| Designing Human Computer Interfaces for Command and Control Environments | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-9 | |
| Amardeep Aujla; Neville A. Stanton; Daniel P. Jenkins; Paul M. Salmon; Guy H. Walker; Mark S. Young | |||
| This paper will introduce the human factors command and control test bed
developed at Brunel University. The system was developed to facilitate
experiments into command and control within a military context. The purpose of
the system is to support experimentation, it is not intended to represent a
product that could be used in the field by the MoD. The test bed developed
represents a controlled environment allowing the manipulation of individual
variables. The manipulation of these variables allows researchers to address
fundamental human factors questions emerging from the transition form an
analogue paper based planning process to a digital network enabled process.
Areas of particular interest for this system include collaborative working,
distributed command centres, the flow of information as well as changes to the
command hierarchy. The system consists of a number of commercial off the shelf
products synthesised by a bespoke planning application. Keywords: Command and Control; Test Bed; Experimental Environment; Software
Development | |||
| Perceived Complexity and Cognitive Stability in Human-Centered Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 10-21 | |
| Guy A. Boy | |||
| Perceived complexity is analyzed in conjunction with cognitive stability in
the context of potential use in human-centered design. These human factors are
useful in the process of understanding co-adaptation of people and technology,
and consequently for the evaluation of the maturity of a product. Expertise and
experience play an important role in the definition and refinement of these two
concepts. This paper presents a first account of such concepts in the context
of aircraft cockpit design. Keywords: perceived complexity; cognitive stability; maturity; expertise; experience;
co-adaptation; esthetics; natural versus artificial; knowledge; know-how;
skills; redundancy; cognitive support; safety; performance; comfort | |||
| Computer-Supported Creativity: Evaluation of a Tabletop Mind-Map Application | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 22-31 | |
| Stéphanie Buisine; Guillaume Besacier; Marianne Najm; Améziane Aoussat; Frédéric Vernier | |||
| The aim of this study is to investigate the usability and usefulness of
interactive tabletop technologies to support group creativity. We implemented a
tabletop interface enabling groups of 4 participants to build mind-maps (a tool
for associative thinking). With 24 users in a within-group design, we compared
its use to traditional paper-and-pencil mind-mapping sessions. The results
showed no difference in idea production, but the tabletop condition
significantly improved both subjective and collaborative dimensions, especially
by leading to better-balanced contributions from the group members. Keywords: Creativity; Mind-map; Tabletop device | |||
| Symbiosis: Creativity with Affective Response | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 32-41 | |
| Ming-Luen Chang; Ji-Hyun Lee | |||
| The objective of this research is to present the symbiosis concept that
integrates creativity and the recent research issues in affective response to
products shapes. The major idea behind this study is systematically using
affective response and design axiomatic in rational way through creativity
approach that support on creativity stimulation for current highly competitive
market. The practicality of the proposed methodology involved affective
response measurable system that based on Semantic Differential (SD) method and
interrelated computational regulation, creativity approach that based on
Sensuous Association Method (SAM) and Creativity-Based Design Process (CBDP),
and integrated mechanism using Axiomatic Design (AD) method. Keywords: Affective Response; Creativity Approach; Axiomatic Design Method | |||
| Embodied Virtual Agents: An Affective and Attitudinal Approach of the Effects on Man-Machine Stickiness in a Product/Service Discovery | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 42-51 | |
| Pablo Lambert de Diesbach; David F. Midgley | |||
| Of the objective of this paper is to develop and test a model of the effects
of an embodied virtual agent (EVA) on the user of an online interface. The
tested interface is a brand website -- a possible channel of purchase, but also
a media of information about products or services. The process of relationship
building between website and user is the focus of interest here, a perspective
that is richer than what is often called "acceptability" in the literature.
Instead the paper proposes a construct of "stickiness;" i.e. the capacity of
the interface to retain the user and to create positive behavioral intentions
towards it. An integrative model is proposed. The effects of the presence of an
EVA and of its congruency with the website are measured, and two possible
routes of influence to stickiness investigated. Simple effects (with no route
of influence) are observed on behavioral stickiness, whereas other effects via
attitudinal and via affective routes, are observed, on intentional stickiness. Keywords: embodied virtual agent; attitude; affect; stickiness; relationship;
congruency | |||
| Integrative Physiological Design: A Theoretical and Experimental Approach of Human Systems Integration | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 52-61 | |
| Didier Fass | |||
| Human modeling in design consists of human system integration (HSI), human
factors integrated with systems engineering. That involves augmenting human
capabilities and improving human-in-the-loop systems global performance,
robustness and safety by behavioral technologies. For such human-in-the-loop
systems design, this paper proposes an integrative physiological approach based
on Chauvet's mathematical theory of integrative physiology (MTIP). By applying
MTIP principles as theoretical framework, the integrative physiological
modeling is used to model HIS and experiment a gesture-based method for virtual
environment (VE) design and human system integration assessment. To demonstrate
the pertinence and practicability of the developed integrative approach, we
apply it to a wearable interactive system made up of virtual environment
technologies for gesture assistance. The design prototype was evaluated in
weightlessness during parabolic flights and confirms the effectiveness of the
integrative physiological modeling. Keywords: human modeling design; human system integration; augmented human; virtual
environment; gesture assistance; weightlessness | |||
| Chinese Color Preference in Software Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 62-68 | |
| Yan Ge; Ronggang Zhou; Xi Liu; Kan Zhang | |||
| Three experiments were designed to investigate the color preference of User
Interface of Chinese youth. Background color and foreground color, as well as
their combinations were examined. The results showed that: 1, Blue, purple,
gray-blue and cyan were the more popular background color. 2, the foreground
color preference was influenced by the background color, but white, yellow
series and green series were all popular foreground colors for the background
color of blue, purple and gray-blue. The discrimination of participants for
graphic was better than that for characters. Some mechanism and implications
were discussed. Keywords: Color preference; User interface; Background color; Foreground color | |||
| The Effect of Animation Location and Timing on Visual Search Performance and Memory | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 69-78 | |
| Songmei Han | |||
| The current study investigated the effects of animation location and timing
on visual search speed and accuracy and their effects on memory about the
animated strings. Visual search accuracy was measured using the sensitivity
measurement d' in signal detection theory (SDT) model. Results showed that
black-and-white animations had no significant effect on visual search and color
animations slowed down the search significantly but had no significant effect
on search accuracy. The size of the effect that an animation had on the search
speed did not depend on its location or timing. Nor did the ability to
recognize the animated string or the preference judgment about the animated
string depend on its location and timing. Animated strings were rated more
preferable than new strings even in the absence of explicit memory about the
animated strings. Keywords: visual search; visual attention; animation; online advertisement; signal
detection theory | |||
| Using Root Cause Data Analysis for Requirements and Knowledge Elicitation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 79-88 | |
| Zhao Xia Jin; John Hajdukiewicz; Geoffrey Ho; Donny Chan; Yong-Ming Kow | |||
| The purpose of this paper is to present a technique, called Knowledge FMEA,
for distilling textual raw data which is useful for requirements collection and
knowledge elicitation. The authors first give some insights into the diverse
characteristics of textual raw data which can lead to higher complexity in
analysis and may result in some gaps in interpreting the interviewees' world
view. We then outline a Knowledge FMEA procedure as it applies to qualitative
data and its key benefits. Examples from a case study are presented to
illustrate how to use the technique. Proposed Knowledge FMEA brings many
advantages such as forcing the analysts to become deeply immersed in the raw
data, identifying how the information is connected in causation, classifying
the data according to why, what, how formulations and quantifying the findings
for further quantitative analysis. Keywords: Root Cause Analysis; Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA); Thematic
Analysis; Qualitative Research | |||
| What Stories Inform Us About the Users? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 89-97 | |
| Yong Ming Kow; Angela Tan; Martin Helander | |||
| Storytelling has been used to elicit subconscious schemas that were formed
from user experiences. Subjects were required to construct a working model
using external and internal sources of information. Known methods of performing
narrative analysis included Projective Tests, Narrative Analysis, and Cognitive
Tasks Analysis. Three studies using storytelling methods were done with these
methods. One with older adults, two with kins of older adults, and three with
refinery operators. In the case of older adults, users were asked to make up
stories for a fictitious person to extract cultural norms and knowledge. For
the refinery study, we can look into real stories for more reliable data. Many
types of design information were extracted: (1) emotional and functional needs,
(2) functional dependencies, and (3) expertise. Arguably, these information
will be hard to come by if a direct interview technique is conducted. Reasons
due to the richness of information embedded in stories. Keywords: Storytelling; Projective Test; Cognitive Task Analysis; Interview Method | |||
| How Developers Anticipate User Behavior in the Design of Assistance Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 98-107 | |
| Cordula Krinner | |||
| This paper proposes a new perspective on the old problem of function
allocation. Instead of analyzing a synchronous interaction between human and
computer, we suggest it could be more helpful to reconceptualize function
allocation as an asynchronous division of labor between developers/designers
and operators/users of human-computer systems. A study with 31 teams of
developers was conducted in order to determine the effect of various forms of
contact with a system and user participation on the results of a development
process. The implications of lacking expected effects for future research are
discussed. Keywords: Assistance systems; allocation of functions; developers; participative
design | |||
| Design Perspectives: Sampling User Research for Concept Development | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 108-117 | |
| Petri Mannonen; Mika P. Nieminen | |||
| In user-centered design user research usually produces detailed description
of the users, analysis of relevant actions and the specifics of the environment
and artefacts thereof. However additional step of sampling from different
viewpoints is required to more efficiently kick-start user-centered product
concept development. Design perspectives, abstracted cross-category samples of
user research results, are introduced as means to increase the usefulness of
analyzed data during user-centered product concept development. Defining
additional layer of entities in addition to conventional user research results
helps to migrate from the pedant data-gathering phase to the more creative
concept development phase. This paper describes definitions of entities
involved in constructing design perspectives in a user research method
independent manner with examples from a project developing new concepts for
mobile and distributed team work. Keywords: User research; user-centered design; concept development; data analysis;
process development | |||
| Method to Select the Most Suitable Software Tool for the Development of an Hmi Virtual Prototype | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 118-127 | |
| Luca Minin; Roberto Montanari; Stefano Marzani; Francesco Tesauri; Luca Canovi | |||
| This paper proposes a method which allows user interfaces practitioners to
choose the most suitable software tool for the development of a Human Machine
Interface (HMI) virtual prototype. In the design process of a User Interface
(UI), the prototyping activity represents an important way to detect design
errors since the beginning of the development process, saving time and money.
The choice has to take care of the technical features, designers' requirements
and prototyping characteristics of the tool. The methodology includes four
steps: 1) research on the most diffused virtual prototyping software employed
in the prototyping activity; 2) benchmark on the technical and virtual
prototyping features of each selected tool; 3) creation of a method to asses
and classify each prototyping tool considering their specific characteristics;
4) application of the method to a case study. Keywords: user centered design; virtual prototyping; user interface; HMI | |||
| Intuitive Use of User Interfaces: Defining a Vague Concept | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 128-136 | |
| Anja Naumann; Jörn Hurtienne; Johann Habakuk Israel; Carsten Mohs; Martin Christof Kindsmüller; Herbert A. Meyer; Steffi Hußlein | |||
| In this paper we present a general definition of the concept 'intuitive use
of user interfaces' on the basis of our current interdisciplinary work.
'Intuitive use' is regarded as a characteristic of human-machine systems. It
refers to a special kind of interaction process between users and technical
systems that use the users' intuition. The main part of the paper deals with
central aspects of this definition in detail and discusses pre-conditions and
restrictions of the use of the concept. The main aspects that we discuss are
the design of technical systems, application and non-conscious use of previous
knowledge, intuition as a non-conscious process, interaction, and
effectiveness. We complement this discussion by addressing the relationship
between aesthetics and intuitive use. Keywords: aesthetics; effectiveness; human-machine interaction; intuition; knowledge;
non-conscious; usability; user interfaces | |||
| Creation of an Ergonomic Guideline for Supervisory Control Interface Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 137-146 | |
| Pere Ponsa; Marta Díaz | |||
| In tasks of human supervision in industrial control room they are applied
generic disciplines as the software engineering and the physical ergonomics for
the design of the computing interface and the design of the control room
layout. From the point of view of the human computer interaction, to these
disciplines it is necessary to add the usability engineering and the cognitive
ergonomics since they contribute rules for the user centered design. The main
goal of this work is the creation of a cognitive ergonomic guideline for
supervisory control interface design in order to improve the efficiency of the
human machine systems in industrial automation. Keywords: supervisory control; human-machine interface design | |||
| Ergonomists and Usability Engineers Encounter Test Method Dilemmas with Virtual Work Environments | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 147-156 | |
| Ari Putkonen; Ursula Hyrkkänen | |||
| Today's ergonomists and usability engineers need a broad understanding of
the characteristics and demands of complex sociotechnical systems in order to
develop virtual work systems and mobile communication tools for workers.
Familiarity with appropriate ergonomics tests and evaluation methods is a
prerequisite of this understanding. The literature review about ergonomics
methods was performed. Applicable, potential and inapplicable ergonomics test
methods for virtual work systems have been identified, based on the validity
analysis and case example. The large number of available methods is confusing
for ergonomists and therefore a hierarchical top-down approach is needed for
method selection. The issues highlighted in this paper may be useful for
ergonomists and usability practitioners who are participating design processes
in complex virtual work environments. Keywords: ergonomics; work system design; human-centred design; virtual work; test
methods | |||
| Interactive Style of 3D Display of Buildings on Touch Screen | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 157-163 | |
| Weina Qu; Xianghong Sun | |||
| This study was concentrated on the effect of different building 's floor
number display modes and multi-speeds of view changing, for a firefighter
recognized the fire scene through the 3D interface display system using a touch
screen. The result showed that: (1) Showing number on floors is the worst way.
showing numbers on wall, and on two sides of building whatever fixed, or
rotating with the building were better than the way of cube display.(2) It's
found the condition of "automatic rotation at fixed speed" at 30s was the most
helpful for the decision efficiency, "automatic rotation with optional choice"
the least helpful. Some mechanism and implications were discussed. Keywords: Fire alarm system; 3D interface display system; Floor-numbering design; 3D
display; Rotation | |||
| The Role of Human Factors in Design and Implementation of Electronic Public Information Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 164-173 | |
| Karl W. Sandberg; Yan Pan | |||
| Design of Electronic Public Information Systems (e-PIS) can benefit from the
inclusion of guidelines that consider the needs of users. Inclusion of
guidelines and prototyping practices that take into consideration the
capabilities of human users make it possible to avoid errors that would
otherwise significantly reduce efficiencies offered by Information Technology
(IT). Design strategies that include consideration of the Human Factor (HF)
within e-PIS are introduced and discussed. Argued is that without integration
of design strategies that consider human capabilities the efficiencies brought
about through the use of IT are significantly reduced. Through the study of
intended user behaviours during the development of systems loss of efficiency
is avoided. Keywords: Human Factors (HF); Electronic Public Information Systems (e-PIS); Design
and Implementation | |||
| Defining a Work Support and Training Tool for Automation Design Engineers | | BIBA | Full-Text | 174-183 | |
| Paula Savioja; Leena Salo; Outi Laitinen; David Hästbacka; Topi Judén; Ville Valve | |||
| This paper introduces a work support and training tool (Autaki) which was developed to support automation design engineers in sharing knowledge and learning at work. The development of the application was preceded by an explorative study of automation design engineers' work. Common problems, information needs, learning, and competence factors in the work were studied with an activity-theoretical approach called core-task analysis. The application is an interactive learning environment based on web technologies and emerging standards, such as SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model). Both the core-task of automation design engineers and the application will be discussed. | |||
| A Comparative Study of Multimodal Displays for Multirobot Supervisory Control | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 184-193 | |
| Boris Trouvain; Christopher M. Schlick | |||
| The supervisory control of ground-based mobile multirobot systems requires
to perform multiple concurrent tasks under high levels of time pressure
resulting in heavy workload. In this paper we present the design and evaluation
of multimodal displays for a particular problem associated with the supervisory
control of ground-based multirobot systems: the coordination between the
platform specific robot control task, e.g. navigation and obstacle avoidance,
and the mission specific payload task. The coordination requires the operator
to concurrently monitor and switch attention between the robot control and the
payload control tasks depending on the mission requirements. Multimodal
human-robot interfaces can significantly support human information processing
by communicating information across multiple channels and can therefore improve
concurrent task processing. An experiment was designed and carried out with 14
participants which compares four human-robot interface configurations with a
simulated two-robot ground-based multirobot system. The results show that the
multimodal interfaces perform significantly better across multiple variables
and have the lowest workload. Based on our gaze tracking results we can
conclude that our multimodal interface has an effect on the visual scanning
behaviour in the peripheral regions of the camera display. Keywords: Human-Robot-Interface; Multirobot; Multimodal | |||
| Analysis of Multilocational and Mobile Knowledge Workers' Work Spaces | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 194-203 | |
| Matti Vartiainen | |||
| The job demands and contents of knowledge workers were explored. The data
was collected in three phases: first, each member filled a self-observation
diary for seven days, second, each employee was interviewed individually, and,
third, a workshop was organized to validate the observations and to create
ideas for the development of work. The study shows that around 40 per cent of
total work time is used in solitude doing tasks requiring concentration. The
social network of employees is still wide, consisting of tens of people. They
are contacted virtually and face-to-face. The work is pretty virtual and
mobile. The study also found that the work itself is blurred. People work both
in solitude, asynchronously with others, virtually online and in face-to-face
collaboration with others. Keywords: Mobile work; multilocality; knowledge work; quasi-privacy | |||
| Are Computers Capable of Understanding Our Emotional States? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 204-211 | |
| Min Cheol Whang; Joa Sang Lim; Kang Ryoung Park; Yongjoo Cho; Wolfram Boucsein | |||
| As emotion provides an important clue for communication, the computer needs
to be more sympathetic to users' commands in the context of their emotion. A
challenging attempt has been made to develop an emotional computer, which reads
such physiological signals as photoplethysmogram, electrodermal activity and
skin temperature and analyzes them online with a rule base into human emotion.
We adopted a two-dimensional emotion model and a number of empirical studies
have been conducted to find out some valid physiological parameters and to map
them with nine categories of human emotions. Some research challenges were
found that need to be addressed until the emotional computer comes to the
market. Keywords: Emotion in HCI; Emotional computer; Psychophysiology; Emotional mouse | |||
| A Review of Current Human Reliability Assessment Methods Utilized in High Hazard Human-System Interface Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 212-221 | |
| Chih-Wei Yang; Chiuhsiang Joe Lin; Yung-Tsan Jou; Tzu-Chung Yenn | |||
| This paper has three objectives. The first is to discuss the role that human
reliability assessment implemented in human systems interface design. The
second is to present significant characteristics of available HRA techniques.
The third is to provide our viewpoints of the applicability of HRA methods in
HIS design. Generally, HRA approaches advocate seven stages, problem
definition, performances shaping factors analysis, task analysis, human error
analysis, effect analysis, error reduction strategies, and evaluation of
recommendations. The most difficult technique is the human error probability
estimation and prediction. There are four shortcomings of past human error
probability estimation and prediction methods. First, the reliable data is
deficient. Second, there are insufficient criteria for choosing PSFs. Third,
there is a limited capacity for evaluating cognitive behavior. Finally,
possible causes are ignored. To look into the above-described problems, this
study reviewed present HRA methods and proposed several aspects for future HRA
method development. Keywords: Human error; Human reliability assessment; Human-system interface;
Probabilistic safety analyses | |||
| Who Is Taking over Control? A Psychological Perspective in Examining Effects of Agent-Based Negotiation Support Technologies | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 222-231 | |
| Yin Ping Yang; John Lim; Yingqin Zhong; Xiaojia Guo; Xue Li | |||
| This paper attempts to understand the effects of agent-based negotiation
mechanisms through human's psychological perspective. We argue that the impact
of automated negotiation, despite its efficacy and effectiveness, may result in
a shift of negotiators' beliefs on their control over the choice of negotiation
tactics and decision making process; such loss of control in turn causes an
increase of user anxiety towards the system. In addition, individual
differences, such as negotiators' decision-making style patterns are posited to
moderate the relationship of system types and users' perceptions. The study
involves an experiment employing randomized block design. Findings suggest
significant impact of types of negotiation support systems on perceived
control, as well as a negative relationship between perceived control and
system anxiety. However, the moderating effect of decision-making style
patterns is not evident in our data. Discussions and implications are drawn. Keywords: perceived control; system anxiety; negotiation support systems; intelligent
agents; decision-making style | |||
| Adaptive User Interactive Sketching for Teaching Based on Pen Gesture | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 232-241 | |
| Haiyan Yang; CuiXia Ma; Dongxing Teng; Guozhong Dai; Hongan Wang | |||
| In this paper, the pen-based adaptive interface architecture for geometric
teaching is presented to facilitate natural interactive sketching for geometric
graphics application. Based on user-centered design, it analyzes the
intent-based manipulation in terms of context based on pen gesture. By
providing adaptive constraint capture and dynamic interaction this architecture
can improve operation efficiency of the interface and reduce user's mental
workload. Furthermore, it provides an educational application for benefiting
teaching experience by preventing users from being interrupted in class. Keywords: sketch; pen gesture; adaptive interface; intent-based method | |||
| Asymmetric Synchronous Collaboration Within Distributed Teams | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 245-255 | |
| Mark Ashdown; M. L. Cummings | |||
| Teams performing physical tasks must often be distributed in space, and are
often organized hierarchically. This means that systems to support
collaboration between members must account for the asymmetry in physical
environment, organizational roles, and available technology. Using urban search
and rescue as an example, we first describe the factors that cause this
asymmetry. We then discuss the way information should be shared, and the type
of awareness that should be supported. We suggest the use of very different
display and interaction devices for operators at the organizational levels, to
complement their situations and needs. Keywords: synchronous remote collaboration; computer-supported cooperative work;
command and control | |||
| Situation Awareness and Secondary Task Performance While Driving | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 256-263 | |
| Martin R. K. Baumann; Diana Rösler; Josef F. Krems | |||
| For safe driving it is necessary that the drivers perceive the relevant
objects of a situation, comprehend the meaning of these objects to form a
holistic understanding of the current situation, and predict the future
development of the situation. A concept that aims to describe and integrate
these different cognitive processes is situation awareness, for example [1].
According to this concept it is assumed that a mental representation is
constructed, maintained, and updated while driving. Attentional and working
memory (WM) resources are involved in these processes. If secondary tasks
performed while driving impose significant load on visual attention and WM,
then one can expect that situation awareness is impaired. We investigated these
predictions in 2 experiments. The results show that both cognitively and
visually demanding tasks interfere with the maintenance of a correct situation
model in memory. Visually demanding tasks do not always seem to interfere with
visual attention processes in ways that lead to degraded situation awareness. Keywords: Visual demand; situation awareness; secondary tasks; driving | |||
| Theoretical and Methodological Considerations in the Comparison of Performance and Physiological Measures of Mental Workload | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 264-268 | |
| Julien Cegarra; Aline Chevalier | |||
| Mental workload is a central concept to a range of disciplines (including
cognitive ergonomics) and has been the subject of various debates. As a result,
a number of different techniques have been used by researchers. In this study,
we focus on the comparison of performance and physiological measures of mental
workload. We describe a puzzle-solving experiment in which we combined multiple
measures of mental workload. The results highlight a number of issues. We
stress several theoretical and methodological questions that may help to reach
a clearer understanding of the nature of the mental workload concept. Keywords: mental workload; dissociation; dual-task paradigm; eye dilation | |||
| Results of a Tailored Communication Framework Through E-Health | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 269-278 | |
| Eva del Hoyo-Barbolla; Emanuele Carisio; Marta Ortega-Portillo; María Teresa Arredondo | |||
| This paper proposes a new framework to enhance the interaction of
individuals with e-health and encourage the adoption of healthy lifestyles.
Achieving a lifestyle change by the use of e-health is a complex issue that can
be broadly addressed by analysing, in parallel the individuals' attitude
towards their health condition and their approach and readiness to monitor and
change their attitude by the use of new technologies. Our work has been to
conceive, develop and evaluate a novel framework that explains how to promote
the acceptance of e-health in terms of the perception of healthcare and of the
use of technology to perform a desired or recommended lifestyle change. In
order to place the user at each dimension a set of questionnaires was designed
and implemented. These questionnaires assisted us in understanding what
personalised information needs to be provided according to the stage the user
is at as well as to other variables (such as age, cultural background, etc).
Moreover, we created a communication strategy to provide tailored information
regarding promotion and prevention of healthcare by means of e-health and
promote the use of technology solutions to improve individuals' habits by
enhancing their interaction with technological means. The framework was finally
evaluated by users and healthcare professionals. Keywords: E-health acceptance; healthcare promotion; e-health communication strategies | |||
| Effects of Cognitive Training on Individual Differences in Attention | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 279-287 | |
| Jing Feng; Ian Spence | |||
| Selective attention is responsible for detecting, localizing and identifying
a target while neglecting distractors [1],[2]. A superior capacity in selective
attention contributes to good performance in tasks that require monitoring the
environment and searching for a target [2],[3],[4]. Since it is our goal to
optimize work efficiency, understanding individual differences in attentional
capacity and whether they are mutable is important. Our first experiment
demonstrates the existence of systematic individual differences in selective
attention. More remarkably, our second experiment shows that appropriate
cognitive training using an action video game can alter selective attentional
capacity. Furthermore, individuals with the poorest initial scores gain most
from the training. We show that these gains cannot be attributed to regression
effects alone. Thus we conclude that individual differences in attentional
capacity can be reduced or even eliminated by training. Keywords: engineering psychology; cognitive training; individual differences;
selective attention; video games | |||
| The Effect of Traffic on Situation Awareness and Mental Workload: Simulator-Based Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 288-296 | |
| Xueqin Hao; Zhiguo Wang; Fan Yang; Ying Wang; Yanru Guo; Kan Zhang | |||
| In the present study, we investigated the effects of the different traffic
on the driver's situation awareness and the mental workload (MWL). The task
used in this study was a medium fidelity, 3-dimensional simulation of a driving
environment. The simulation required participants to drive the user's car and
perform a real-world driving task. After the simulated driving, participants
were asked to complete two tests which assessed their situation awareness (SA).
The mental workload measures in this study consisted of the physiological
measures and the subjective assessment. Every participant performed two
different traffic simulated driving conditions, one was low traffic, the other
was high traffic. The results showed that with the increasing of traffic, the
driving performance did not worsen, however participant's mental workload
increased, at the same time, the participant's situation awareness performance
deteriorated. Meanwhile, our results also demonstrated that recall-based SA
test and recognition-based test was heterogeneous. Keywords: situation awareness; workload; simulated driving | |||
| Multi-window System and the Working Memory | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 297-305 | |
| Ayako Hashizume; Masaaki Kurosu; Takao Kaneko | |||
| This paper deals with the issue of the working memory load in relation to
the multi-window system and explains the reason why multi-window and
multi-monitor systems are better for the window operation in accordance to the
structure and the function of the working memory. In the last part of this
paper, a model revised from Card, Moran and Newell is proposed to explain the
working memory load. Keywords: working memory; multi-window system; user interface; dual display; memory
model | |||
| Human Performance Model for Combined Steering-Targeting Tasks | | BIBA | Full-Text | 306-315 | |
| Seung-Kweon Hong; Seungwan Ryu | |||
| The combined steering-targeting tasks are frequently encountered within the window-type environment. For example, within a menu driven interface, the user is required to steer down a menu and then to click on a target. In this paper, human performance for these tasks was measured and a mathematical model was proposed to describe the human performance. The cursor movement in the combined steering-targeting tasks had a positive acceleration form at the starting period until about 10mm and a uniform velocity was maintained during the intermediate period and a negative acceleration was observed at the ending period. The proposed model consisted of two terms in which the first being the classical Fitts' term and the second being the steering law suggested by Drury. This model provided a good fit to the data obtained from the experiments (r2 = 0.936) as well as the data obtained by Kvalseth (r2 = 0.982). | |||
| A Mental Workload Predicator Model for the Design of Pre Alarm Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 316-323 | |
| Sheue-Ling Hwang; Yi-Jan Yau; Yu-Ting Lin; Jun Hao Chen; Tsun-Hung Huang; Tzu-Chung Yenn; Chong-Cheng Hsu | |||
| This study investigated the operator's mental workload of the fourth Nuclear
Power Plant in Taiwan. An experiment including the primary and secondary tasks
was designed to simulate the reactor shutdown procedure of the Nuclear Power
Plant. The performance of secondary task, the subjective mental workload and
seven physiological signals of participant were measured. The Group Method of
Data Handling (GMDH) was applied to integrate these physiological signals to
develop a mental workload predictive model. The relationship between subject
mental workload and the performance of secondary task is highly correlated with
Pearson correlation coefficient as 0.691. The validity of the proposed model is
very high with R2=0.85. The proposed model is expected to provide supervisor a
reference value of operator's performance by giving physiological signals.
Besides nuclear power plant, the proposed model could be applied to other
fields such as aviation, air transportation control, driving and radar
vigilance, etc. Keywords: Mental workload; Physiological signal; GMDH; Predictor | |||
| Effects of Driver Fatigue Monitoring -- An Expert Survey | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 324-330 | |
| Katja Karrer; Matthias Roetting | |||
| On long journeys under monotonous road conditions, fatigue monitoring
systems might help to reduce sleep-related crashes by informing or alerting the
driver, or even by taking corrective actions in the driving task. The objective
of this study was to find out more about the view of experts on future driver
fatigue monitoring. A questionnaire was designed to discover the objectives and
the predicted effects of these systems. Evaluations of 19 researchers and 52
professional drivers were compared to each other. Researchers predict positive
effects of fatigue monitoring, as the reduction of accidents, but do not deny
possible hazards due to behavioral adaptation. Professional drivers claim it is
particularly important to develop an affirmative attitude towards driving
without fatigue and see potential in enhancing the individual responsibility of
the drivers. Keywords: driver; fatigue; sleepiness; drowsiness; monitoring; assistance system;
expert survey; behavioral adaptation | |||
| Study on the Instruction Method for Plant Operator | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 331-338 | |
| Daiji Kobayashi; Hiroaki Murata; Sakae Yamamoto | |||
| In this study, the characteristics of three training curriculums were
compared from the viewpoint of the trainee's cognitive process. In the
experiment, the nine participants set into three groups of three participants,
and trained in each curriculum. In order to evaluate the trainee's cognitive
behavior in identifying malfunctions, the concept of mental algorithm was used.
As the results, the trainee's cognitive process for identifying malfunctions is
estimated as a model. This model could reflect the contents of training
curriculum regarding the trainee's cognitive process. Keywords: plant; operator; instruction; thinking process | |||
| Examining the Moderating Effect of Workload on Controller Task Distribution | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 339-348 | |
| Paul U. Lee; Joey Mercer; Todd J. Callantine | |||
| Efforts to characterize controller workload -- a key factor in limiting en
route capacity -- have produced mixed results. Subjective workload ratings
reveal significant variations in minimum/maximum workload across individuals
and show a categorical jump in perceived workload with a linear increase in
aircraft count, making it difficult to predict workload limits with increased
traffic. In addition, workload seems to be actively moderated by the controller
to reduce monitoring tasks during high traffic/workload situations. In this
paper, we examine this strategy shift by associating bookkeeping tasks and
route/altitude clearances with online workload ratings. Overall, the data
suggest that the controllers shed peripheral tasks related to monitoring and
bookkeeping as the traffic ramps up and their perceived workload transitions
from low to high. Whenever workload reached a maximum, some bookkeeping tasks
were delayed and performed in "groups" after the peak traffic subsided. Keywords: workload; task load; air traffic control; non-linear; controller strategy;
situation awareness | |||
| Cognitive, Perceptual, Sensory and Verbal Abilities as Predictors of PDA Text Entry Error and Instructions Across the Lifespan | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 349-358 | |
| Hiroe Li; Peter Graf | |||
| Sixty-three participants (range from 18 to 85 years of age) completed 4 data
entry tasks on an HP iPAQ 5450 via a touch-screen QWERTY keyboard, as well as a
battery of neuro-cognitive tests. Entry errors and assistance required by
participants were coded into categories. Multiple regression analyses revealed
that episodic memory was the strongest predictor for stand-still errors and
commission errors, while sensory abilities was the strongest predictor of
omission errors. We suggest that raining sessions that familiarize older adults
with the functions of specific keys (e.g. Spacebar and Backspace) and structure
of the keyboard, complemented with visual or auditory feedback provided by the
keyboard as methods to improve text entry accuracy. Keywords: Human-Computer Interaction; PDAs; aging; text entry errors | |||
| Time Estimation as a Measure of Mental Workload | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 359-365 | |
| Mats Lind; Henning Sundvall | |||
| Technical systems of different kinds might differ in the mental demands they
put on their users while being equally usable in a more conventional sense.
Several methods exist that measure mental workload. However, in the everyday
practice of usability evaluations, none of these methods seems to be used. This
is probably due to the amount of effort needed to use them. The study of our
errors in estimation of durations show that errors increase as a function of
the amount of attentional resources being needed for other concurrent tasks.
This points towards a simple way of estimating mental workload. By asking
people to provide estimates of elapsed time after a task, disruptions in their
estimates could indicate the mental workload of the task. We conducted a first
study aimed at validating this idea with the NASA TLX method. Results show that
errors in time estimates correlate significantly with TLX scores. Keywords: Mental workload; time estimation; usability | |||
| How Does Distraction Task Influence the Interaction of Working Memory and Long-Term Memory? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 366-374 | |
| Ye Liu; Xiaolan Fu | |||
| The present study addressed the influence of distraction task on the
interaction of working memory and long-term memory by using available long-term
memory tasks with or without distraction task. The results showed that: (a)
Distraction task had significant effect on the availability of LTM facilitated
by prior attention-driven processing in WM, and (b) the pattern of semantic
priming effects observed was reversed between the condition with and without
distraction task. These findings support the hypothesis that the semantic
activation is implicit automatic process, and less attention resource focused
on the process will benefit the semantic activation of LTM. Keywords: working memory; availability of long-term memory; semantic activation;
semantic priming | |||
| Sequential Analyses of Error Rate: A Theoretical View | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 375-378 | |
| Ronald Mellado Miller; Richard J. Sauque | |||
| Though error rate is a ubiquitous measure of human performance, as typically
measured in terms of overall error rate or percentage, there are a number of
predictive variables lost by summing or averaging the errors made. In this
paper, we present a sequential analysis of error rate, where the pattern of
errors is analyzed. By examining such concepts as the number of transitions
from incorrect responses (I) to correct responses (C) or IC transitions as well
a concept called I-length, which refers to the number of incorrect responses
followed by a correct response, valid ordinal predictions of persistence in the
face of continuous failure can be made. This paper develops this theoretical
construct in the hopes that utilizing such data will facilitate the analysis
and predictive quality of error rate data. Keywords: error rate; sequential; performance; percentage; extinction; persistence | |||
| Multidimensional Evaluation of Human Responses to the Workload | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 379-387 | |
| Shinji Miyake; Simpei Yamada; Takuro Shoji; Yasuhiko Takae; Nobuyuki Kuge; Tomohiro Yamamura | |||
| Changes in physiological parameters during mental tasks frequently show
individual differences and discrepancies among responses invoked by mental
tasks. A multidimensional analysis was used in this study to investigate these
variations. Fifteen male participants performed a 5-minute multi-attribute task
battery three times with different levels of difficulty. Principal component
analysis was used for seven autonomic nervous system parameters recorded in
five blocks including before and after resting periods. The first and the
second principal components were plotted on the two-dimensional plane and their
patterns were investigated. The results suggest that this method may provide
more information on physiological responses induced by mental tasks. Keywords: Workload; Autonomic Nervous System; Principal Component Analysis; MATB | |||
| The Influence of Visual Angle on the Performance of Static Images Scanning | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 388-396 | |
| Xiang Qiu; Yong Niu; Xiaolan Fu | |||
| The present study addressed to explore the influence of visual angle on the
performance of static images scanning with a 2 (scanning distance) x 2
(scanning type) x 3 (visual angle) mixed design. The results demonstrated
significant effects of three factors on participants' performance. Stimuli at
5.5° and 8.4° rather than 2.7° could facilitate the performance of
static image scanning. However, the effect of visual angle on mental image
scanning was smaller than on retinal image scanning. These findings were
interpreted in terms of the theory of working memory and the theory of mental
image. The implication of these findings in human-computer interface was
discussed at last. Keywords: visual angle; image scanning; mental load; working memory | |||
| Occurrence of Secondary Tasks and Quality of Lane Changes | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 397-406 | |
| Laurence Rognin; Sophie Alidra; Clément Val; Antoine Lescaut | |||
| Methods to assess driving degradation due to driver distraction are
currently discussed and defined by international standardization groups. A
simulator experiment involving 17 participants was conducted to assess the
reliability and relevance of one of these methods (Lane Change Test) to
discriminate between secondary tasks. In addition to varying age groups,
vehicles and secondary tasks, the protocol was also varied to assess the impact
of the instruction occurrence and its possible conflict with primary task
performance. Results show the limitations of the main parameter proposed by the
method (lateral deviation) and question the reliability of the method in its
current form. Additional indicators seem necessary to make sense of the
respective impact of the varied conditions. Surprisingly, the impact of the
instruction occurrence is very limited, apparently because individual
strategies have more impact than situations differences. Keywords: Driver distraction; driving performance; Lane Change Test; secondary tasks;
simulator experiment | |||
| What Really Is Going on? Review, Critique and Extension of Situation Awareness Theory | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 407-416 | |
| Paul M. Salmon; Neville A. Stanton; Daniel P. Jenkins; Guy H. Walker; Mark S. Young; Amardeep Aujla | |||
| Theoretically, Situation Awareness (SA) remains predominantly an individual
construct. The majority of the models presented in the literature focus on SA
from an individual perspective and in comparison, the concept of team SA has
received less attention. SA in complex, collaborative environments thus remains
a challenge for the human factors community, both in terms of the development
of theoretical perspectives and of valid measures, and also in the development
of guidelines for system, training and procedure design. This article presents
a review and critique of what is currently known about SA and team SA,
including a comparison of the most prominent individual and team models
presented in the literature. In conclusion, we argue that recently proposed
systems level Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) approaches are the most
suited to describing and assessing SA in real world collaborative environments. Keywords: Situation Awareness; Teams; Collaborative Systems | |||
| Stress and Managers Performance: Age-Related Changes in Psychophysiological Reactions to Cognitive Load | | BIBA | Full-Text | 417-425 | |
| Sergei A. Schapkin; Gabriele Freude; Udo Erdmann; Heinz Ruediger | |||
| Work ability of elderly managers may decrease probably due to decreased cognitive flexibility. Moreover, cardiovascular reactivity to changing task demands might be less efficient in elderly. Younger (36-45) and elderly (49-60) German managers had to perform a switching task when they had to switch continuously between different rules of information processing or to use the same rule. Although the performance did not differ between groups, the SBP was higher and the HRV was lower in elderly. In addition, elderly showed an increased rigidity of cardiovascular functioning against changing task demands. | |||
| Monitoring Performance and Mental Workload in an Automated System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 426-435 | |
| Indramani L. Singh; Anju L. Singh; Proshanto K. Saha | |||
| Human performance in computer-aided system has engrossed inevitably human
issues in cognitive functioning. The present endeavor focuses on the associated
influence of training, automation reliability on the monitoring performance and
workload in multi-task ambience. MAT battery was utilized with engine-system
monitoring, two dimensional tracking, and fuel resource management tasks were
the concerned elements, in which only system engine-monitoring task was
automated in the training as well as in the final test sessions. A 2 x 2 x 2 x
3, mixed factorial design was employed. Monitoring performance, false alarms,
reaction time and root mean square error performance were recorded as dependent
measures. Results revealed that automation-induced complacency might be the
feature of multi-task condition where subjects detected automation failures
under high static system reliability. Results further showed that mental
workload significantly reduced from pre- to post-sessions. Keywords: Automation; Complacency Workload; Monitoring Performance | |||
| Context-Aware Notification for Mobile Police Officers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 436-445 | |
| Jan Willem Streefkerk; Myra P. van Esch-Bussemakers; Mark A. Neerincx | |||
| To minimize unwanted interruption and information overload during
surveillance, mobile police officers need to be supported by a mobile,
context-aware notification system. This system adapts message presentation to
message priority and context of use. A prototype is designed and evaluated in a
simulated surveillance task, requiring users to attend to videos while handling
messages on a mobile device. Adaptive notification led to better performance
and less intrusive messages than non-adaptive notification, especially in high
workload situations. Subjective judgments showed a positive user experience
with the adaptive notification system. These empirical findings are used to
improve the design of mobile notification support systems for police officers. Keywords: Mobile device; notification; context-aware computing; Wizard-of-Oz; police | |||
| A Study on the Vertical Navigation of High Rise Buildings | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 446-454 | |
| Xianghong Sun; Thomas Plocher; Weina Qu | |||
| Scroll bar and stab touch screen controls were designed and compared to a
soft keyboard to help firefighters perform vertical navigation tasks for
high-rise buildings depicted on a graphical display. 18 male subjects were
asked to accomplish three experimental tasks: 1) input floor number and
navigate to the floor, 2) switch the current floor to another one that was two
floors higher/lower, and 3) check around the floors in the high rise to find
the one on fire. Task completion time and number of screen operations were
recorded. Results showed that, keyboard method of floor selection was the
fastest, and scroll bar the slowest. In Task 1 and Task 2, the least number of
screen operations were shown with soft keyboard. But in Task 3, keyboard was
slowest. The other two control methods were not sensitive to tasks. Design
implications for scroll bar and stab controls are discussed. Keywords: touch screen; vertical navigation; scroll bar; graphical displays | |||
| Mental Workload in Command and Control Teams: Musings on the Outputs of EAST and WESTT | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 455-464 | |
| Mark S. Young; Neville A. Stanton; Guy H. Walker; Daniel P. Jenkins; Paul M. Salmon | |||
| The EAST methodology (Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork) has recently been
developed as a means for analyzing command and control scenarios. Its
counterpart, the WESTT computer-based analytical prototyping tool (Workload,
Error, Situation awareness, Time and Teamwork) allows analysts to visualize,
model and measure these command and control networks and activities. Recent
studies applying EAST and WESTT to the military domain have led to simplistic
inferences about the relative levels of demands during phases of task activity.
The present paper takes these inferences a step further, suggesting alternative
methods for evaluating mental workload based on human information processing
models and network metrics such as latent semantic analysis. Whilst much
development work is implied, these analyses offer the possibility not only to
quantify mental workload across the network, adding further value to the
EAST/WESTT toolkit. Keywords: mental workload; command and control; teamwork; network analysis | |||
| Lightweight Collaborative Activity Patterns in Project Management | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 465-473 | |
| Shaoke Zhang; Chen Zhao; Paul Moody; Qinying Liao; Qiang Zhang | |||
| People working with ad-hoc collaboration tools suffer from information
overload and information scatter. Our five-month study of project managers
found their work comprised of fragmented activities scattering in task, people
and application. However, these loosely coupled collaborative activities were
implicitly organized by hierarchical activity threads through intrusion and
digression, and geared into work breakdown structure (WBS) in high level. Our
investigation gives implications on making people's work manageable as well as
flexible, by integrating lightweight collaborative activities with centralized
processes. Keywords: Fragmented activity; activity threads; project management | |||
| Cognitive Model Data Analysis for the Evaluation of Human Computer Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 477-486 | |
| Jeronimo Dzaack; Leon Urbas | |||
| In industry and consumer electronic, more and more operative tasks are
changing to supervisory control and management tasks. This leads to more
complex and dynamic user interfaces (e.g. integrated control interfaces,
infotainment systems in cars). Because of the integrated functionality and the
complex data structures, these interfaces require more cognitive information
processing. Usability of such interfaces can be evaluated by using cognitive
modeling to investigate cognitive processes and their underlying structures. So
far the explanatory power of cognitive models is limited due to the lack of
fine-grained simulation data analysis. Having realized this drawback we
developed SimTrA (Simulation Trace Analyzer) to simplify the analysis of
cognitive models. The tool automatically processes and analyzes data from
cognitive models and allows the comparison of simulated data with empirical eye
movement data. This paper describes the approach and its implementation. The
practicability of SimTrA is demonstrated with an example in the domain of
process control. Keywords: Cognitive Architectures; Eye Movement Data; Analysis; Human Computer
Interaction | |||
| Automatic Detection of Interaction Vulnerabilities in an Executable Specification | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 487-496 | |
| Michael Feary | |||
| This paper presents an approach to providing designers with the means to
detect Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) vulnerabilities without requiring
extensive HCI expertise. The goal of the approach is to provide timely, useful
analysis results early in the design process, when modifications are less
expensive. The twin challenges of providing timely and useful analysis results
led to the development and evaluation of computational analyses, integrated
into a software prototyping toolset. The toolset, referred to as the Automation
Design and Evaluation Prototyping Toolset (ADEPT) was constructed to enable the
rapid development of an executable specification for automation behavior and
user interaction. The term executable specification refers to the concept of a
testable prototype whose purpose is to support development of a more accurate
and complete requirements specification. Keywords: automation design; automation surprise analysis | |||
| ATC CTA: Cognitive Task Analysis of Future Air Traffic Control Concepts | | BIBA | Full-Text | 497-503 | |
| Brian Hilburn | |||
| Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is a flight deck tool to display
and help avoid proximate air traffic. Until now, TCAS information has not been
presented to the air traffic controller. Attention has focused in recent years
on the potential benefits of "downlinking" to the air traffic controller TCAS
Resolution Advisories (RAs) in near real time, Such presentations, it is
thought, could benefit situation awareness and joint decision making between
controller and pilot.
A cognitive task analysis (CTA) was recently conducted into the present-day and future RA Downlink (RAD) operational concepts. The aim was to identify the cognitive elements underlying performance in the RAD scenarios, and to hopefully identify potential error mechanisms. On the basis of a functional task description and cognitive walkthroughs, CTA proceeded to decompose the tasks imposed on the controller. The impact of various specific non-nominal events (e.g. pilot reports RA, but does not initiate an evasive maneuver) was investigated. Finally, a set of cognitive elements and potential error mechanisms was identified. | |||
| The Development of a Cognitive Work Analysis Tool | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 504-511 | |
| Daniel P. Jenkins; Neville A. Stanton; Paul M. Salmon; Guy H. Walker; Mark S. Young; Ian Whitworth; Andy Farmilo; Geoffrey Hone | |||
| Due to their complexity, systems used within Network Centric Warfare and
Command and Control are notoriously difficult to predict. These systems are
often influenced by an ever increasing number of dynamic constraints. This
dynamic instability causes problems for many traditional normative Human
Factors techniques. Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) is a formative process that
focuses on these constraints rather than prescriptive methods of working; this
constraint based approach allows the model to handle the unexpected and
unanticipated events common in network-centric warfare. This paper presents the
development of a Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) software tool. The tool has two
main purposes. The primary purpose is to assist the user in developing the
large number of graphical representations that support the iterative design
process. The secondary purpose is to explain CWA to novices and systematically
guide them through the analysis process. The paper provides a brief
introduction to CWA along with a description of the tool and its current
capabilities. Keywords: Cognitive Work Analysis; Tools; Software Development; Training | |||
| Human Activity Modeling for Systems Design: A Trans-Disciplinary and Empirical Approach | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 512-521 | |
| Saadi Lahlou | |||
| Complex system design is about technical specifications, but also how humans
act in the loop in Dissemination, Operation, Maintenance and Evolution (DOME)
of the system. In system specification, we focus on distribution of work
between humans and systems. In design of system's DOME, on building an ecology
of individual motives, organizational rules and mediating structures to keep
the system sustainable. In our participative design process itself, on how to
enroll and maintain test users in realistic experiments. We adopt a
complementarist approach: we use different models of human cognition and
behavior for each aspect. Human behavior is determined by many factors
including subject's motives and goals, constraints and affordances of the
context. We list here which models we use and how. Keywords: design; activity theory; cognitive attractors; cognition; social
representation; affordances; goals; distributed cognition; situated action;
ecological psychology; involvement | |||
| Empirical Evidence for a Model of Operator Reaction to Alerting Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 522-530 | |
| Steven J. Landry; Anil Divvela | |||
| A sample of aviation safety reports related to the Ground Proximity Warning
System was pulled from the Aviation Safety Reporting System. These reports were
used to evaluate a model of operator reaction to alerting systems, particularly
focusing on cases of noncompliance. The model posited that operators try to
define a causal path from the distal situation triggering the alert (which is
generally unknown) to the proximal cues. The model implies that alert response
behavior can be influenced by manipulating those factors that affect the
ability to construct this mapping. Based on the examination of the reports, two
refinements of the model are proposed. First, the ability to define a causal
path is affected by time pressure; only those paths that can be verified are
checked. Second, the paths are checked against preconceptions based on the task
situation. These findings may have implications for the design of procedures
and alerting systems. Keywords: alerting systems; aviation; situation awareness; procedures | |||
| "Investigating the Way National Grid Controllers Visualize the Electricity Transmission Grid Using a Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Approach" | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 531-540 | |
| P. Lazanas | |||
| Highly skilled South African experts are responsible for controlling the
voltage levels of the electrical transmission grid. This paper reports on the
research methodology, which was used to identify the mental structure of their
expertise. The research was multidisciplinary in nature, including, Power
System Engineering, Industrial and Cognitive Psychology, and Neuro-Linguistic
Programming (NLP). Of these, the NLP elicitation techniques used form the main
body of this paper. NLP represents a body of knowledge with which human
experience can be investigated and altered, by adopting a "whole-person"
approach. Eight controllers of varied competence were interviewed. The main
findings were that the expert controllers use sophisticated mental strategies
that allow them to simplify the overwhelming quantity of data presented to
them. These results will be discussed in the full paper together with the
applicability of the NLP elicitation method. Keywords: Mental Models; Naturalistic Decision Making; Neuro-Linguistic Programming
(NLP); Human Factors; Visualization | |||
| Diagnosticity of Cardiac Modes of Autonomic Control Elicited by Simulated Driving and Verbal Working Memory Dual-Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 541-550 | |
| John K. Lenneman; Richard W. Backs | |||
| The present study investigated the diagnosticity of autonomic space for
heart rate by elucidating psychological-physiological mappings in a dual-task
driving simulation. Based on the results of previous studies, we predicted
patterns of cardiac autonomic activity that would be elicited by dual-task
driving with a verbal working memory side-task. The results generally supported
the predictions made, and indicate that cardiac autonomic modes of control can
be diagnostic with regard to the attentional processing resources used during
task performance in the driving domain. Keywords: Autonomic space; cardiovascular psychophysiology; mental workload; simulated
driving; dual-task | |||
| EEG Activities of Dynamic Stimulation in VR Driving Motion Simulator | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 551-560 | |
| Chin-Teng Lin; Li-Wei Ko; Yin-Hung Lin; Tzyy-Ping Jung; Sheng-Fu Liang; Li-Sor Hsiao | |||
| The purpose of this study is to investigate Electroencephalography dynamics
in response to kinesthetic stimuli during driving. We used a Virtual Reality
driving simulator consisted of a hydraulic hexapod motion platform to create
practical driving events. We compared the EEG dynamics in response to
kinesthetic stimulus while the platform was in motion, to that while the
platform was stationary. The scalp-recorded EEG channel signals were first
separated into independent brain sources using Independent Component Analysis
(ICA), and then studied with time-frequency analysis. Our results showed that
independent brain processes near the somatomotor cortex exhibited alpha power
decreases across sessions and subjects. Negative potentials phase-locked to the
onsets of deviation events under motion conditions were observed in a central
midline component. The results allow us to better understand different brain
networks involved in driving, and provide a foundation for studying
event-related EEG activities in the presence of kinesthetic stimuli. Keywords: Kinesthetic Stimulus; EEG; ICA; Component Clustering; ERSP; ERP; Mu Rhythm;
EMG | |||
| Development of a Wireless Embedded Brain -- Computer Interface and Its Application on Drowsiness Detection and Warning | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 561-567 | |
| Chin-Teng Lin; Hung-Yi Hsieh; Sheng-Fu Liang; Yu-Chieh Chen; Li-Wei Ko | |||
| The existing bio-signal monitoring systems are mostly designed for signal
recording without the capability of automatic analysis so that their
applications are limited. The goal of this paper is to develop a real-time
wireless embedded electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring system that includes
multi-channel physiological acquisition, wireless transmission, and an embedded
system. The wireless transmission can overcome the inconvenience of wire
routing and the embedded multi-task scheduling for the dual-core processing
system is developed to realize the real-time processing. The whole system has
been applied to detect the driver's drowsiness for demonstration since
drowsiness is considered as a serious cause of many traffic accidents. The
electroencephalogram (EEG) features changes from wakefulness to drowsiness are
extracted to detect the driver's drowsiness and an on-line warning feedback
module is applied to avoid disasters caused by fatigue. Keywords: Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs); electroencephalogram (EEG); embedded
systems; real-time; wireless | |||
| Modelling Cognitive and Affective Load for the Design of Human-Machine Collaboration | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 568-574 | |
| Mark A. Neerincx | |||
| We are developing models for hybrid human-machine systems that can cope
autonomously with unexpected, complex and potentially hazardous situations. The
synthetic or electronic partner (ePartner) has to acquire and maintain
knowledge of the (momentary) cognitive and affective load of the tasks and
situation, and the capacities of the human partner (hPartner) to cope with this
load. For adequate partnership, cognitive and affective load models are needed
that support shared situation awareness, trust and scrutability. This paper
presents two such models that are being developed and tested for military and
space operations in situated cognitive engineering cycles. Keywords: mental load; emotion; human-machine collaboration; synthetic or electronic
partner; cognitive engineering | |||
| Event-Related Brain Potentials Corroborate Subjectively Optimal Delay in Computer Response to a User's Action | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 575-581 | |
| Hiroshi Nittono | |||
| This study examined how the presentation timing of a computer response to a
user operation affects attention allocated to the stimulus. Event-related brain
potentials were recorded in response to auditory stimuli that were presented
after a single mouse button press with three different durations of delay: 0,
150, and 300 ms. The amplitude of the P300 component, which is assumed to
reflect the amount of attentional resources allocated to the eliciting event,
increased when the stimuli were presented 150 ms after button press, compared
with when the same stimuli were presented immediately (0 ms) or 300 ms after
button press. These results are consistent with a previous psychophysical
finding that the insertion of a moderate delay interval can increase the user's
sense of control, and suggest that ERPs can be used as an objective tool for
assessing the state of attention in a particular interface design. Keywords: psychophysiology; P300; attention; self-paced task; interface design | |||
| Effects of Pattern Complexity on Information Integration: Evidence from Eye Movements | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 582-590 | |
| Yanju Ren; Yuming Xuan; Xiaolan Fu | |||
| The present study employed empty cell localization paradigm and eye-tracking
method to investigate the effects of memorized stimuli complexity on
information integration between in visual short-term memory (VSTM) and visual
perception. Two arrays of dots were displayed in sequence within a grid.
Between the two arrays, one cell was always empty, and the participants' task
was to specify the location of this "missing dot" It was found that the
accuracy decreased as dot pattern of array 1 increased in complexity,
especially under long ISI condition. The analysis of eye movement behavior,
especially fixation location, demonstrated that participants were more likely
to try to remember the location of the empty cells of array 1 other than
locations of dots. From aspect of eye movement, these results offered the first
evidence supporting convert-and-compare hypothesis. Keywords: information integration; visual short-term memory; visual perception; eye
movement | |||
| Event-Related Potential as a Measure of Effects of Report Order and Compatibility on Identification on Multidimensional Stimulus | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 591-599 | |
| I-Hsuan Shen; Kong-King Shieh; Shin-Yuan Tsai | |||
| An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of order of reporting
stimulus dimension in multidimensional stimulus identification using switch
task paradigm. Nine healthy participants were required to identify each
two-dimensional symbol by pushing the corresponding buttons on the keypad. The
two orders of report were Order Color/Shape and Order Shape/Color. There was a
task cue prior to each presentation of a symbol indicating the particular
report order the participants should perform. The cue changed randomly. Results
showed that order of report had a significant effect on response time for the
first and second dimension. Analysis of behavioral data showed switch cost
indicated by increase in response time was greater for Order Shape/Color, a
less appropriate order of reporting dimensional values, than Order Color/Shape.
It seemed plausible that participants needed more attention resource and showed
more N2 inhibition for Order Shape/Color than for Order Color/Shape which fits
the Chinese adjective-then-noun language habit. Keywords: report order; multidimensional stimulus identification; task switch;
event-related potential | |||
| Models of Command and Control | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 600-608 | |
| Neville A. Stanton; Guy H. Walker; Daniel P. Jenkins; Paul M. Salmon; Mark S. Young; Amerdeep Aujla | |||
| This paper reports on four different models which may be used to investigate
command and control. The models reviewed are: a process model, a contextual
control model, a decision ladder model and a functional model. Each of the
models are introduced and explained in turn. Of particular interest is the
degree to which these models can be used to explain command and control
activities. The models are compared and contrasted, and the implications for
command and control research drawn. Keywords: Command and control; process models; contextual models; decision models;
functional models; activities models | |||
| Cognitive and Emotional Human Models Within a Multi-agent Framework | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 609-618 | |
| Lucas Stephane | |||
| In the industrial field, user behavior has been mainly addressed in terms of
rational thinking. High-level cognitive processes investigated by Cognitive
Engineering are described as logical or rational. We already proposed a
cognitive multi-agent model that provides a framework for the peer
user-artifact highlighting the roles, responsibilities and resources of each
pertinent entity involved in the human-machine hybrid system. This cognitive
model was employed for various experiments in the cockpit that assessed
Workload and Situation Awareness [10]. Techniques such as Eye Tracking were
also used. Definitely, the cognitive model helps to understand user behaviors.
However, we noticed behavioral differences between users that are hardly
explainable only by the cognitive model. So we started to investigate the
non-cognitive aspects of the users that are their emotions. This paper presents
the integration of cognitive and emotional models that comprise on one hand
users' Situation Awareness and on the other hand users' Self Awareness. Keywords: Cognitive modeling; Cognitive theories of emotion; Multi-Agent systems;
Situation Awareness; Workload; Self Awareness | |||
| Sociotechnical Theory and NEC System Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 619-628 | |
| Guy H. Walker; Neville A. Stanton; Daniel P. Jenkins; Paul M. Salmon; Mark S. Young; Amerdeep Aujla | |||
| Abstract. The term 'Sociotechnical' is much more than merely a buzzword, it
is a set of theories and concepts that seek to jointly optimize the
co-evolution of organizations and technology. In this paper we show how the
specification of a set of basic sociotechnical principles (responsible
autonomy, adaptability and meaningfulness of tasks) could help to create the
initial conditions from which shared awareness (through peer to peer
interaction) and agility (through Effects Based Operations, semi-autonomous
groups and increased tempo) create self-synchronization (synergy, with simple
organizations undertaking more complex tasks). Sociotechnical theory has
further advantage of a long legacy in theoretical and applied settings, one
that future work aims to exploit in order to help realize the vision that NEC
promises. Keywords: Sociotechnical theory; sociotechnical systems; network enabled capability;
agility; tempo; shared awareness; effects based operations; organizational
design | |||
| The Impact of Automation and FMS in Flight Safety: Results of a Survey and an Experimental Study | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 631-638 | |
| Diyar Akay; Ergün Eraslan; Cengiz Yoldas | |||
| The main aim in the adoption of automation technologies of airplanes is to
decrease the errors due to human factors whereas some applications and
empirical researches showed that automation causes new type of errors in the
cockpit. When the aviation accidents due to automation have been surveyed, it
is seen that the automation errors related to FMS (Flight Management System)
are very high. The FMS supports pilots in different tasks like flight planning,
navigation, performance management and monitoring of flight progress. In this
study, the effect of automation and FMS in flight safety is researched. A
survey was conducted to a group of pilots of a turboprop airplane with high
level automation. Following the survey, an experimental study was performed to
analyze effects of last minute changes on FMS which was highlighted as the most
prominent problem in the survey. Finally, based on the results of experiment,
recommendations were given so as to improve design and usability of FMS. Keywords: Automation Errors; Cockpit Automation; Flight Management System | |||
| Combining Skin Conductance and Heart Rate Variability for Adaptive Automation During Simulated IFR Flight | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 639-647 | |
| Wolfram Boucsein; Andrea Haarmann; Florian Schaefer | |||
| Adaptive automation increases the operator's workload if there are signs of
hypovigilance, and takes over more responsibility in case of workload becoming
too high. We refined a closed-loop adaptive system for varying the strength of
turbulence in a professional simulator. In the experimental condition,
twenty-four subjects flew three blocks with ten 2-min flight sections under
varying turbulences. Each of the three blocks applied different combinations of
autonomic measures for adaptive automation. Physiological responses were
calculated every 2 min for adjusting the turbulence strength for the next 2
min, dependent on an individual setpoint. Another twenty-four yoked control
subjects flew the same sequence of turbulences as the corresponding
experimental subjects without adaptive automation. By combining nonspecific
skin conductance responses and heart rate variability, experimental subjects'
skin conductance responses oscillated very close to the individual setpoint,
indicating a constant vigilance level as a result of adaptive control compared
to yoked control subjects. Keywords: Vigilance; workload; adaptive automation; human-computer interaction;
psychophysiology; aviation psychology | |||
| HILAS Flight Operations Research: Development of Risk/Safety Management, Process Improvement and Task Support Tools | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 648-657 | |
| Joan Cahill; Nick McDonald; Pernilla Ulfvengren; Franklyn Young; Yeray Ramos; Gabriel Losa | |||
| This paper reports on flight operations research, conducted as part of the
work requirements for the Flight Operations Strand of the Human Integration
into the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems (HILAS) project. Specifically, it
presents a provisional framework for a suite of integrated Flight Operations
tools developed in this research. It is anticipated that these tools will be
used by different airline personnel to gather integrate, analyze and
communicate data in relation to risk/safety management and process improvement.
Further these tools will provide customized task support for different
management and operational personnel. Keywords: Flight Operations; Safety; Performance Monitoring; Risk Management; Process
Improvement; Information Flow; Task Support; Human Performance | |||
| Analyzing Constraints to Support Computational Modeling of Air Traffic Controllers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 658-667 | |
| Todd J. Callantine | |||
| Research toward enhancing computational models of air traffic controllers
for use in assessing new air traffic management concepts is presented.
Simulation data from professional air traffic controllers is analyzed using a
computational method for characterizing the constraints in force when the
controllers take action. The results show controllers apply strategies to
proactively prevent losses of separation between aircraft. This approach has
advantages for complexity reduction and workload management and implications
for human roles in future air traffic management systems. Keywords: air traffic management; cognitive work analysis; computational human
performance models; constraints | |||
| Risk-Based Information Integration for Ship Navigation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 668-677 | |
| Boris Gauss; Matthias Rötting | |||
| The Navigational Risk Detection and Assessment System (NARIDAS) is an
approach to risk-based information integration on the ship's bridge. The
purpose of this novel system is to reduce data overload and to support
situation awareness of the bridge team. This paper focuses on the evaluation of
NARIDAS during the development process. Evaluation is performed with system
prototypes and practitioners. Three levels of evaluation are addressed: risk
model validity, graphical user interface (GUI) design, and system usability. In
two evaluation studies, positive results were obtained on all three levels.
These results suggest that NARIDAS provides a valid model for the risks of ship
navigation, a well-designed GUI, and a high usability for enhancing situational
risk awareness of the bridge team. Keywords: Ship Navigation; Risk; Support System; Evaluation; Situation Awareness;
Information Integration | |||
| Experimental Thermal/Moisture Mapping of Industrial Safety Helmets | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 678-686 | |
| Z. W. Guan; A. R. Dullah; H. L. Zhou | |||
| This paper presents the research on thermal/moisture mapping of typical
industrial safety helmets using match-head-sized sensors. Three types of the
industrial safety helmet were tested, one without ventilation openings, one
with small ventilation holes made by the researcher, and one with manufacturing
ventilation openings in the top region. Up to eight subjects were tested for
each type of helmets in various ambient conditions. Results give the original
measurements of the in-helmet micro climate. Results also show some interested
interaction between the in-helmet temperature and relative humidity. Keywords: comfort; industrial helmet; micro climate; perception; thermal/ moisture
mapping | |||
| Common Work Space or How to Support Cooperative Activities Between Human Operators and Machine: Application to Air Traffic Control | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 687-696 | |
| Benoît Guiost; Serge Debernard | |||
| For several years, the need for air-traffic control has been continuously
increasing. In order to maintain aircraft safety, different support tools have
been built and tested. Our conviction is that it is necessary to conceive a
more cooperative tool that would allow a "true team work" between air-traffic
controllers and their support tools, by making the support tool part of the
team rather than a substitute for air-traffic controllers. With a view to
developing such a tool, we studied the cognitive activities of air-traffic
controllers in a situation of cooperation involving two human operators. This
paper presents a theory of human-human cooperation strategies based on our
work, as well as our experimental protocol, analysis methods and observations. Keywords: Air-traffic control; cognitive analysis; shared workspace; HCI; experimental
protocol | |||
| Human Performance Enhancements: From Certification to HCI Innovation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 697-704 | |
| Peter G. A. M. Jorna | |||
| This paper addresses the need for human performance enhancements in relation
to growth of air travel and keeping accident levels low. Performance can be
enhanced by certifying equipment with Human factors based methodologies in
order to assure compatibility of systems with human intricacies. Objective eye
scan data can be used to facilitate compliance with new Flight deck
certification rules. The intelligence of machines or computers cab be improved
by allowing machine access to eye derived data as illustrated and discussed.
With this technology it is possible for computers to become a true COMPANION
for its user. Keywords: human performance; certification; human machine interaction; HCI innovation;
adaptive systems | |||
| Operator Assistance and Semi-autonomous Functions as Key Elements of Future Systems for Multiple Uav Guidance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 705-715 | |
| Michael Kriegel; Claudia Meitinger; Axel Schulte | |||
| This paper will discuss technologies for use in a work system comprising a
single operator working in a control station being supposed to supervise
several UAVs. The overall setup of a typical manned-unmanned teaming scenario
will be described and analyzed using the approach of the work system as a human
factors engineering framework. This approach facilitates to identify the
research areas of cognitive operator assistance and semi-autonomous guidance of
co-operating UAVs. Furthermore, this paper will refer to recent research
activities and experimental facilities for the evaluation of the solutions. Keywords: Cognitive automation; UAV guidance; operator assistance | |||
| Confucius in Western Cockpits: The Investigation of Long-Term Versus Short-Term Orientation Culture and Aviation Accidents | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 716-722 | |
| Wen-Chin Li; Don Harris | |||
| This research applies the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System
and Hofsted's fifth dimension of national culture (Confucian- long-term versus
short-term orientation) to compare accident patterns between the US and Taiwan.
Asia and Africa have higher accident rates than Europe or America. There are
also fundamental differences between Chinese and Western minds. These
variations suggest that there should be fundamental, underlying factors causing
these differences. Several studies have investigated the relationship between
culture and accidents however, no research has investigated Chinese culture and
accidents. The findings clearly show different patterns in the human factors
causes underlying aviation accidents in these different regions. It could even
be argued that the accident analysis system itself has an implicit cultural
bias within it, as HFACS was a product of Western culture. Global aviation is
strongly influenced by the Western culture, however, the safety challenge is to
manage the potential risks it may present. Keywords: Accident Investigation; Confucian; Cross-culture; Human Error; Human Factors
Analysis and Classification System | |||
| Voice Alarm System in Emergency Evacuation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 723-730 | |
| Huiyang Li; Xianghong Sun; Kan Zhang | |||
| Under emergency situations such as large fires, floods, hazardous-materials,
etc., incident commander have to manage an evacuation in help of alarm systems
(audible or/and visual notification). This article reviewed selected literature
relevant to ergonomics of alarm systems (esp. voice alarm system) in emergency
evacuation, and occupants' response behavior to the voice alarm. The literature
cited is of world-wide origin, and is mainly from China, Canada and U.S. At the
end of the article, future directions in the research area are recommended. Keywords: voice alarm; alarm system; emergency evacuation | |||
| Operating Multiple Semi-autonomous UGVs: Navigation, Strategies, and Instantaneous Performance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 731-740 | |
| Patrik Lif; Johan Hedström; Peter Svenmarck | |||
| There is an interest in using multiple unmanned ground vehicles (UGV). The
Swedish Army Combat School has evaluated an UGV called SNOOKEN II in a number
of field studies. To investigate the possibility to handle multiple vehicles in
a simulated setting was set up where the operator simultaneous managed one,
two, or three UGVs with limited autonomy. The task was to navigate the UGVs to
designated inspection points as fast as possible. The results showed that more
inspections were made with multiple UGVs (p<0.05), but also that there was
no difference between using two or three UGVs (p>0.05). Analysis of use of
autonomous mode, route selection, and interviews also show that the subject
managed to operate two vehicles with increased performance but that a third
vehicle does not provide any extra benefits. Keywords: UGV; CSE; autonomy; manned-unmanned teaming; multi-robot systems | |||
| Evaluation of the Effects of Visual Field on Road Sign Recognition | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 741-749 | |
| Bor-Shong Liu; Chih-Hung Hsu; Hsien-Yu Tseng; Tung-Chung Chia | |||
| The objective of this study was utilized the head and eye-tracker system to
examine the effects of visual field between sedan and mixed concrete truck on
road sign recognition. Participants were asked to search the traffic signs on
driving video and give a verbal report instantaneously for visual search.
Results of ANOVA revealed that the mode of vertical direction of eye gaze were
significant differences between two conditions. Lower eye gazes were found in
higher visual field from mixed concrete truck than in sedan. In addition,
subjects reported fast in video of mixed concrete truck than in sedan.
According the fixations data, subjects search quickly on painted speed limit on
road in mixed concrete truck as compared to search the post or cantilever speed
limit sign in video of sedan. These findings can be used or further application
on signage design, vehicle design, and driver support information system
design. Keywords: Driving behavior; Visual search; Truck; Traffic signs | |||
| Searching for Possible Threat Items to Safe Air Travel: Human Error and Training | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 750-759 | |
| Xi Liu; Alastair G. Gale | |||
| An eye-tracking experiment is reported which investigates the underlying
factors that affect training in the visual search of air passenger luggage for
possible threat items so as to reduce errors and improve safe air travel. In
this study, naïve observers learned to search for terrorist threat items
of guns, knives and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in airport passengers'
X-ray luggage images. During training, each participant viewed the same number
of learning trials of guns, knives or IEDs. Transfer performance was measured
in a same search task in which each participant was more familiar with the
visual appearance of half of the test targets. Detection performance and eye
movement data both showed improvement in the efficiency of search and
recognition with practice, while the skills were stimulus-specific so that
performance was degraded when novel targets were introduced. Perceptual
learning and human errors of the implications for screener training are
discussed. Keywords: visual search; perceptual learning; airport X-ray luggage image | |||
| Human Integration in the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 760-769 | |
| Nick McDonald | |||
| While Human Factors is perhaps the most critical discipline to improving
aviation safety, research and development is disproportionately small-scale,
fragmented and unsustained. The key issue is the delivery of Human Factors
knowledge throughout the system to improve design, operation or monitoring. A
systems integration approach to technology development and innovation
incorporates user requirements at all stages of the system life-cycle. The goal
of the HILAS project is to develop and demonstrate such an integrated model of
Human Factors research, practice and integrated application, linking design and
operation -- in a 'system life-cycle approach'. A central challenge is to
demonstrate how to integrate models of the human operator, which demonstrate
the influences on human performance, with wider system models that encompass
the influences on system performance. Keywords: aviation; Human Factors; safety; research capability; operational
performance; system improvement; system life-cycle; innovation; system models | |||
| A Characteristic of a Navigator's Response to Artificial Ship's Movement by Picture and Motion Platform | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 770-778 | |
| Koji Murai; Tadatsugi Okazaki; Yuji Hayashi | |||
| A navigator gets diverse navigational information from the ship and her
environment for safe and efficient navigation, and visual information is the
most important source for his judgments. We use ship's bridge simulator to do
some education/training (training) of ship-handling and how to handle some
navigational instruments. The navigational environment of the simulator is
simulated with a picture. The visual image makes training effect improve in
components of simulator's systems from the standpoint of the reality, and the
realty has become more with computer high technology. Meanwhile, a real ship
always moves with six kind degrees of freedom, and the ship's movement is
simulated by the picture in merchant ship training, not the motion platform. A
trainer doesn't evaluate the importance of the reality of the ship movement for
simulator training yet. The purpose of this paper is to find characteristics of
body response to artificial ship movement by the picture and the motion
platform. We need to evaluate the simulation methods of the ship movement for
good training. Keywords: Ship bridge simulator; Training; Picture and Motion Platform; Body response | |||
| Classification of Blink Waveforms Towards the Assessment of Driver's Arousal Level -- An Approach for HMM Based Classification from Blinking Video Sequence | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 779-786 | |
| Yoshihiro Noguchi; Roongroj Nopsuwanchai; Mieko Ohsuga; Yoshiyuki Kamakura | |||
| With recent advances in image recognition, the assessment of driver's
arousal level using blinking image sequences has been expected. In this paper,
we demonstrated the possibility of assessing driver's arousal level by
analyzing blinking image sequences. We focused on some typical blink waveform
patterns occurred under drowsy condition. We used the results of EOG
(Electro-oculogram) waveform clustering as the baseline for HMM (Hidden Markov
Model) blinking labeling due to the difficulty of defining blinking labels from
blinking image sequence. The blink pattern classes were classified by using the
HMMs based on blinking image sequences. The driver's arousal level was finally
estimated by histogram variation per minute of those typical blink classes. Keywords: arousal level; blink; video sequence; EOG; HMM; driver | |||
| Classification of Blink Waveforms Toward the Assessment of Driver's Arousal Levels -- An EOG Approach and the Correlation with Physiological Measures | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 787-795 | |
| Mieko Ohsuga; Yoshiyuki Kamakura; Yumiko Inoue; Yoshihiro Noguchi; Roongroj Nopsuwanchai | |||
| The goal of this research is to develop a method to assess the arousal
states using facial images of drivers. This paper refers the preparatory study
on the classification of blink waveforms obtained from electo-oculogram. The
transitions of the distribution of classified blinks during a simulated driving
task were studied for around fifty volunteers of both genders and a wide range
of generations. It was shown that the blink class ratio supposed to be under
the influence of not only the subject's drowsiness levels but also by his/her
behavior to battle with drowsiness. The correlation with multidimensional
physiological indices was also discussed. Keywords: arousal level; drowsiness; drivers; blinks; physiological indices | |||
| Common Work Space or How to Support Cooperative Activities Between Human Operators: Application to Fighter Aircraft | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 796-805 | |
| Marie-Pierre Pacaux-Lemoine; Serge Debernard | |||
| In order to improve capacities and capabilities of human-machine system,
interactions between agents are inclined to be more frequent and more complex.
Nevertheless, these interactions can not be always developed by verbal
activities and must be supported by a media. The contribution of this paper is
to propose the concept of common work space which allows agents, human or
artificial, to develop cooperative activities. This concept has been
implemented and evaluated in the fields of the fighter aircraft. Keywords: Human-Machine Cooperation; Common Work Space; Simulation | |||
| Culture and Communication in the Philippine Aviation Industry | | BIBA | Full-Text | 806-813 | |
| Rosemary R. Seva; Alma Maria Jennifer Gutierrez; Henry Been-Lirn Duh | |||
| This study aims to characterize the communication patterns of Filipino pilots in the cockpit and assess its adherence to CRM principles of assertiveness, openness, conflict resolution, and communication effectiveness. A survey was administered to 88 participants who are mostly captains and first officers. Filipino captains and first officers generally have the same attitude that corresponds to the principles learned in CRM training on communication and coordination. However, a detailed comparison of the groups' responses showed significant differences in terms of assertiveness, openness, and communication effectiveness. Captains are more articulate in expressing concerns than first officers. However, in terms dealing with crewmembers, first officers are more cautious in phrasing things. | |||
| Future Trends in Flight Deck Equipment | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 814-823 | |
| Alison Starr; Piet Hoogeboom | |||
| This paper discusses work undertaken in the HILAS (Human Integration into
the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems) project which has analysed key drivers for
change in aviation. The required technological developments and potential
technologies that could be introduced to the flight deck to support these
changes are elaborated upon, starting from a historical perspective to the
development of flight deck technologies. Keywords: Flight deck technology; trends in aviation; historically development of the
flight deck | |||
| Evaluation of Process Tracing Technique to Assess Pilot Situation Awareness in Air Combat Missions | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 824-833 | |
| Ketut Sulistyawati; Yoon Ping Chui; Yeow Min Tham; Yeow Koon Wee | |||
| This paper evaluates a process tracing technique developed to assess pilot
Situation Awareness (SA) in air combat missions. Using the tool, the assessment
of pilot SA and translation of pilot behavior to an observer assessment form is
done through observation and analysis by Subject Matter Experts. The tool is
found to impose minimal interruption to the task performance, which is desired
from an assessment tool that is to be applied in a highly dynamic environment
such as air combat. It is also found to be advantageous in providing
comprehensive and detailed information of the dynamic changes in pilot SA and
the situation assessment process, as well as the quality of SA acquired. Some
problems with the tool are identified and modifications to minimize them are
proposed. Keywords: situation awareness; aviation; air combat; method; process tracing | |||
| Analysis of Human Factors Integration Aspects for Aviation Accidents and Incidents | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 834-841 | |
| Ruishan Sun; Lei Wang; Ling Zhang | |||
| Aviation accidents have been contributed mostly by human factors since
commercial flight. So it is a key of improving aviation safety to analyze
accidents, incidents and other occurrence through human factors model and make
preventing measure. The paper presents an analysis method named EEAM based
human factors integration. Keywords: Human Factors; Aviation Safety; SHEL; HFACS; EEAM | |||
| Development and Evaluation of a Multimodal Touchpad for Advanced In-Vehicle Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 842-851 | |
| Roman Vilimek; Alf Zimmer | |||
| Multimodal interaction can substantially improve human-computer interaction
by employing multiple perceptual channels. We report on the development and
evaluation of a touchpad with auditory, tactile and visual feedback for
in-vehicle applications. In a simulator study, we assessed its suitability for
interacting with a menu-based on-board system and investigated the effects of
uni-, bi- and trimodal feedback on task and driving performance, workload and
visual distraction in comparison to a conventional rotary push-button. In
summary our results show that users clearly benefit from additional non-visual
feedback while driving. When using the touchpad with multimodal feedback, our
subjects also reached a higher level of performance compared to the rotary
push-button. Keywords: Multimodal; haptics; tactile feedback; auditory feedback; driving | |||
| An European Approach to the Integrated Management of Human Factors in Aircraft Maintenance: Introducing the IMMS | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 852-859 | |
| Marie Ward; Nick McDonald | |||
| Previous research in aviation maintenance has highlighted the need to
understand normal practice in order to advance the potential impact of Human
Factors and bring aviation to a new safety level. What to do with this
information then is crucial. What is presented here is an approach to do this,
to use this information in such a way that it becomes key to safety and process
improvement. This approach is currently being developed within the European
funded HILAS project. Keywords: Aviation Maintenance; Human Factors Lifecycle; Operational Process Model | |||
| A Research of Speech Signal of Fire Information Display Interface | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 860-866 | |
| Liang Zhang; Xianghong Sun; Thomas Plocher | |||
| This study was conducted to investigate the effect of speech rate and tune
on intelligibility of fire information words and sentences under the conditions
with different levels of noise. The result showed that the types of signals and
noise levels affect the intelligibility significantly. The appropriate tune for
fire information display interface is mezzo-soprano. The appropriate voice rate
is 5 characters per second for words display, 7 characters per second for usual
sentences display and 6 characters per second for the sentences with numbers
display. Keywords: fire information display interface; speech signal; tune; speech rate; noise
occultation | |||
| HCI Testing in Flight Simulator: Set Up and Crew Briefing Procedures. Design and Test Cycles for the Future | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 867-876 | |
| Rolf Zon; Mariska Roerdink | |||
| Within the HILAS flight deck strand a flight simulator experiment was
performed. It was the first experiment of a series of two. The aim of the
experiment was to evaluate a set of Human Factors tools (toolbox) for
measurement of HCI aspects when new technologies are installed on a flight
deck. This paper is an informative document that describes the tools and
technologies that were applied in that first experiment. The lessons that will
be identified from this experiment will be the input for a better and improved
Human Factors toolbox which will be evaluated in the second experiment.
Eventually this toolbox may be used by authorities and industry as a structured
way of measuring HCI aspects of new technologies and applications that may be
installed in future flight decks and as such may also be used as a HF
certification instrument. Keywords: HILAS; flight deck; human factors; experiment; flight simulation; HF
toolbox; certification | |||