| Coexistence and Transformation of Informal and Formal Structures: Requirements for More Flexible Hypermedia Systems | | BIBAK | PDF | 1-12 | |
| Jorg M. Haake; Christine M. Neuwirth; Norbert A. Streitz | |||
| In this paper, we argue that some tasks (e.g., meeting support) require more
flexible hypermedia systems and we describe a prototype hypermedia system,
DOLPHIN, that implements more flexibility. As part of the argument, we present
a theoretical design space for information structuring systems and locate
existing hypertext systems within it. The dimensions of the space highlight a
system's internal representation of structure and the user's actions in
creating structure. Second, we describe an empirically derived range of
activities connected to conducting group meetings, including the pre- and
post-preparation phases, and argue that hypertext systems need to be more
flexible in order to support this range of activities. Finally, we describe a
hypermedia prototype, DOLPHIN, which implements this kind of flexible support
for meetings. DOLPHIN supports different degrees of formality (e.g.,
handwriting and sketches as well as typed nodes and links are supported),
coexistence of different structures (e.g., handwriting and sketches as well as
typed nodes and links are supported), coexistence of different structures
(e.g., handwriting and nodes can exist on the same page) and mutual
transformations between them (e.g., handwriting can be turned into nodes and
vice versa). Keywords: Hypermedia interface, Information structures, Meeting support, Design space
for hypermedia systems, Flexibility | |||
| VIKI: Spatial Hypertext Supporting Emergent Structure | | BIBAK | PDF | 13-23 | |
| Catherine C. Marshall; Frank M., III Shipman; James H. Coombs | |||
| The emergent nature of structure is a crucial, but often ignored, constraint
on authoring hypertexts. VIKI is a spatial hypertext system that supports the
emergent qualities of structure and the abstractions that guide its creation.
We have found that a visual/spatial metaphor for hypertext allows people to
express the nuances of structure, especially ambiguous, partial, or emerging
structure, more easily. VIKI supports interpretation of a collected body of
materials, a task that becomes increasingly important with the availability of
on-line information sources. The tool's data model includes semi-structured
objects, collections that provide the basis for spatial navigation, and object
composites, all of which may evolve into types. A spatial parser supports this
evolution and enhances user interaction with changing, visually apparent
organizations. Keywords: Spatial hypertext, Emergent structure, Interpretation, Visual structure
recognition, Composites | |||
| Fixed or Fluid? Document Stability and New Media | | BIBAK | PDF | 24-31 | |
| David M. Levy | |||
| One of the crucial properties of documents through the ages has been their
fixity. The ability to mark surfaces in relatively stable ways has made it
possible for people distributed across space and time to see the same images
and thereby to have access to the same meanings or communicative intent.
Today, however, with the increasing use of digital technologies, it is often
asserted that we are moving from the fixed world of paper documents to the
fluid world of digital documents. In this paper I challenge this assertion,
arguing instead that all documents, regardless of medium, are fixed and fluid.
Thus, although paper documents do fix aspects of communication, they do (and
must) also change; and although digital documents are easily changeable, they
must also be capable of remaining fixed. I make use of this analysis in two
ways: first, to examine the fixity and fluidity of hypertext; and second, to
critique Bolter's argument in Writing Space concerning the movement from "fixed
to fluid." Keywords: Hypertext, Documents, Fixity, Fluidity | |||
| Extending the Microcosm Model to a Distributed Environment | | BIBAK | PDF | 32-40 | |
| Gary Hill; Wendy Hall | |||
| In recent years, there has been significant growth in the use of computer
networks to support electronic delivery of information. As the volume of
available information has grown, a need for powerful tools that can manage
access has arisen. It has been suggested that hypertext techniques can provide
such a facility.
The Microcosm system is a hypertext link service developed at the University of Southampton. The system is based upon a modular architecture which allows the functionality of the system to be easily and dynamically extended. This paper describes the development of a distributed version of Microcosm based upon this modular design. The distributed system described utilises the fine granularity of the Microcosm model to support a wide range of possible configurations. The system also extends the document management facilities of Microcosm to allow information stored by other information services to be incorporated. The result is a system that can apply Microcosm's open linking services to a wide range of networked information. Keywords: Open, Distributed, Hypertext, Microcosm | |||
| Light Hypermedia Link Services: A Study of Third Party Application Integration | | BIBAK | PDF | 41-50 | |
| Hugh C. Davis; Simon Knight; Wendy Hall | |||
| Recently there has been a tendency for the research community to move away
from closed hypermedia systems, towards open hypermedia link services which
allow third parties to produce applications so that they are hypertext-enabled.
This paper explores the frontiers of this trend by examining the minimum
responsibility of an application to co-operate with the underlying link
service, and, in the limiting case where the application has not been enabled
in any way, it explores the properties and qualities of hypermedia systems that
can be produced. A tool, the Universal Viewer, which allows the Microcosm
Hypermedia System to co-operate with applications which have not been enabled
is introduced and a case study is presented which demonstrates the
functionality that may be achieved using entirely third party applications,
most of which have not been enabled. Keywords: Open hypermedia, Hypermedia link services, Integration, Microcosm | |||
| Adding Networking to Hypertext: Can it be Done Transparently? | | BIBAK | PDF | 51-58 | |
| Peter Brown | |||
| Networks are becoming increasingly available and hypertext systems with
networking capabilities are currently enjoying exponential growth. The vast
majority of hypertext systems were not, however, designed to cater for
networking. This paper examines whether it is possible to add networking to
such systems and, if so, whether it can be done without upsetting existing
hyperdocuments, existing authors and existing readers. The examination is done
using one specific hypertext system, UNIX Guide, but the lessons are, I hope,
more general. Keywords: Wide-area network, Storage, Link, File, Active document, Distributed
hyperdocument, GUIDE | |||
| Composites in a Dexter-Based Hypermedia Framework | | BIBAK | PDF | 59-69 | |
| Kaj Grønbæk | |||
| This paper discusses the design and use of a generic composite mechanism in
the object oriented DEVISE Hypermedia (DHM) development framework. The DHM
framework is based on the Dexter Hypertext Reference Model, which introduces a
notion of composite to model editors with complex or multiple types of
contents. The original Dexter notion of composites is, however, insufficient
to cover structural composites including or referencing other components. Thus
the DHM framework has been extended with generic composite classes suited to
support structures within the hypermedia network itself. The paper presents
and discusses the design of the generic composite classes belonging to the
STORAGE and RUNTIME layers of the framework. A central aspect of the design is
that the structuring mechanism is a true composite with a collection of
components as its contents rather than an atomic component with links to other
components as in the classical systems such as NoteCards, Intermedia, and KMS.
It is also shown how the powerful generic classes can be used to implement a
variety of useful hypermedia concepts such as: hierarchy by inclusion,
hierarchy by reference, virtual and computed browsers, TableTops and
GuidedTours. Keywords: Composites, Structure, Hierarchies, GuidedTour, Dexter model, Object
oriented framework | |||
| Adding Multimedia Collections to the Dexter Model | | BIBAK | PDF | 70-80 | |
| Franca Garzotto; Luca Mainetti; Paolo Paolini | |||
| The Dexter Model defines the notion of atomic components and composite
components, but it does not prescribe, nor it suggests, any particular
structure for composite components. This paper proposes a specific type of
composite component, called "collection".
A collection is a container holding several members. Collections can contain other collections (nested collections). Collections can be regarded as sets, but they can also have an inner structure. Collections can be created in several ways: manually, through queries, by operations on other collections, by exploiting links, etc. Collections introduce a navigational pattern, based on their structure, that is different from the standard node&link navigation. If active media are considered, collections allow the design and implementation of complex synchronisation strategies, difficult to obtain otherwise. The paper describes the motivations for using collections, their structure, their navigational capabilities and a number of possible authoring mechanisms. It also examines the interplay between standard navigation and collection navigation, possible synchronization strategies for collections, as well as the requirements for the definition of a runtime support (which could be used to extend the runtime layer of the Dexter Model). Keywords: Dexter model, Composite, Hypermedia design, Collection, Guided tour, Active
media | |||
| Under CoVer: The Implementation of a Contextual Version Server for Hypertext Applications | | BIBAK | PDF | 81-93 | |
| Anja Haake | |||
| At GMD-IPSI we are developing CoVer, a contextual version server for
hypertext applications [11]. Another characterization of CoVer is that CoVer
integrates state-oriented versioning concepts with task-oriented versioning
concepts. While other version models in general support only one of these
groups of concepts, we argue that the explicit composition of versions of
complex hypertext networks has to be complemented by automatic version creation
in the context of tasks or jobs performed while manipulating the hypertext
network and vice versa. Regarding the implementation of version models, it
turns out that the state-oriented implementation approach -- representing every
legal state of a hyperdocument explicitly -- and the task-oriented
implementation approach -- computing versions of complex hypertext networks due
to changes executed during a task or job -- are interchangeable. While the
separation of state- and task-oriented concepts at the conceptual level of the
version model is desireable to support version creation and selection for
different hypertext applications, the implementation of such a dual model can
be based on a single implementation approach. This paper discusses both types
of implementation with an emphasis to cope with alternative versions that are
in particular meaningful for hypertext publishing applications. Keywords: Versioning, Alternatives, State-oriented versioning, Task-oriented
versioning, Implementation techniques, Publishing applications | |||
| Chimera: Hypertext for Heterogeneous Software Environments | | BIBAK | PDF | 94-107 | |
| Kenneth M. Anderson; Richard N. Taylor; E. James, Jr. Whitehead | |||
| Emerging software development environments are characterized by
heterogeneity: they are composed of diverse object stores, user interfaces, and
tools. This paper presents an approach for providing hypertext services in
this heterogeneous setting. Central notions of the approach include the
following. Anchors are established with respect to interactive views of
objects, rather than the objects themselves. Composable, n-ary links can be
established between anchors on different views of objects stored in distinct
object bases. Viewers (and objects) may be implemented in different
programming languages afforded by a client-server architecture. Multiple,
concurrently active viewers enable multimedia hypertext services. The paper
describes the approach and presents an architecture which supports it.
Experience with the Chimera prototype and its relationship to other systems is
described. Keywords: Multimedia information systems, Software engineering, Tools and techniques,
Document preparation, Hypertext/hypermedia, Design, Experimentation,
Heterogeneous hypertext, Hypertext system architectures, Link servers,
Separation of concerns, Software development environments | |||
| SIROG -- A Responsive Hypertext Manual | | BIBAK | PDF | 108-116 | |
| Lothar Simon; Jochen Erdmann | |||
| Power plant operation and control in modern screen-based control rooms takes
place using computer displays which are directly coupled to the plant state.
However, operators are provided with operational instructions and background
information by means of paper manuals or at best hypertext manuals with fixed
structure and contents. Thus, information presentation is independent of the
current situation.
To improve information accessibility we developed a situation-dependent information medium: responsive manuals. A responsive manual consists of a "standard" hypertext-based operational manual and a task description. It monitors the changing situation and based on this is able to point to relevant information. To show the advantages of the responsive manual approach in the domain of power plant operation we implemented the SIROG (situation-related operational guidance) system in close cooperation with Siemens. It covers all parts of an operational manual for accidents in a Siemens nuclear power plant, and is coupled directly to the plant state. The article discusses the basics of the responsive manuals approach and the role of "responsiveness" in SIROG. Keywords: Hypertext manual, Situation-dependence, Task model, Process monitoring,
Process control | |||
| Repertory Hypergrids: An Application to Clinical Practice Guidelines | | BIBAK | PDF | 117-125 | |
| David Madigan; C. Richard Chapman; Jonathan Gavrin; Ole Villumsen; John Boose | |||
| Creation and maintenance of links in large hypermedia documents is
difficult. Motivated by an application to a federal clinical practice
guideline for cancer pain management, we have developed and evaluated a
repertory grid-based linking scheme we call repertory hypergrids. Harnessing
established knowledge acquisition techniques, the repertory hypergrid assigns
each "knowledge chunk" a location in "context space". A chunk links to another
chunk if they are both close in context space.
To evaluate the scheme, we conducted a protocol analysis. Six users of the guideline addressing typical cancer pain management tasks made 30 explicit links. The repertory hypergrid using a neighborhood size of 16 captures 24 of these links. With optimization, the repertory hypergrid captures 27 of the links with a neighborhood size of 13. Keywords: Implicit linking, Repertory grid, Clinical practice guidelines, Link
maintenance, Evaluation | |||
| Accessing Hyperdocuments through Interactive Dynamic Maps | | BIBAK | PDF | 126-135 | |
| Mountaz Zizi; Michel Beaudouin-Lafon | |||
| We propose a new navigation paradigm based on a spatial metaphor to help
users access and navigate within large sets of documents. This metaphor is
implemented by a computer artifact called an Interactive Dynamic Map (IDM). An
IDM plays a role similar to the role of a real map with respect to physical
space. Two types of IDMs are computed from the documents: Topic IDMs represent
the semantic contents of a set of documents while Document IDMs visualize a
subset of documents such as those resulting from a query. IDMs can be used for
navigating, browsing, and querying. They can be made active, they can be
customized and they can be shared among users. The article presents the
SHADOCS document retrieval system and describes the role, use and generation of
IDMs in SHADOCS. Keywords: Navigation, Maps, Information retrieval, Visualization, Interaction paradigm | |||
| Interactive Clustering for Navigating in Hypermedia Systems | | BIBAK | PDF | 136-145 | |
| Sougata Mukherjea; James D. Foley; Scott E. Hudson | |||
| This paper talks about clustering related nodes of an overview diagram to
reduce its complexity and size. This is because although overview diagrams are
useful for helping the user to navigate in a hypermedia system, for any
real-world system these become too complicated and large to be really useful.
Both structure-based and content-based clustering are used. Since the nodes
can be related to each other in different ways, depending on the situation
different clustered views will be useful. Hence, it should be possible to
interactively specify the clustering conditions and examine the resulting
views. We present efficient clustering algorithms which can cluster the
information space in real-time. We talk about the Navigational View Builder, a
tool that allows the interactive development of overview diagrams. Finally, we
propose a 3-dimensional approach for visualizing these abstracted views. Keywords: Navigation, Overview diagrams, Clustering, Information visualization | |||
| Frame-Axis Model for Automatic Information Organizing and Spatial Navigation | | BIBAK | PDF | 146-157 | |
| Yoshihiro Masuda; Yasuhiro Ishitobi; Manabu Ueda | |||
| In taxonomic reasoning tasks, such as scientific research or decision
making, people gain insight and find new ideas through analysis of large
numbers of factual data or material documents, which are generally disorganized
and unstructured. Hypermedia technology provides effective means of organizing
and browsing information with such nature. However, for large amounts of
information, the conventional node-link model makes linking or browsing
operations be complicated because their relationship have to be represented as
binary relations. In this paper, we propose a hypermedia data model call
Frame-Axis Model, which represents relationship between information as N-ary
relations on mapped space. Also, the automatic information organizing
mechanism which is based on this data model and the browsing interface
HyperCharts which employ spatial layout are provided. Finally, we show some
browsing examples on our working prototype system, CastingNet. Keywords: Data model, Automatic linking, Spatial hypertext, Browsing, Visualization | |||
| Backtracking in a Multiple-Window Hypertext Environment | | BIBAK | PDF | 158-166 | |
| Michael Bieber; Jiangling Wan | |||
| Multi-window interfaces allow users to work on logically independent tasks
simultaneously in different sets of windows and to move among these logical
tasks at will (e.g., through selecting a window in a different task).
Hypertext backtracking should be able to treat each logical task separately.
Combining all traversals in a single chronological history log would violate
the user's mental model and cause disorientation. In this paper we introduce
task-based backtracking, a technique for backtracking within the various
logical tasks a user may be working on at any given time. We present a
preliminary algorithm for its implementation. We also discuss several
ramifications of multi-window backtracking including the types of events
history logs must record, deleting nodes from history logs that appear in
multiple logical tasks, and in general the choices hypermedia designers face in
multi-window environments. Keywords: Hypertext, Hypermedia, Backtracking, Multiple window, History log, Session
log, Multiple pane | |||
| An Interaction Engine for Rich Hypertexts | | BIBAK | PDF | 167-176 | |
| Kasper Østerbye; Kurt Normark | |||
| In semantically rich hypertexts it is attractive to enable presentation of a
network of nodes and links at different levels of abstraction. It is also
important that the user can interact with the hypertext using a command
repertoire that reflects the chosen abstraction level. Based on a
characterization of rich hypertext we introduce the concept of an interaction
engine that governs the separation between internal hypertext representation
and external screen presentation. This separation is the key principle of the
HyperPro system. The HyperPro interaction engine is based on simple rules for
presentation, interpretation of events, and menu set up. Much of the power of
the interaction engine framework comes from the organization of these rules
relative to the type hierarchy of nodes and links, and relative to a hierarchy
of so-called interaction schemes. The primary application domain discussed in
the paper is program development and program documentation. Keywords: Tailorability, Interaction engine, Aggregated views, Event control, Program
development | |||
| The Hypermedia Authoring Research Toolkit (HART) | | BIBAK | PDF | 177-185 | |
| John Robertson; Erik Merkus; Athula Ginige | |||
| A major obstacle hindering the advancement and commercial acceptance of
hypermedia is the cost of converting paper based information into hypermedia
form. The Hypermedia Authoring Research Toolkit (HART) was developed to
support the human editor during this media-to-hypermedia conversion process.
The tool's goal is to help improve the correctness and completeness of the
hypermedia database, as well as reduce the media-to-hypermedia conversion cost.
We believe it is not possible to properly convert media to hypermedia without the participation of a human editor during the transformation. It is therefore necessary to develop tools to assist the human during this process. By reducing the overhead associated with the physical management of the hyper-database construction, the subject specialist is better able to concentrate on the information content. Support is provided in two basic ways: * By providing procedural guidance. From our experience constructing hypermedia systems we have developed an efficient process for this media-to-hypermedia transformation. * By providing intelligent assistance. At each phase in the transformation the system can suggest likely nodes, key phrases, index values, anchors, and links to the editor. The project's research focus is to identify the most effective methodologies to assist the human editor transform linear text, images and video into hypermedia structure. Keywords: Hypertext, Hypermedia, Media-to-hypermedia authoring | |||
| Querying Structured Documents with Hypertext Links using OODBMS | | BIBAK | PDF | 186-197 | |
| V. Christophides; A. Rizk | |||
| Hierarchical logical structure and hypertext links are complementary and can
be combined to build more powerful document management systems [28,25,24,13].
Previous work exploits this complementarity for building better document
processors, browsers and editing tools, but not for building sophisticated
querying mechanisms. Querying in hypertext has been a requirement since [19]
and has already been elaborated in many hypertext systems [11,7,4,21], but has
not yet been used for hypertext systems superimposed on an underlying
hierarchical logical structure.
In this paper we use the model and the SQL-like query language of [10] in order to manage structured documents with hypertext links. The model represents a structured document with typed links as a complex object, and uses paths through the document structure, as first class citizens in formulating queries. Several examples of queries illustrate, from a practical point of view, the expressive power of the language to retrieve documents, even without exact knowledge of their structure in a simple and homogeneous fashion. It must be stressed that the proposed model and language implement the equivalent HyTime [1] Location Address Module. In fact, the language is more powerful than the corresponding HyQ query facilities. The implementation and the description throughout the paper use the SGML standard [2] to represent the document structure and the object-oriented DBMS O2 [12] to implement the query language and the storage module. Keywords: Structured documents, Hypertexts, Object oriented databases, Information
retrieval, Query languages, Path expressions | |||
| Querying Typed Hypertexts in Multicard/O2 | | BIBAK | PDF | 198-205 | |
| Bernd Amann; Michel Scholl; Antoine Rizk | |||
| Due to the growing complexity of modern hypertext applications, current
hypertext systems require new mechanisms to support authoring and user
navigation through large sets of documents connected by links. A general
solution is to extend hypertext systems to cater for semantics of application
domains. This requires new hypertext models providing strongly typed documents
and links. Such models have been proposed and put to use in systems such as
HDM and MacWeb to facilitate authoring of large hypertexts. In addition, Gram
and MORE use typing and graph-based hypertext schemas for querying
hyperdocuments. In this paper, we will show how query languages could be
further exploited for designing sophisticated general query-based navigation
mechanisms. We illustrate our examples using the Gram model and describe an
implementation with the hypermedia system Multicard connected to the
object-oriented database management system O2. Keywords: Hypertext querying, Browsing, Hypertext schema, Visual interface | |||
| Where No Mind Has Gone Before: Ontological Design for Virtual Spaces | | BIBAK | PDF | 206-216 | |
| Nancy Kaplan; Stuart Moulthrop | |||
| Hypermedia designers have tried to move beyond the directed graph concept,
which defines hypermedia structures as aggregations of nodes and links. A
substantial body of work attempts to describe hypertexts in terms of extended
or global spaces. According to this approach, nodes and links acquire meaning
in relation to the space in which they are deployed. Some theory of space thus
becomes essential for any advance in hypermedia design; but the type of space
implied by electronic information systems, from hyperdocuments to "consensual
hallucinations," requires careful analysis. Familiar metaphors drawn from
physics, architecture, and everyday experience have only limited descriptive or
explanatory value for this type of space. As theorists of virtual reality
point out, new information systems demand an internal rather than an external
perspective. This shift demands a more sophisticated approach to hypermedia
space, one that accounts both for stable design properties (architectonic
space) and for unforeseen outcomes, or what Winograd and Flores call
"breakdowns." Following Wexelblat in cyberspace theory and Dillon, McKnight,
and Richardson in hypermedia theory, we call the domain of these outcomes
semantic space. In two thought experiments, or brief exercises in interface
design, we attempt to reconcile these divergent notions of space within the
conceptual system of hypermedia. Keywords: Spatial hypertext, Interface design, Information mapping, Navigation | |||
| Aesthetic and Rhetorical Aspects of Linking Video in Hypermedia | | BIBAK | PDF | 217-223 | |
| Gunnar Liestol | |||
| This paper reports on the development of a hypermedia environment for public
access in a museum. It discusses problems encountered when making video
interactive and multilinear and when linking video and text in the creation of
the system. Through the exchange of properties between print and video, media
approaches to linking and continuity are presented. Visual examples are used
to illustrate this and related to the need to further develop aesthetic and
rhetorical aspects of linking video in hypermedia. Keywords: Aesthetic, Rhetoric, Digital video, Media integration | |||
| Music in Time-Based Hypermedia | | BIBAK | PDF | 224-227 | |
| Jacco van Ossenbruggen; Anton Eliens | |||
| The paper describes the extension of a hypermedia class library with music
as a new component type, but will focus on the development of a software
wrapper object as an application programmers interface to the Csound software
sound synthesis program. This wrapper provides the flexible, interactive and
object oriented interface needed by a hypermedia system. Additionally, some
consequences of the fundamental difference between static and time-based media
will be discussed. Keywords: Time-based hypermedia, Object oriented programming, Software sound synthesis | |||
| Experience with the Use of Acrobat in the CAJUN Publishing Project | | BIBA | PDF | 228-232 | |
| David F. Brailsford | |||
| Adobe's Acrobat software, released in June 1993, is based around a new
Portable Document Format (PDF) which offers the possibility of being able to
view and exchange electronic documents, independent of the originating
software, across a wide variety of supported hardware platforms (PC, Macintosh,
Sun UNIX etc.).
The fact that Acrobat's imageable objects are rendered with full use of Level 2 PostScript means that the most demanding requirements can be met in terms of high-quality typography and device-independent colour. These qualities will be very desirable components in future multimedia and hypermedia systems. The current capabilities of Acrobat and PDF are described; in particular the presence of hypertext links, bookmarks, and 'yellow sticker' annotations (in release 1.0) together with article threads and multimedia 'plug-ins' in version 2.0. This article also describes the CAJUN project (CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Networks) which has been investigating the automated placement of PDF hypertextual features from various front-end text processing systems. CAJUN has also been experimenting with the dissemination of PDF over e-mail, via World Wide Web and on CD-ROM. | |||
| An Editor's Workbench for an Art History Reference Work | | BIBAK | PDF | 233-238 | |
| Lothar Rostek; Wiebke Mohr | |||
| The architecture and some of the realized functionality of a prototype
Editor's Workbench that supports the creation and maintenance of an
object-oriented publisher's knowledge base is presented. The knowledge base is
the repository not only for the actual publication content, but for all the
information needed to manage and control the publication process. The concrete
application context is an art history reference work. We discuss content
acquisition and data modelling aspects of the underlying object network. Keywords: Editor's workbench, Hypermedia reference work, Knowledge-based system,
Object-oriented data modelling | |||
| Representation and Manipulation of Conceptual, Temporal and Geographical Knowledge in a Museum Hypermedia System | | BIBAK | PDF | 239-244 | |
| Carl Taylor; Douglas Tudhope; Paul Beynon-Davies | |||
| This paper discusses a semantic database approach to museum hypermedia
systems based upon binary relations, with a restricted set of abstraction
relationships. We describe examples of schema, queries and navigation aids for
a prototype system designed as a social history museum exhibit, with around one
hundred historical photographs. Media items are classified according to
conceptual, temporal and geographical schema which attempt to model the
changing nature of geography over time. The application yields a sparse
information space with densely populated clusters. Implementations of notions
of semantic closeness, term generalisation, best fit solutions, media density
and media similarity show potential to assist the exploration of such
information spaces. Keywords: Knowledge based hypermedia, Museum information systems, Semantic modelling,
Temporal & geographical knowledge, Navigational aids, Semantic closeness | |||
| HTML -- Poison or Panacea? | | BIBA | PDF | 245-246 | |
| Robert Glushko; Dale Dougherty; Eliot Kimber; Antoine Rizk; Daniel Russell; Kent Summers | |||
| Many people are having their first experience with a distributed hypertext
system by using Mosaic or some other viewer based on HTML, the HyperText Markup
Language of the World Wide Web. HTML's simplicity allows it to be created
without special authoring tools or expertise, and the ubiquity of free WWW
viewers like Mosaic removes one of the cost barriers. Because HTML is an
application of SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language, it has also
introduced many people to the concepts and syntax of application-independent
markup. The explosive growth of the WWW makes it undeniable that HTML and
Mosaic will serve as the reference point for much future thinking about
hypertext and SGML outside of the academic and research community.
But if HTML is to some people a democratizing force for hypertext authoring and publishing, to others its lack of structure and validation is a substantial step backwards for authors, readers, and their organizations. HTML has proven the basic premise of SGML, that a standard, application-independent data representation can enable blind interchange among disparate and even unknown or unpredicted applications. But to many SGML advocates, HTML is too primitive, and today's HTML documents will end up as tomorrow's cast-off legacy data format. HTML viewers may seem appealing for network publishing, but to some they are merely seductive and superficial, undermining years of careful research on usability and business models. The goal of this panel is to de-balkanize the bi-polar HTML camps and seek a productive role for all points of view. HTML and the WWW are simply too important for the academic and research community to ignore. HTML will not go away. We must participate in the evolution of HTML and find ways to become part of the network publishing revolution it represents. | |||
| Does Multimedia Make a Difference? | | BIBA | PDF | 247 | |
| Paolo Paolini; Robert Glushko; Dale Dougherty; Eliot Kimber; Antoine Rizk; Daniel Russell; Kent Summers | |||
| Hypertext applications and tools in general deal with "passive" media.
Values of passive media are static, in the sense that as time progresses their
presentation (state) does not change. Values of active media have the property
of changing presentation (evolution of the state), as time progresses. Active
media such as video, animation and sound are becoming a "necessity" in most
recent Hypertext applications.
The panel discusses the impact of the introduction of active media in the area of hypertext. The impact of active media upon hypertext can involve several aspects: presentation of the content, design of the applications, structuring techniques of the applications, interplay between synchronization and links, run-time support, communication performances and techniques for LAN or WAN architectures. Panellists argue that: * Hypertext should remain well separated from Multimedia, being a separated field, with a different set of notions and needs; * A limited number of changes will be enough in order to adapt most of the Hypertext notions and techniques to multimedia; * A revolution is needed. | |||
| CEC Briefing: Information Engineering and Telematics | | BIB | PDF | 248-249 | |
| Geoffrey Stevenson; Lindsey Holman; Chris Adie; Roberto Minio | |||
| Private Sector Perspectives on Advances in Hypermedia | | BIBA | PDF | 250 | |
| W. G. Nisen; Jeff von Limback; Scott Johnson; Kent Summers; Maurice Shephard | |||
| Numerous market and industry segments are becoming increasingly interested
in hypermedia. For example, hypermedia is a fundamental cornerstone in
electronic publishing, electronic performance support systems, and interactive
entertainment. Most of the current state of the art in hypermedia is being
defined by research which is conducted in universities and research
institutions. Yet many of the hypermedia systems that are in use today by
industry are first generation systems, often at least five years old. This
begs the question: just how important is leading edge hypermedia technology to
the private sector?
The areas that this panel addresses are: * Is there commercial rationalization for incorporating advanced hypermedia technology, and what is it? * How important is basic research and development in hypermedia technology to a company? * Is the current state of the art in hypermedia sufficient to successfully commercialize hypermedia products and services? * What are the best ways to transfer the results from hypermedia research from the academic and research communities to the private sector? | |||
| DHM -- Dexter-Based Hypermedia Systems | | BIBA | ||
| Kaj Grønbæk; Jens A. Hem | |||
| DHM (DEVISE HyperMedia) includes an object oriented application framework
for developing Dexter-based hypermedia systems as well as a number of example
applications. Hypermedia systems built with the framework fulfills the Dexter
Hypertext Reference Model, including: Multi-headed (n-ary) links with bi- and
uni-directional traversal. In addition, a variety of composites are applied to
implement GuidedTours, TableTops, browsers and to collect results from queries.
DHM systems also supports integration of third party applications. DHM systems
can also be configured to support cooperative work, such as users' navigation
and editing of shared materials. The cooperation support is based on
Object-Oriented Database (OODB) technology, and it provides long term
transactions, flexible locking, and awareness notifications. The DHM framework
is platform independent, and DHM system variants exists for Unix (Sun Sparc and
HP), Macintosh and Windows/NT. The DHM framework provides generic classes for
developing Dexter-based hypermedia systems, and it also supports tailoring
systems already developed using the framework.
A system based on the DHM framework may provide the following features: * Atomic components for media such as: text, graphics, video; * A variety of composites used for GuidedTours TableTops, browsers and collecting results from simple queries; * Integration with third party applications such as Microsoft Excel on Macintosh; * Span-to-span links for text components, object-to-object links for graphics components; * Multiheaded (n-arity) links with bi- and uni-directional traversal; * Cooperation support including long term transactions, flexible locking and awareness notifications based on augmented OODB technology; and * Sharing of hypermedia networks ('hypertexts' in Dexter terms) across hardware/OS platforms. | |||
| Hypermedia Applications for Children Educators | | BIBA | ||
| Lucia Amante; Lina Morgado | |||
| Part I -- The Evolution of Children Drawing: The main goal of this
application is to support adult learning in self-learning contexts. The target
group of adults which can benefit from this application includes psychologists,
students of psychology and general educational scientists, as well as
professionals in artistic fields. It will also be useful to Pre-school and
Primary school teachers. The application has 4 main topics: General
Introduction to Graphical Activity in Children; Scribbling; The Development of
the Representation of the Human Figure; The General Developmental Stages of
Children's Drawing.
Part 2 -- Early Mathematics -- The Child's Construction of Number: This application aims at illustrating some of the main works of Jean Piaget, namely his theoretical approach, methodological procedures and several of his classic experiments in this field. The information is organized in two main Topics: About Jean Piaget, containing biographical and bibliographical data, methodological principles and a brief glossary of the key concepts of his general theory of the child's development: The Child's Construction of Number, subdivided in the following subtopics: Conservation of Quantities, One-to-One Correspondence, Seriation, Class Inclusion. This Topic is organized around the classic experiments of Jean Piaget in this field, with a description of each experiment supported by visual material, and the conclusions drawn from each of them. | |||
| DarkStar -- Studying Hypertext Creation by Naive Authors | | BIBA | ||
| Margit Pohl; Andreas Dieberger; Peter Purgathofer | |||
| The goal of the DarkStar project is to support naive users in the creation of hypertexts and to study the process of hypertext creation. DarkStar documents are small-scale hypertexts but hypertext generation problems can be studied well in such small documents. The present authoring system, STEP2, incorporates many lessons learnt in previous versions. One part of STEP2 is the structure editor where nodes and links can be defined or deleted at any point during design of the document. As we want to study the temporal development of the hypertext this creation process is monitored by logging functions. An external tool converts those logs to animations that visualize the process of hypertext creation. The system also logs hypertext reading to determine major navigational paths and where people have to backup. Another tools serves to visualize those logs. A third evaluation tool is a statistical tool used to determine general statistics about documents. DarkStar is a Client-Server concept supporting networked group-work. The envelope concept allows authors to create links to other hypertexts very soon in the design process without risking to create dangling links. Envelopes provides standard entry points to a hypertext and valid link destinations even if the nodes in the envelopes are not filled with data yet or if nodes in the envelope are deleted. At the ECHT94 we will present a single computer version of our system. The focus of the demo will be on the editor STEP2, the evaluation tools and lessons learnt in the iterative redesign of the authoring system. | |||
| CastingNet: A Hypermedia System Based on Frame-Axis Model | | BIBA | ||
| Yasuhiro Ishitobi; Yoshihiro Masuda; Manabu Ueda | |||
| CastingNet is a hypermedia system based on the novel hypermedia data model
"Frame-Axis Model" which is suitable for organizing and browsing a large amount
of, various structure of, and disorganized information. The fundamental
elements of the data model are frame and axis. Each frame is a unit of
information which consists of one or more properties, and each axis has a
classificatory criterion of frames and a result of a classification as mapped
space for frames. Axes represent conceptual relationship among frames as
spatial N-ary relations. Each frame is automatically mapped onto axes with
their own mapping rule. Consequently, the total number of objects as relations
or links can be eliminated compared with binary relations of the node-link
model.
The mapped or organized frames can be browsed through spatial overviews called "Hypercharts", each of which visualizes one or combined axes as one chart. Also, the browsing is accomplished by repetition of both way access between frames and hypercharts. Each hyperchart is automatically updated according to user operations to frames or axes. In the demonstration we will present a browsing example where various kinds of e-mail forms and news forms are mapped onto the axes such as date, priority, persons, or topics. This study was performed as a part of the project "Self Organizing Information-Base Systems for Creative Research and Development" through the Special Coordination Funds of the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese Government. | |||
| CD-ROMA Project | | BIBA | ||
| Roberto Fasciani | |||
| CD-ROMA project is a large project born to explore new frontiers of man-machine interface of hypermedia techniques. The field of application is the area of PC, since we are interested in application of wide diffusion. The accent is in the way to give instruments for navigation to the reader, in order to reduce the risks of getting lost. To improve the sense of orientation navigating in a large quantity of data, we use a strong metaphor for the interface: a real city, with famous and historic places, following the tricks of ancient rhetoric schools: to associate concepts with real places. To make that, we started developing a large number of pages of text (we needed that to show the power of the metaphor), focusing 7 areas of interest in human communication: Hypertext, Multimedia, Virtual reality, Telecommunication etc., and we associate them with areas of Rome, trying to match place and concepts in a subjective but meaningful way. More of that, the navigation from pages (collected in buildings or other place of interest), and areas, is devoted to 3D animation in order to emphasize the moving from a place to another. The result is a sort of encyclopedia (2500 pages planned, half of that completed) of human communication, nested in a 3D reconstruction of the historical town of Rome that can be an interesting technique just to explore the maze of Rome for touristic purposes. In addition, every pages is associated with seven variables (one for each context). The author settles the variables using some tools, in order to place, in a seven dimension world coordinates, then page in relation with others in the database. In this way, the reader could ask the system for a list of pages conceptually "near" to the pages where he/she is. This could allow not to link manually the nodes (pages) in the hypertext giving more degrees of freedom in writing hypertext. | |||
| Intelligent Navigation in a Hypertext Network | | BIBA | ||
| Martin Subbotin; Dmitry Subbotin | |||
| IntelText is a hypertext system oriented to access and arrange
loosely-structured information. This task is performed by the navigation
process itself. The navigation is automatic and is based on a set of heuristic
rules. Besides the automatic navigation IntelText also has the manual
navigation mode and the combined mode.
The algorithms of navigation presuppose that linking of nodes was performed basing on their direct closeness by content. The linking can be manual or automatic. The latter is based on the similar sets of key terms. The built-in rules of navigation permit to choose the next node on each step of navigation upon criteria of its closeness by content to the nodes already included in the navigation path. The result of navigation (the navigation path) corresponds to the user-set topic. Depending on the kind of hypertext nodes, the path can be interpreted variously, yet its coherence is high. The coherence is understood here as the orderliness of text fragments by content and not as the correspondence to a particular style of discourse. Each subsequent text fragment is based on the preceding ones, as if arises from them. Consequently, the user can perceive the material through these judicious sequences of nodes. In many works, the mechanism of linearization uses the preliminary structuring of the hyperbase. Unlike this, IntelText uses the topology of the network as it is. | |||
| Contexts for Hypermedia Links | | BIBA | ||
| Lynda Hardman; Guido van Rossum; Jack Jansen; Sjoerd Mullender; Dick Bulterman | |||
| In conventional hypertext, the model of a link is clear: when a link is
followed, one 'leaves' the information in the source node and 'goes to' the
information in the destination node. In most cases the source node is
replaced, or a new window for the destination information is created. The
option is, however, not generally given to the author, but determined by the
destination of the link.
When following links in a hypermedia presentation, composed of structured collections of static and dynamic media items, it is necessary to define which part of the presentation will be affected on following a link. For example the complete presentation may be replaced, or perhaps only one picture is changed. We have introduced the notion of context for the source and destination of a link in order to specify the presentation's behaviour on following a link. Tools are needed for specifying this information, along with presentation parameters for whether the information at the source of the link continues playing or not, and where the destination information should be displayed. We present our implementation of contexts for links in CMIFed, an editing and viewing environment for hypermedia presentations. This demonstration is based on the theoretical work presented in a paper at Hypertext '93: "Links in Hypermedia: the Requirement for Context". | |||
| Hypermedia Authoring Research Toolkit (HART) Demonstration | | BIBA | ||
| John Robertson | |||
| This demonstration will highlight the distinctive nature of the HART system.
HART is a MS-Windows based software system which provides a human editor with
an interactive hypermedia editing environment. HART aids the human editor by
providing ACTIVE computer assisted support during the process of transforming
paper based media into a structure that is amenable to hypermedia delivery
systems.
HART provides the human operator with two forms of support during the hyper-database development process. Both of these features reduce the complexity of the authoring process: (1) Procedural Guidance -- The system guides the human editor through the various phrases of the conversion process. This ensures that the most effective and efficient processing is achieved. (2) Intelligent Assistance -- The quality, completeness, and correctness of the resulting hypermedia system is fundamentally dependent upon the ability of the human editor to mentally manage both the conceptual and physical contents of the hyper-database. The cognitive overload commonly experienced during this process is a principle reason why it is so difficult to develop medium or large size hyper-databases. HART actively supports the human editor manage the hyper-components during the conversion process. At each phase in the transformation, HART is able to suggest likely key terms, index values, node titles, anchors, and links to the human editor. John will demonstrate the features of the system by converting a series of documents into a hypertext database, and producing a Microsoft Multimedia Viewer2 project from the HART process. | |||
| Legal Documentation and Hypermedia | | BIBA | ||
| Roberto Colotti; Rosa Maria DiGiorgi; Roberta Nannucci | |||
| Hyperlaw2, developed at the Istituto per la Documentazione Giuridica of Italian National Research Council, Florence, in collaboration with the Department of Computer Science of the University of Padua, Italy, manages a collection of unharmonized documents (legal norms, case law documents and texts based on legal authority), within a specific environment law domain (noise pollution). The aim is to provide an exhaustive legal database which is user-friendly for the lawyer or public administrator as well as for the citizen. The database should also combine the hypertext features with those of the traditional information retrieval systems: the legal documents have been indexed with keywords organized according to a special classification table, enabling the user to have direct semantic-type access and to navigate through a wide range of pre-established links (citations, legislative references, keywords, classification codes). Hyperlaw2 is based on a model called EXPLICIT, using a two-level structure to make the different parts constituting the body of data explicit (and hence the name), at the document level, called the hyperdocument, and at the auxiliary data level (the semantic structure according to which the indexing terms are organized), called the hyperconcept. The two levels are linked by the relations between the concepts and the documents the concepts describe. At the same time, the single elements contained on each of the two levels are interconnected: the documents are linked by references or citations, while the links among the auxiliary data are made up of the semantic structure in which the terms are placed. | |||
| Content-Based Navigation within Microcosm for Multimedia Documents | | BIBA | ||
| Robert J. Wilkins; S. R. Griffiths; P. H. Lewis; Wendy Hall; Hugh Davis | |||
| Link authoring within a hypermedia application is an arduous and time
consuming process. As the size of the hypermedia application increases the
number of links needed to relate the disparate chunks of information (or
documents) will also increase. Authoring all links by hand soon ceases to be
feasible.
The X-Windows version of Microcosm has been extended, allowing links from non-textual media to include the content of their source anchors. This extension enhances the overall link model, allowing the implementation of link mechanisms such as generic links and content based retrieval for non-textual documents. Both mechanisms have the potential to ease the authoring load by reducing the number of links that need to be manually authored. The extensions take the form of a system of modules that exists under the link database filter, the content retrieval filter (CRF) and the indexing process responsible for creating the inverted indexes used by the CRF. Each module (called a signature module) is responsible for maintaining an index for a particular signature type (for example colour distribution, shape representation or texture statistics). The same suite of modules can be used to pre-index collections of documents. After pre-indexing the user can make a selection from within a document and the system will return a list of the most similar documents from its indexes. For example, should the user have an image of a sunny day they would be able to use the colour distribution information to locate similar images in the application. | |||
| MIPS | | BIBA | ||
| Ray McGuigan | |||
| MIPS, the Multimedia Information Presentation System, is an interactive
multimedia presentation system under development within a CEC-funded ESPRIT
project. It is being developed by a European consortium with partners from
Greece, Spain, Denmark, Belgium, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.
The MIPS architecture is modular in nature and encompasses: a Presentation component to allow multimedia presentations within seamless windows; a Selection and Retrieval component, for accessing remote databases; a HyTime Engine and Web Builder component to enable hyperlinking; and a Knowledge Base System to enable customisation and user specific profiles. This presentation is an interactive poster rather than a live demonstration since presenting a version of the MIPS system from CD-ROM which includes pre-canned queries to remote databases with mock answers rather than using the real system with communications and remote databases. The demonstration includes a digitised video animation outlining the problem addressed by MIPS and the approach taken. It also includes digitised video discussions of many aspects of the system (e.g. architecture, potential, queries, use of HyTime) by developers and members of the project team. The CD-ROM was authored by the Multimedia Centre at the Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Dublin under the direction of the MIPS consortium. | |||
| Microcosm: The Next Generation | | BIBA | ||
| Nick Beitner; Simon Knight; Hugh Davis; Wendy Hall | |||
| In this demonstration we will show new features of and extensions to the
Microcosm model that represent future developments for the next generation of
Microcosm. This will include demonstrating the capabilities of the Universal
Viewer which is the subject of one of the papers to be presented at the
conference. This shows the research that has been undertaken into integrating
third party applications into a Microcosm hypermedia web. It raises questions
that debate the minimum responsibility of an application to co-operate with the
underlying link service, and the properties and qualities of a hypermedia
system that can be produced using light hypermedia link services. The
demonstration will show how a hypermedia integrated desktop would be of use in
the industrial workplace.
A second feature of the demonstration concerns a more fundamental rethink in the underlying Microcosm architecture and has grown out of the consideration of how multimedia data can be fully integrated into the model. Under Microcosm++, an object-oriented extension to the basic Microcosm model, object support services are a means for tools to describe functional behaviour for specific media without encoding the support within the service application. The scope for link abstraction made possible by the Object Services Hierarchy within the new model leads to a consistent and uniform management of inter-media relationships. This promotes links to a status independent of the media and the documents involved, allowing minimal authoring to describe maximum connectivity of data. The ease of authoring that this permits will be demonstrated using a large multimedia dataset. | |||
| Hypermedia Othello and Otello: A Study and Comparison of Shakespeare's Play with Verdi's Opera | | BIBA | ||
| Albert O. Cordell | |||
| This hypermedia demonstration uses text, graphics, sound, and video to help
cultivate an understanding of Shakespeare's play Othello, to familiarize the
user with Verdi's operatic masterpiece Otello, and to compare the two great
works -- a comparison only possible through the use of hypermedia. The
complete text of the play is augmented with annotation links, links to the
various media, and links to the libretto of the opera. The play itself is
accessible as readable text or as digitized sound, and the opera can be cued
from the musical notation, from the libretto or from parallel situations in the
play. The texts of both the play and the libretto of the opera have numerous
fixed navigational aids, and the hypermedia reader is given the option of
creating new links, annotation notes and routes of perusing the hyperdocument.
In the late nineteenth century Verdi and his librettist, Arrigo Boito, read Othello and made their collaborative hypermedia event, Otello. "Hypermedia Othello and Otello" gives the electronic reader a chance to study the Verdi-Boito reading of Othello and to create new pathways for a totally new and personal understanding of these two masterworks. Chronologically the play came first, but the significance of this hypermedia product is that it allows an infinite number approaches to the subject of the play and opera -- approaches that are not chronological, not sequential and some even beyond the imagination of the hypermedia author. | |||
| Computer-Based Learning Resources for Instruction in Software Engineering | | BIBA | ||
| John Wilson; Andrew McGettrick; Alan Spence | |||
| Student-centred approaches to learning can provide a learning environment in
which students are able to tailor the instructional process to their own
requirements. In addition, adoption of teaching methods other than the
traditional lecture/tutorial/practical paradigm offers potential for
facilitating professional development. The purpose of developing
computer-aided learning systems for software engineering was to explore the
potential for innovative use of multimedia in technical re-training. Prototype
course modules have been developed to provide instruction on human-computer
interfaces, project management, object oriented development and database
systems. This demonstration focuses on the database systems materials.
In common with many aspects of computer based tutoring systems, the subject of database systems lends itself to presentation by interactive use of module content. This provides the necessary underpinning of theoretical material and allows the student to gauge his/her understanding of the content. The module content is supported by associated written material as well as by student assessed exercises which form part of each topic. The instructional material is embedded in a template which provides navigational facilities to allow the user to redisplay material or select new material for viewing. In addition a Note Pad feature allows the user to record personal notes which can later be edited and used to generate a hard copy listing. Help facilities are provided to explain the function of elements within the template and students are also provided with a Bookmark facility which allows the resumption of study from the point reached during earlier work. The prototype systems we have produced demonstrate that it is feasible to provide significant technical learning experience via hypermedia systems. Such systems could be used by hardware or software engineers who wish to develop their expertise in particular branches of software engineering. The multi-sensory nature of the material means that it is particularly attractive to those with special learning needs. Future developments of the database systems prototype include the incorporation of query interpreters together with an example database to allow students to apply the principles introduced by the tutoring material. The Structured Query Language (SQL) database which provides part of this facility supports the core query language facilities which would be found in a fully functional database system. In this way students are provided with direct feedback of their understanding of the course material. Acknowledgment: The hypermedia tutoring material has been developed as a joint venture by The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Talkback Training Ltd., and Glasgow, Heriot-Watt, Stirling and Strathclyde Universities. The project is funded by the European Social Fund and the Institution of Electrical Engineers. | |||
| HyperScape: The Hypertext and Information Management Environment for the Macintosh | | BIBA | ||
| Adrian Vanzyl | |||
| This demonstration shows how a hypertext system functions as a component
within an open information management environment. The system is specifically
aimed at meeting the requirements of researchers who deal with large amounts of
unstructured information. We feel that an environment aimed at dealing with
this type of data requires three core components: Searching, Linking, and
Structuring.
The HyperScape environment addresses these requirements with four separate, but tightly integrated and intercommunicating software components. Searching -- via a freetext retrieval engine; Linking -- via HyperTED, a hypertext editor; Database Structuring -- record based bidirectional extraction via database templates for common database systems; and Outline Structuring -- hierarchical outline style organisation via the HyperBrowser. In order for a hypertext system to successfully cooperate with these other components, it is required to adhere to certain requirements of any open hypermedia system. The HyperTED system demonstrates some key functional requirements. These include: (1) Linking to any media or file type available on the Macintosh; (2) Robust links. Links created within the system remain valid even if a file is moved, renamed or edited. Since the system is 'open', users are free to edit any file in this environment with a word processor of their choice, and move or rename files as desired. The HyperTED system cooperates with the operating system in maintaining the links despite such changes; and (3) Invisible storage of link information. All linkage information is held invisibly within each file, with no markup required, no embedding of control codes, and no central monolithic links database. Certain components of the system (such as the search engine and databases) are also available for user access through wide area networks such as the Internet. The system was developed by Adrian Vanzyl and Chris Priestley. | |||
| Glasgow University Library TILT Project | | BIBA | ||
| Linda Creanor | |||
| The Glasgow University Teaching with Independent Technology (TILT) project
is a three year project funded by the Higher Education Council's Teaching and
Learning Technology Program (TLTP). The Library is developing a number of
information skills modules dealing with areas such as literature searching,
evaluating library material and using electronic databases. They are intended
mainly for first year undergraduates, and by developing generic material rather
than concentrating on specific subject areas it is hoped that they will be
widely applicable. Although a number of libraries have used hypermedia
software to produce library guides, its use for reader instruction rather than
orientation is an innovation.
The packages developed to date have been produced for a PC platform, with GUIDE and Toolbook software, both of which run under Windows and include: How to Choose Books and Journals; Library Search Skills; Computer Sources; and a Tutorial for the Biological Abstracts on CD-ROM Database. In order to enliven what is often seen as a rather 'dry' subject and also to encourage students to make use of packages which are not (as yet) a compulsory part of their course work, much use has been made of graphics, often with a touch of humour, to attract and hold the user's interest. It is hoped that the project will demonstrate that students can be encouraged to become more independent learners, and that by promoting the usefulness of information skills, the knowledge gained will extend beyond the requirements of university life. | |||
| Active Information Seeking | | BIBA | ||
| Fay Mark; Ellen Campbell | |||
| The "Active Information Seeking" demo shows evolving alternatives to current
(keyword search, table of contents, back-of-the-book index, hypertext links)
online information search and navigation paradigms. With the overwhelming
surge of online information it becomes increasingly difficult to efficiently
find and productively use these resources.
Our solution is to provide two alternatives: a graphical navigational feature called the Topic/Task Navigator (T/TN) and interactive presentations that reuse content from the electronic libraries to: discriminantly retrieve topic or task specific information; and facilitate learning and problem resolution through the integration of multimedia and hyperlinking. The Topic/Task Navigator employs a hierarchical organization scheme where a user traverses progressively more specific topic nodes. While T/TN helps to address a number of searching issues, it is limited to movement in only two directions, up or down one level. The task-oriented interactive presentations relationally link audio, and visual media to enhance learning and problem resolution. These presentations provide a means to move away from the linear, text-base approach of an electronic book to a new method of accessing, navigating and retrieving digital information. The Topic/Task Navigator and interactive presentations run on the IRIX OS using the following technologies and applications: Electronic Book Technology (EBT) information search and retrieval engine, SGI -- Showcase, and Aimtech -- IconAuthor. | |||
| A Large-Scale Industrial Application of an Open Hypermedia System | | BIBA | ||
| R. Bernard; R. Crowder; Ian Heath; Wendy Hall | |||
| A cornerstone of a successful industrial maintenance, and engineering policy
is to have the ability to integrate many forms of information, from a number of
sources, and allow the user to access them with ease. The traditional
computer, or paper-based systems used for the presentation and distribution of
text and a limited range of graphical information, in a linear or branching
fashion are no longer considered sufficient. If the stored information is
expanded to include high quality still or animated graphics, and still or
moving video, and provided with an access system that permits the user to move
easily between these different items of information in a structured fashion,
then the management of the engineering data resource for a number of
applications can be optimised.
With the increasing complexity of production machinery in the modern automated factory, there is a corresponding increase in the supporting maintenance and production documentation. Industry is therefore looking for advanced informational retrieval systems that can operate both in the office environment, and more importantly on the shop floor. In collaboration with Pirelli Cables at Aberdare, South Wales, a hypermedia system for the provision of process information, maintenance and operator training is being developed, for a sophisticated process machine. The application uses the Microcosm open hypermedia system developed at Southampton. The resource base for this application contains electronic versions of all existing paper documents (i.e., procedures, diagrams and electrical and mechanical drawings), together with additional documents that have been produced specifically for the hypermedia application, these are primarily to allow the user to navigate the resource base. | |||
| HOME: Hypermedia Object Management Environment | | BIBA | ||
| Erik Duval; Henk Olivie | |||
| We will demonstrate our hypermedia DataBase Management System (DBMS), called
HOME (Hypermedia Object Management Environment). The system supports
facilities for the development of open and flexible hypermedia servers that can
be accessed by clients. HOME is based on a layered architecture with four
levels.
(1) A distributed raw data storage level relies on digital and analogue
multimedia data stores, accessible over electronic networks. (2) A relational DBMS takes care of the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) of transactions, concurrency, access control, backup, recovery and accounting. The higher layers rely on the query engine of this layer for dynamic links and query based access. (3) A multimedia DBMS we have developed supports creation, deletion and modification of multimedia objects, as well as object retrieval based on search criteria. This layer is responsible for node content. (4) The fourth layer is our hypermedia DBMS, based on the HM hypermedia data model, that structures data as S-collections with a content and a set of other S-collections, called members, related by navigable links. Using HOME, we have developed HOED, a Hypermedia On-line Educational Database, which incorporates ca. 5900 images on biomedicine, linked to a set of characteristics and a full-text description. We have also developed a gateway between HOME and the World-Wide Web (WWW), so that HOME servers can be accessed by WWW clients. We are currently planning a number of projects for development of HOME servers. These include a bibliographical database, a hypermedia server on life art, an annotated slide collection on architecture, a distributed European network of topical courseware databases and an information resource on job opportunities. | |||
| Hypermedia Based Learning Environments in Mathematics: Authoring and Learning | | BIBA | ||
| Jari Multisilta; Seppo Pohjolainen | |||
| It has not been easy to present mathematical information (formulae) in
current hypermedia authoring systems. They have not supported the use of a
mathematical tool program in a hypermedia environment either. In general it is
required that the hypermedia system for mathematics learning should: integrate
hypertext, computer aided exercises, graphics, videos, and sound; import
mathematical text files created with for example Microsoft Word; be easily
available to the students (possibly as a shareware); be able to record the
actions of the students in order to examine different study styles in
hypermedia learning environments; support the process of learning mathematics;
and be easy to maintain and update.
We have developed software tools for authoring hypermedia based learning environments (HMLE) for mathematics education. The main achievement is not only a single hypermedia course on mathematics, but also a set of software tools for translating lecture notes in mathematical sciences into hypermedia and supporting learning process. Authoring tools help to import mathematical text (super- and subscripts, formulae, pictures) from Microsoft Word to HyperCard and create hypertext links between text files and create hypertext links to almost any application program. Learning tools in HMLE are mathematical tool programs, concept maps, interactive exercises and digitised videos. Mathematical tool programs (Matlab, Mathematica or Maple) help students to perform numerically or algebraically complex computations in a short time and so they help students to concentrate on the subject matter, not on the computations. Concept maps help students to conceptualise the subject matter and see how different concepts and properties inherit itself to other concepts. Videos can be used to motivate the student and to give an visualisation of a mathematical idea or concept. Interactive exercises are important element in HMLE. Exercise Maker is a tool that presents the exercises generated with Mathematica. The student answers are also checked with Mathematica. | |||
| Studio Tour -- Capturing Requirements for Large Multimedia Systems | | BIBA | ||
| David England; John Patterson | |||
| This project aims to look at an extended cinematic metaphor is an
appropriate way of supporting authors of large, interactive, multimedia
systems. We are building a 3-Dimensional Sketch Pad system for multimedia
authors. The sketch pad system will use the cinematic metaphors of "Story
Boards" and "Leica Tests" (or Lecia Reels) as a means of providing a
high-level, conceptual view of a multimedia production. This will be akin to
making a studio tour of ideas. This system will enable multimedia designers to
express their initial ideas and either demonstrate them to colleagues or to a
multimedia technical author for more detailed design and implementation. The
environment will be evaluated by existing multimedia authors as outlined below.
This project will be an example of the type of work that will be carried out in
the proposed University Interactive Media Centre.
When writing a book there are established conventions for organising the material to be included. For example, contents pages, chapter and section headings, help authors and editors to work together in organising the team effort. For multimedia authors there are, as yet, no established conventions for document production. What is required are techniques, and supporting tools, that help the author to express their ideas at a higher level, i.e., which matches the way they conceptualise their designs, and then present them as a requirements specification to an experienced multimedia author. | |||
| Automatic Generation of Electronic Books | | BIBA | ||
| Jean-Louis Vuldy | |||
| Our purpose is to automatically generate hypertext webs from structured documents according to rules defined in our Research and development Project For Mechanical Software. The original model specified the physical layout, sequencing and referring rules for the documentation. The sequencing mechanism applied to the documentation allows a unique identification of the smallest parts of the document. The objective of the application is to enhance structured documentation by providing access methods specifically devised for hyperdocuments. Formalization of the document model, used for the documentation, was considered essential in order to obtain an abstract model which would be both transposable into any document format and suitable for the design and/or the development of automatic processing tools for automated segmentation, automated tagging grammatical analysis for identification of cross-references links, etc. SGML standard was selected. Practically, the documents are produced with Microsoft Word software. They are converted into SGML form according to our DTD with the recognition of cross-references. Then the browser allows the reader to navigate through the documentation structure or the cross-references. A terminological index of relevant terms was added to the documentation. LEXTER, an extraction software produces such index, based on the analysis of grammatical structure of French sentences. The identification method of each component of our documents allows LEXTER to deliver the relevant terms linked plus their location in the documents. This method automatically creates the links between terms and document occurrences. So readers can browse documentation using linguistic links. | |||
| Information Gardening with Hypertext: A Working Environment for Knowledge Elicitation | | BIBA | ||
| Sylvain Fraisse; Thi-Lien-Nga Duong; Marion Jaeger Amieux; Lysiane Randazzo; Jose R. Dos Santos; Marc Nanard; Jocelyne Nanard | |||
| The presented hypertext environment is aimed at dealing with hypertext
structure emergence to model collective knowledge from a large collection of
multimedia documents. Automatic learning tools (INNE) are coupled to the
hypertext platform MacWeb in order to support the structure emergence by both
experts and machine. The hypertext is used as a common repository for
knowledge representation as well as the human interface to the entire system
and as the place for cooperation.
The application corpus is a collection of about 2000 pages of interviews that concern vernacular knowledge about plants and their use for health care from country people living in the mountains of southern France (Cevennes). The environment helps to exhibit explicit or implicit regularities in the descriptions and to determine collective knowledge that is specific to a given region. Such regularities can be correlated to social, ethnic, or geographical data. The whole process is managed as information gardening. The poster illustrates the application context and the reason of our approach. It shows how the two processes of emergence of meaning by experts and by machine are coupled. It also focuses on mechanisms that provide adaptive interface based on the result of cooperation. The hypertext structure is the result of a two steps loop: experts do incremental information gardening, then, learning tools do farming. The gardening results in MacWeb structures corresponding to a formal frame-based-like representation of facts and the farming operate on the partially elicited structure according to the experts control in order to automatically compute regularities and make inferences. | |||
| Navigation in Spatial Information Environments: User Interface Design Issues for Hypertext and VR Systems | | BIBA | ||
| Andreas Dieberger | |||
| The Information City project (presented in a poster at Hypertext 93) uses the spatial user interface metaphor of a city to organize and navigate large collections of hypertextual information. As we are used to navigate real life cities the city metaphor -- enriched with magic features -- should help to navigate information structures. A first implementation of the Information City was started in a MUD system. MUDs are networked multi-user text-adventure games which usually make use of a house / city metaphor. MUDs are conceptually similar to hypertext systems and navigational findings in those systems are therefore relevant also to hypertext. While implementing the first parts of the city research into navigation in MUDs was found necessary. This poster presents some results of this navigational study and describes how knowledge in the domains of architecture and city-planning can be used to design an easy to navigate virtual city. Highlights of the results concern magic features and collaboration. Magic features extend the spatial metaphor beyond typical properties of space. An example is the hypertext link which allows tunneling through the spatial structure. Other results concern the richness of spaces (or space-descriptions) and communication between users. It seems the chief benefit of the spatial metaphor of the city is in communication about spatial relationships of information. The findings probably are valuable in designing any information system using spatial metaphors. They are especially useful for hypertext systems realized in some virtual environment -- be it a MUD or an immerse virtual reality system. | |||
| Applying Discourse Theory to Aid Hypertext Navigation | | BIBA | ||
| Robert Inder; Jon Oberlander | |||
| We discuss ways of improving navigation facilities in hypertext systems,
considering theoretical and implementation issues, from a the perspective of
natural language processing research. The key claim is that certain ideas from
the theory of discourse structure can be exploited to improve the
context-sensitivity of navigation facilities. From among the competing
theories in the field, we choose one of the least complicated (Grosz and
Sidner). This lets us identify < The approach therefore combines certain advantages of navigation based on document structure with those based on individual interaction histories. The ideas have been tested by altering the implementation of INFO, the hypertextual help system built into the Emacs text editor, which runs on Unix, Macintosh and PC systems. Evaluation studies are currently being piloted, in which subjects use a version of INFO to answer a number of questions about Emacs. We are collecting both simple task performance data and user evaluations. If the results are positive, we see further potential for exploiting notions from discourse structure to inform the design of navigation aids. | |||
| Cooperative Working in X-Cosm | | BIBA | ||
| Mylene Melly | |||
| Microcosm is an open hypermedia research tool developed at Southampton
University, originally for the MS-Windows environment.
Currently, the X-Windows version is essentially a single user application. Our challenge was to integrate CSCW facilities with this version, in order to support co-authoring facilities. To accomplish this, we built a cooperative server, introduced a cooperative filter inside Microcosm and specified a communication protocol between instances of Microcosm and the cooperative server. This architecture provides awareness information and allows users to exchange ideas. Our CSCW approach uses information retrieval mechanisms to facilitate the generation of links between the nodes. Basically, during node authoring, authors supply keywords describing the nodes, called global keywords. Suppose that another author wants to create a link from a selected part of a document. As it is difficult for an author to know the contents and even the names of the possible destination nodes, we suggest that the link author supplies some local keywords that summarise the source anchor. Combining local keywords with global keywords we create a local context to be matched against global keywords of all others nodes to find out possible destinations. Version control is something essential for cooperative work. Exodus, the object oriented database toolkit we are using for the Microcosm linkbases already has some version control for the objects it stores. Our model creates a version control mechanism for link using Exodus facilities, combined with RCS (Revision Control System) to control the version of the node. | |||
| GraphCards: Hypertext for Graph Theory | | BIBA | ||
| Rojal Pradhan | |||
| The main goal of this research is towards developing a graph theory
information base for learning and referencing, integrated with tools designed
to create and manipulate graphs as well as to illustrate execution of graph
algorithms and their applications. Graph Theory has had a tremendous impact on
various fields such as Communication Networks, Parallel Computing, Mathematics,
Computer Science and many more. This research dedicates to helping those who
are not experts in the field of graph theory, in learning and referencing while
empowering experts with more tools.
The development of this application is focused on using NoteCards, a hypertext system. It provides a variety of tools for collecting, representing, managing, interrelating, and communicating ideas. It provides the user with a network of electronic NoteCards interconnected by typed links, which serves as a medium in which the user can represent collection of related ideas. This facility is the basis for the development of graph theory information base for GraphCards. In addition, NoteCards' provision of adding new card types will support GraphCards' requirements for creating new card types for graphs, algorithm execution and animation. The application can be classified into two major components: (1) Graph theory information base which will cover most of the graph theory topics and graph algorithms; and (2) Graph theory experiment tool set with facilities like the Graph editor for viewing, creating or manipulating graphs and, Graph algorithm execution and animation, search and annotation utilities, testing and assessment utility, etc. | |||
| Computer-Assisted Generation of Hypermedia Documents in a HyperCard Environment | | BIBA | ||
| M. Miralles; J. J. Sancho; O. Garcia; F. Sanz | |||
| OBJECTIVES: Development of a tool for the creation of hypermedia documents.
The target users of the generating tool -- authors -- would be the teachers of
a Faculty of Medicine. The users of the final hypermedia documents -- readers
-- would be medical students and physicians. Using the tool should require
only basic computer skills.
MATERIAL: Macintosh IIsi 8/80, Epson GT-6000 scanner and HyperCard v2.1. REQUIREMENTS: Macintosh LC, 4 MB of RAM, PICT image files. ASCII text files containing heading marks. The mark unit is an ASCII character that doesn't appear in the text (i.e., $ or #). Levels are indicated by recurrences of the character. RESULTS: Hiperlibro (358 KB) creates a new document (the 'book') that contains an 'Author' palette with the tools: Import Text, Create Alphabetical Index, Create/Undo Text-to-Text Link, Create/Undo Text-to-Image Link, Create/Undo Text-to-Note Link, Modify Notes and Deactivate AuthorTools. General and Chapter Tables of Contents-in a collapsible outline format-are automatically created, each entry linked to the corresponding page. Links created by the author appear on the body text as particular styles. A single piece of text can contain the three kind of links. A separate index is maintained for each type of link. Horizontal scrolling bars allow browsing through pages or through chapters. Quit, Go To, Search, Help and History buttons provide further utilities. A pediatrics textbook was used to test Hiperlibro. CONCLUSIONS: Hiperlibro is a demonstration of the capability of modest platform and software tools in developing a hypertext generator equipped with the basic functionalities of superior systems. | |||
| Distributed Hypermedia Link Service on WAN | | BIBA | ||
| Antoine Rizk; Francis Malezieux; Alain Leger | |||
| This poster shows the architecture of a distributed hypermedia link server
for the wide area network. The proposed architecture defines a hypermedia
protocol and uses the MHEG standard as a common information representation and
exchange format. A prototype is currently implemented in C++ under Unix
(server and client) and Windows (client only).
MHEG is used for the exchange of multimedia content data as well as a means of coding more complex hyper objects. We address major issues such as data exchange of node contents and open access to hypermedia facilities. In this way, our architecture allows the real distribution of data "objects" as well as hypermedia "documents" and third party applications. By using hypermedia facilities such as following links, applications may have access both to remotely stored data objects and to other applications or service elements registered in specialised servers. The proposed architecture consists of five distinct components that communicate through a specially designed protocol across the WAN: 1) The link server which provides a set of hypermedia primitives independently of the applications. The server stores hyper objects such as nodes and their definition attributes, links and groups of nodes in a hypergraph. 2) The front-end which is what a telecommunication operator calls a "kiosk" service. The main function of the kiosk is to connect the user requesting a service to the application server that offers a hypermedia application service such as hypernews for example. 3) The user station which typically consists of presentation/editing resources, such as graphical interface and monomedia decoders, storage and network resources. The user station receives MHEG objects, which are interpreted and executed using a MHEG engine. The MHEG engine resolves the object internal links and relies on the link server to resolve external links. 4) An application server which defines hypermedia application services. The application server uses the link server facilities to store and access distributed content data or to call services from other application servers. 5) The content servers are responsible for the multimedia data management in close cooperation with the kiosk. Each server could be dedicated to a data type like video, sound... to give the optimal quality of service. | |||
| Hypertext Campus Project | | BIBA | ||
| David Slater; Vicki Brown; Hassan Khan | |||
| In recent years there has been a significant growth in the use of hypertext
and hypermedia technology in Higher Education. The Hypertext Campus Project at
the University of Kent was established to help introduce this technology at
institutional level.
The video shows excerpts from interviews conducted with staff and students who have been actively involved in the use of hypertext and so offers first-hand accounts of the medium in use: (1) Professor John Slater, Director of the Computing Laboratory, discusses the background to the project and the Hypertext Support Unit. He also suggests some of the steps necessary in encouraging staff of all disciplines to use technology in their teaching; (2) Staff describe how they first became interested in hypertext [as an alternative to "reams of paper", an answer to diminishing resources, an interactive medium]; how they have made use of the Hypertext Support Unit; the effect hypertext has had on their teaching and their students' learning; the ways in which their efforts have been recognised; how they see the future of hypertext in Higher Education; and (3) Professor John Craven, Pro-Vice Chancellor, gives an account of the ways in which staff respond to new initiatives, such as the Hypertext Campus Project. | |||
| The SCHOLAR Project | | BIBA | ||
| Su White; Wendy Hall | |||
| This video describes the progress and methods of the TLTP funded Scholar Project at the University of Southampton. The aim of the project is to shift the culture of the university in such a way that staff and students make greater use of hypermedia and multimedia for in their academic lives. The project makes extensive use of the Microcosm Hypermedia system, which originated at the University, to develop a resource-based approach to teaching and learning. Working from the Interactive Learning Centre, the project sponsors the development of teaching and learning materials, runs an associated staff development programme, and deals with the planning and progress of the supporting infrastructure. The video shows a range of sample applications and describes the approaches taken to develop materials which can be integrated into existing academic programmes. | |||
| Street Kid: Hypertext Branching in Cyberspace | | BIBA | ||
| Sascha Becker; George Landow | |||
| This video describes and demonstrates Street Kid, a virtual-reality hypertext project developed to explore issues of orientation and navigation in cyberspace. Virtual reality, by its very nature, presents a more concrete story environment than does traditional text or hypertext. The reader expects to experience the virtual world just like she experiences the physical world: she expects to remain oriented in space. In contrast, the experience of reading text on a monitor or in a book neither intrinsically presents nor requires much orientation; the reader's orientation is created inside her mind, by processing the language of narrative constructs and information organizations. Discrete or sudden jumps common to traditional hypertexts would be quite disorienting to the reader immersed in virtual reality. Street Kid makes two important contributions to VR- hypertext: First, it replaces "reading a story" with immersion into a virtual character's experience. It enhances that immersion with text: words representing the character's thoughts hang in the air. Second, it embellishes the traditional 2-d hypertext link with spatial and temporal properties that can only be created in a virtual reality; the reader traverses my VR links by moving from one view to another. These ideas can be applied to a wide range of virtual reality hypertexts; this particular hypertext centers on a homeless child prostitute, the Street Kid. The piece is her experience and thoughts during an afternoon's retreat into a quiet alley in a suspiciously empty city. | |||
| CMIFed: a Transportable Hypermedia Authoring System | | BIBA | ||
| Lynda Hardman | |||
| We present "CMIFed", an authoring environment for constructing and playing
hypermedia presentations. CMIFed supports a rich, platform-independent
hypermedia document model, allowing structure-based composition of hypermedia
presentations and the specification of synchronization constraints between
constituent media items. An author constructs a presentation in terms of its
structure and additional synchronization constraints, from which the CMIF
document player derives the precise timing information for the presentation.
We describe a subset of the facilities in the CMIF authoring environment. The
two main authoring views of a hypermedia presentation are briefly described:
(a) the hierarchy view for manipulating and viewing a presentation's
hierarchical structure; and (b) the channel view for managing logical resources
and specifying and viewing precise timing constraints.
We present the authoring environment in terms of a short example -- a walking tour of Amsterdam -- and briefly demonstrate authoring from within the hierarchy view. | |||
| Hypertext at Brown: Campaign for Libraries of the Future | | BIBA | ||
| George Landow | |||
| This video shows examples of three stages of using educational hypertext in George P. Landow's courses at Brown University. First, an extensive Storyspace document, the In Memoriam web, exemplifies how read-only hypermedia helps students acquire (a) information and (b) sophisticated critical thinking -- the habit of making connections. Second, the Victorian web provides instances of participatory (so-called read + write) hypermedia that empowers students by placing them within -- rather than outside -- the world of research and scholarly debate. Finally, examples of experimental hypermedia documents created entirely by students show how this new information technology enables them to explore and create new modes of discourse appropriate to the twenty-first century. | |||
| CD-ROMA Project | | BIBA | ||
| Roberto Fasciani | |||
| CD-ROMA project is a large project born to explore new frontiers of man-machine interface of hypermedia techniques. The field of application is the area of PC, since we are interested in application of wide diffusion. The accent is in the way to give instruments for navigation to the reader, in order to reduce the risks of getting lost. To improve the sense of orientation navigating in a large quantity of data, we use a strong metaphor for the interface: a real city, with famous and historic places, following the tricks of ancient rhetoric schools: to associate concepts with real places. To make that, we started developing a large number of pages of text (we needed that to show the power of the metaphor), focusing 7 areas of interest inhuman communication: Hypertext, Multimedia, Virtual reality, Telecommunication etc., and we associate them with areas of Rome, trying to match place and concepts in a subjective but meaningful way. More of that, the navigation from pages (collected in buildings or other place of interest), and areas, is devoted to 3D animation in order to emphasise the moving from a place to another. The result is a sort of encyclopedia (2500 pages planned, half of that completed) of human communication, nested in a 3D reconstruction of the historical town of Rome that can be an interesting technique just to explore the maze of Rome for touristic purposes. In addition, every pages is associated with seven variables (one for each context). The authors settles the variables using some tools, in order to place, in a seven dimension world co-ordinates, the new page in relation with others in the database. In this way, the reader could ask the system for a list of pages conceptually "near" to the pages where he/she is. This could allow not to link manually the nodes (pages) in the hypertext giving more degrees of freedom in writing hypertext. | |||
| At Home on the Web | | BIBA | ||
| Borre Ludvigsen | |||
| This video is an edited version of a presentation given at the first World
Wide Web conference, WWW'94, which was held at CERN in May 1994. The abstract
for the paper reads as follows:
The aim of this paper is to give some insight into our experience with continual and for some of us immersive connectivity to what is commonly called Cyberspace. It will cover both technical aspects as they pertain to the practical installation, maintenance and administration of the network as a fully integrated subdomain of the Internet. It will also cover aspects of functionality, usage and perceived social impact focusing especially on the exposure and opportunity for publication provided by the simple functionality of a domestic World Wide Web server. The Ludvigsen WWW server can be accessed via http://www.ludvigsen.dhhalden.no | |||