), which aims to develop a suite of interventions for
identifying terrorist activities. The study investigated the body movements
demonstrated by participants while waiting to be interviewed, in one of two
conditions: preparing to lie or preparing to tell the truth. The effect of
self-awareness was also investigated, with half of the participants sitting in
front of a full length mirror during the waiting period. The other half faced a
blank wall. A significant interaction was found for the duration of hand/arm
movements between the deception and self-awareness conditions (F=4.335,
df=1;76, p<0.05). Without a mirror, participants expecting to lie spent less
time moving their hands than those expecting to tell the truth; the opposite
was seen in the presence of a mirror. This finding indicates a new research
area worth further investigation. Keywords: terrorism; deception; self-awareness | |||
| Air Passengers' Luggage Screening: What Is the Difference between Naïve People and Airport Screeners? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 424-431 | |
| Xi Liu; Alastair G. Gale | |||
| In a simulated task of airport security inspection for threat items of
knives, guns and IEDs, the difference between screeners and naïve people
was analysed in terms of detection performance, attention allocation and
workload. The detection performance of screeners was significantly better than
that of naïve people. Compared to naïve observers, screeners
concentrated on one or two potential threat items and ignored some irrelevant
contents in the X-ray images which are showed by fixation maps. In order to
understand how observers missed targets the workload between hit and miss
decisions was compared. Unfortunately, there was no difference on workload when
they hit or missed the targets where the dwell time on the targets of the hit
decisions was longer than that of miss decisions. The findings may highlight
how the search expertise is developed and provide information for improving
training program. Keywords: X-ray luggage image; visual search; fixation map | |||
| Acceptability and Effects of Tools to Assist with Controller Managed Spacing in the Terminal Area | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 432-441 | |
| Lynne Martin; Michael Kupfer; Everett A. Palmer; Joey Mercer; Todd J. Callantine; Thomas Prevot | |||
| In a human-in-the-loop simulation, a scheduler delivered aircraft to meter
fixes in the Los Angeles terminal area with a -60 to +30 second accuracy. This
study investigated whether, and how well, controllers could control aircraft to
land them as close to their scheduled time of arrival (STA) as possible using
speed control alone. Controllers were assigned one of three levels of tools to
assist them but had to compensate for errors in the forecast winds that had not
been taken into account by the scheduler. Results show that speed clearances
were sufficient under all conditions to maneuver aircraft closer to their STAs.
From participant reports, this form of control incurred manageable workload and
two of the three levels of tools were deemed easy to use. Keywords: decision support tools; controller managed spacing; terminal area; utility
and usability | |||
| The Effects of Individual and Context on Aggression in Repeated Social Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 442-451 | |
| Jolie M. Martin; Ion Juvina; Christian Lebiere; Cleotilde Gonzalez | |||
| In two studies using variations of the Prisoner's Dilemma game, we explore
the combined impact of individual traits and social context on aggressive
behavior. In the first study, we compared defection rates in the Iterated
Prisoner's Dilemma when participants were presented with a payoff matrix
(Description condition) or learned payoffs through experience (Experience
condition). Interpersonal trust and maximizing tendency led to relatively more
cooperation in the Description condition than in the Experience condition,
demonstrating that individual characteristics manifest differently depending on
the information available to decision-makers. In the second study, we employed
a new game paradigm, the Intergroup Prisoner's Dilemma with Intragroup Power
Dynamics, to examine the way that power motives influence extreme aggressive
behavior. We discovered that certain individuals exhibit very high levels of
defection, but only when they play with particular combinations of predefined
strategies, suggesting further how the confluence of individual factors and
context can induce aggression. Keywords: Aggression; Extremism; Game Theory; Individual Differences; Power;
Prisoner's Dilemma; Social Context | |||
| Scent Trails: Countering Terrorism through Informed Surveillance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 452-460 | |
| Alex Sandham; Tom Ormerod; Coral Dando; Ray Bull; Mike Jackson; James Goulding | |||
| This paper reports the DScenT (Detecting Scent Trails) project, which
brought together technologists and behavioural scientists to design and
evaluate novel methods for countering terrorism in public places. Through a
mixture of prototyping and empirical evaluations, we developed and assessed an
immersive environment for detecting and investigating deceptive behaviours
indicative of terrorist activities. The environment comprised a location-based
game called Cutting Corners. The game was used in field trials to test the
efficacy of different methods for collecting and using evidence during
investigative interviews with mock terrorist suspects and to examine effects of
play on attitudes towards surveillance and counter-terrorism. Keywords: Countering Terrorism; Pervasive Games; Location-based Games; GIS; Detecting
Deception; Suspect Interviewing | |||
| Using Behavioral Measures to Assess Counter-Terrorism Training in the Field | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 461-470 | |
| V. Alan Spiker; Joan Hall Johnston | |||
| Development of behavioral pattern recognition and analysis skills is an
essential element of counter-terrorism training, particularly in the field.
Three classes of behavioral measures were collected in an assessment of skill
acquisition during a US Joint Forces Command (JFCOM)-sponsored course
consisting of combat tracking and combat profiling segments. These included
situational judgment tests, structured behavioral observation checklists, and
qualitative assessments of the emergence of specific knowledge-skills-attitudes
over the course of training. Evidence was present in all three types of
measures to indicate that behavioral pattern recognition and analysis skills
were successfully acquired by most students (a mix of Army and civilian law
enforcement personnel). The paper describes both the types of skills acquired
and the statistical evidence that supports their acquisition over the course of
field training. Implications for broader training of these critical skills are
also discussed. Keywords: Situational judgment tests; behavioral observations; scenarios;
knowledge-skills-attitudes; profiling; tracking | |||
| Applied Cognitive Ergonomics Design Principles for Fighter Aircraft | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 473-483 | |
| Jens Alfredson; Johan Holmberg; Rikard Andersson; Maria Wikforss | |||
| The objective of the reported work was to study the use and applicability of
applied cognitive ergonomics design principles for fighter aircraft, with
examples from the modern Swedish swing-role aircraft Gripen. Methods used were
a literature review of relevant design principles together with an analysis of
their applicability to the fighter aircraft domain as well as interviews of
developers and scrutinized system documentation of ongoing fighter aircraft
development at Saab. As a result of those activities, we can here present a
brief description of cognitive ergonomics design principles applied in the
Gripen fighter aircraft, and the development process for human-machine
interaction for fighter aircraft. Finally, considerations for the design
process for fighter aircraft are discussed in the context of that description. Keywords: Fighter Aircraft; Design Principles; Cognitive Ergonomics; Human-Machine
Interaction | |||
| Designing Effective Soldier-Robot Teams in Complex Environments: Training, Interfaces, and Individual Differences | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 484-493 | |
| Michael J. Barnes; Jessie Y. C. Chen; Florian Jentsch; Elizabeth S. Redden | |||
| Extensive US Army programs are being pursued to increase the effectiveness
of unmanned vehicles for diverse missions during future combat. The following
paper identified 23 human-robot interaction (HRI) guidelines related to
interface design, procedural issues, individual differences and training
implications based on three HRI research programs. The programs range from
simulation experiments that investigated robot control in a multitasking
environment from a mounted combat vehicle, to reconnaissance missions in a
miniature Iraqi city that focused on Soldier-robot teaming relationships, to
field studies at Ft. Benning that examined interface design issues for Soldiers
supervising or controlling small robots. Keywords: HRI design; military; human factors | |||
| Optimizing Performance Variables for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Co-axial Rotor Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 494-503 | |
| Jonathon Bell; Mantas Brazinskas; Stephen D. Prior | |||
| The aim of this project was to design and build a test-rig that is capable
of analyzing small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAV) co-axial rotor systems. The
intention of the test-rig development was to highlight important aeromechanical
components and variables that dictate the co-axial units flight performance,
with the intention of optimizing the propulsion systems for use on HALO® a
co-axial SUAV designed by the Autonomous Systems Lab at Middlesex University.
The major contributions of this paper are: an optimum COTS co-axial
configuration with regards to motor and propeller variations, a thorough review
and validation of co-axial rotor systems inter-rotor spacing which in turn
identified an optimum H/D ratio region of between (0.41-0.65). Keywords: Co-axial Rotor; SUAV; Aerodynamics; H/D ratio | |||
| Trust Evaluation through Human-Machine Dialogue Modelling | | BIBA | Full-Text | 504-513 | |
| Cyril Crocquesel; François Legras; Gilles Coppin | |||
| Trust in automation, and particularly maintaining an adequate level of trust in automation is now recognized as a major performance factor in supervisory control. Leveraging man-machine interaction is seen as a promising approach to influence the level of trust of an operator. Two problems need to be addressed in order to reach this goal: first measuring the level of trust; second acting on the level of trust to reach a more appropriate level. In this paper, we tackle the first problem, and propose to use a computational dialogue modelling approach to evaluate trust dynamically. We describe our model on two examples and give some perspectives. | |||
| A Testbed for Exploring Human-Robot Interaction with Unmanned Aerial and Ground Vehicles | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 514-521 | |
| Jaime H. Flores; Glenn A. Martin; Paula J. Durlach | |||
| Over the last twenty years, the emerging roles of unmanned aerial/ground
vehicles in the U.S. military presented a number of different research
opportunities in usability and training, ranging from robotic control
interfaces to human-robot team collaboration. In this paper we present a
testbed that we developed as a flexible software platform to explore a variety
of training and coordination issues with UXVs for military application. Keywords: Interface Usability; Unmanned Vehicles; Team Collaboration | |||
| Technological and Usability-Based Aspects of Distributed After Action Review in a Game-Based Training Setting | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 522-529 | |
| Matthew Fontaine; Glenn A. Martin; Jason Daly; Casey L. Thurston | |||
| After action review (AAR) in the distributed setting provides for some
unique problems. Some of these problems include remote facilitation of an after
action review, keeping a lightweight infrastructure that can handle large
amounts of throughput and allowing for different AAR sessions to be run
simultaneously. This paper proposes a method for developing a facilitative
infrastructure in the AAR setting while providing a solution that allows for
syncing of multiple AAR software to one review session. Keywords: After Action Review; AAR; Simulation; Training; Software Infrastructures;
Client-Server | |||
| Authority Sharing in Mixed Initiative Control of Multiple Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 530-539 | |
| Rui Gonçalves; Sérgio Ferreira; José Pinto; João B. Sousa; Gil Manuel Gonçalves | |||
| In this paper we discuss a conceptual framework that supports operational
scenarios with multiple UAVs and operators. These UAVs possess different levels
of autonomy while the operators have variable skill sets. The scenarios
themselves encompass different missions, with different phases (requiring
different levels of attention from the operator) and with the occurrence of
various exogenous events. This framework was employed in the development of a
Command and Control (C2) application which is capable of operator advisement,
self adaptation, and automatic task distribution among operators and UAVs,
depending on mission objectives, phase and occurrences. This C2 application
enables a clear overview of the remote environment by placing the operator
closer to the control loop, whether it is at an abstract or low level of
control. Consequently there is an improvement of task redistribution and
situation awareness, as well as reduction of workload. Keywords: Operator; UAV; Interoperability; Autonomy Levels; Command and Control; UAS;
Situation Awareness; Workload | |||
| Enhancing Pilot Training with Advanced Measurement Techniques | | BIBA | Full-Text | 540-545 | |
| Kelly S. Hale; Robert Breaux | |||
| Certified Flight Instructors (CFIs) in general aviation are tasked with training student pilots the knowledge and skills related to piloting an aircraft. This requires CFIs to have in-depth knowledge about common student errors including early indicators of non-optimal performance in flight, an understanding of probable root cause(s) of non-optimal performance, and instructional techniques to address root cause(s). There is an opportunity to improve CFIs' awareness of common student errors that lead to accidents/incidents and training effectiveness by integrating low fidelity scenario-based training. Such scenarios provided using low cost simulation environments coupled with detailed performance measures outlined in the ADAPT framework can aid CFIs in understanding common errors so that effective recognition and appropriate training intervention is provided to student pilots with the goal of optimizing training while minimizing student accidents/incidents. | |||
| Rule Fragmentation in the Airworthiness Regulations: A Human Factors Perspective | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 546-555 | |
| Don Harris | |||
| Human error has been identified as the primary risk to flight safety. Two of
the more pervasive aspects of Human Factors encountered throughout the
airworthiness regulations are error and workload. However, as a result of
increasing organizational inter-dependence and integration of aircraft systems
it is argued that the manner in which these issues are addressed in the
aviation regulations is becoming increasingly incompatible with human and
organizational behavior in an airline. Workload and error are both products of
complex interactions between equipment design, procedures, training and the
environment. These issues cannot be regulated on a localized basis. A more
systemic, holistic approach to Human Factors regulation is required. It is
suggested that a Safety Case-based approach may be better used as an adjunct to
existing regulations for Human Factors issues. Keywords: Regulations; Workload; Error; Accidents; Socio-technical systems; Safety
Case | |||
| Development of a Reconfigurable Protective System for Multi-rotor UAS | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 556-564 | |
| Thomas Irps; Stephen D. Prior; Darren Lewis | |||
| The purpose of this study is to illustrate how the design and deployment of
a minimal protective system for multi-rotorcraft can cater for changes in
legislation and provide for greater use both in and outdoors. A methodology is
presented to evaluate the design and development of a system which protects
both single axial and co-axial rotorcraft. The key emphasis of the development
presented is the scenario in which the multi-rotorcraft can fly with increased
speed including the capability of flying through windows and doors without the
fear of system failure due to rotor disruption. Discussed as well is the degree
of autonomy the reconfigurable system should feature as well as the effects of
drag and added component mass to the performance of the system. Keywords: Autonomous system; landing gear; reconfigurable system; unmanned aerial
vehicles | |||
| Test-Retest Reliability of CogGauge: A Cognitive Assessment Tool for SpaceFlight | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 565-571 | |
| Matthew Johnston; Angela Carpenter; Kelly S. Hale | |||
| The purpose of this study was to assess at a preliminary level, the
test/retest reliability of the math processing mini-game of CogGauge: a
cognitive assessment tool for spaceflight. The focus of this assessment was on
the stability of test scores and calculation of reliable change on test/retest
scores obtained on a mathematical processing task. A sample of 18 neurotypical,
non-concussed individuals with a minimum of a graduate or professional school
degree completed the task on two separate occasions separated by 7 days.
Test-retest coefficients, reliable change difference scores (including
adjustments for practice effects) and descriptive statistics are provided along
with a discussion of the CogGauge tool. Keywords: cognitive; decrement; assessment; diagnosis; reliability; stability | |||
| A Formalism for Assessing the Situation Awareness of Pilots | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 572-581 | |
| Steven J. Landry; Chittayong Surakitbanharn | |||
| The assessment of situation awareness is modeled within a set-theoretic
formalism. This formalism explicitly requires the identification of a
functional relationship between particular sets of knowledge and specific
performance criteria. The framework is exercised in an experiment,
demonstrating the utility of the formalism. Keywords: situation awareness; aviation; simulation; set theory | |||
| Mental Resource Demands Prediction as a Key Element for Future Assistant Systems in Military Helicopters | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 582-591 | |
| Felix Maiwald; Axel Schulte | |||
| This work presents an approach to enhance knowledge-based assistant systems
in the domain of military helicopter missions with the ability to prevent the
pilot from being overtaxed. Therefore, an estimation method for residual mental
capacity and current subjective workload is proposed. This estimation enables
the assistant system to deduce the pilots' specific needs of support. As a
result the assistant system shall be enabled to cooperate with the pilot by
resource adaptive information exchange. First evaluation experiments of the
prototype, conducted in our research helicopter mission simulator, will be
described. Keywords: Task load; subjective workload; mental resources; adaptive automation | |||
| Analysis of Mental Workload during En-route Air Traffic Control Task Execution Based on Eye-Tracking Technique | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 592-597 | |
| Caroline Martin; Julien Cegarra; Philippe Averty | |||
| This text aims to present a study which deals with mental workload
evaluation during task execution. It is focused on the Air Traffic Controllers
working situation. In this document, we mainly introduce an experiment which
has been conducted in a French En-Route air traffic center with the
participation of Air Traffic Controllers. Four principal experiment
characteristics are detailed: the experiment procedure, the working situation
elaborated for our experimentation, the nature of the task achieved by
participants, and the technique chosen to analyze mental workload felt by
operators. We finally present the main results from our first data analysis
which seem to confirm major observations known in the field of air traffic
control, as well as, mental workload study field. Keywords: Mental workload analysis; Air Traffic Controller; Eye-tracking; eye
fixations; pupil diameter | |||
| An After Action Review Engine for Training in Multiple Areas | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 598-607 | |
| Glenn A. Martin; Jason Daly; Casey L. Thurston | |||
| The notion of after action review (AAR) is known in the military where it is
used to develop a common picture of what happened and why. Recently, the
concept has been rediscovered by other domains. Obviously, a review within
these domains would be different. This paper addresses development of an AAR
engine. By "AAR engine" we mean a system that provides the common
functionalities across all AAR systems into a single foundation for training.
Regardless of the domain, there are capabilities needed in an AAR system (e.g.
recording and playback of scenario data). On the other hand, there are also
features specific for each domain. In this paper we first review the
infrastructure of our AAR engine. Then advantages of such a system for
addressing various AAR systems are reviewed. Additional advanced functions are
then presented and reviewed in light of how the engine can easily provide these
enhancements. Keywords: After Action Review; AAR; Simulation; Training; Software Infrastructures | |||
| Mixed-Initiative Multi-UAV Mission Planning by Merging Human and Machine Cognitive Skills | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 608-617 | |
| Ruben Strenzke; Axel Schulte | |||
| The Universität der Bundeswehr München is conducting research in
the field of Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T). In the MUM-T scenario there is a
human multi-UAV (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle) operator who is responsible for
the online air mission planning and re-planning. This operator shall be
supported in his work by an assisting automation in order to maximize system
performance. We therefore examine multiple scientific approaches to
human-automation integration and present our established Cognitive and
Cooperative Automation approach as well as a novel Cognitive Skill Merging
approach. The latter is based upon bringing together human and machine
cognitive skills in order to cooperatively reason about and work upon the
common overall mission planning task without decomposing it in advance. The
combination of these approaches results in the proposal of applying
mixed-initiative planning to address the above-mentioned problem. The concept
of the MUM-T Mission Planner is presented and future experiments are outlined. Keywords: multi-UAV; mixed-initiative; mission planning; assistant system;
manned-unmanned teaming; human-machine interaction; cognitive automation;
cooperative automation; artificial intelligence; human-automation integration | |||
| Exploring the Relationship among Dimensions of Flight Comprehensive Capabilities Based on SEM | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 618-627 | |
| Ruishan Sun; Yang Li | |||
| The structural equation model is constructed to explore the relationship
among basic cognitive abilities, personality traits and mental health of
pilots. A framework of hypotheses is established to test the relationship among
the three dimensions based on theories in the literature. Data is gathered from
65 pilots using 3 questionnaires. The model shows that both personality traits
and mental health can affect the cognitive functions significantly, and that
emotion characteristic, character traits and working attitude will also have an
impact on a pilot's basic cognitive ability by affecting his mental health
state. The results suggest that not only flight cognitive abilities but also
personality traits and mental health can affect a pilot in terms of flight
performance. Keywords: flight comprehensive capability; flight aptitude; personality traits; mental
health; SEM | |||
| A Generic After Action Review Capability for Game-Based Training | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 628-634 | |
| Casey L. Thurston; Glenn A. Martin | |||
| Recent years have seen a surge of interest in game-based training by the
military. Game-based simulation possesses a number of potential benefits
including decreased testbed complexity and cost, increased agility regarding
both software and hardware, and the possibility of increased effectiveness
relative to traditional training methods. One area of weakness in game-based
training is the difficulty in supporting an after action review (AAR). The
paper explores the emerging problems faced by systems attempting to facilitate
AAR in game-based training scenarios. It presents an architecture that
addresses or circumvents these issues in a flexible and game-agnostic manner,
and details the limitations introduced by such an approach. A discussion on
future work leveraging the plugin-based SOCRATES architecture to augment video
for improved training is included. Keywords: after action review; AAR; game-based training | |||