| "on my way": deceptive texting and interpersonal awareness narratives | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 1-4 | |
| Jeremy Birnholtz; Jamie Guillory; Jeff Hancock; Natalya Bazarova | |||
| Managing one's availability for interaction with others is an increasingly
complex act, involving multiple media and the sharing of many types of
information. In this paper we draw on a field study of 183 SMS users to
introduce the idea of the "interpersonal awareness narrative" -- the coherent,
plausible and sometimes deceptive stories that people tell each other about
their availability and activities. We examine participants' use of deception in
these accounts, and focus in particular on "butler lies," those lies told to
enter or exit conversations or to arrange other interactions. We argue that
participants use this type of deception in SMS strategically, drawing on the
inherent ambiguities of SMS while maintaining plausible narratives. Keywords: computer-mediated communication, deception, interpersonal awareness, sms,
text messaging | |||
| Reading between the lines: linguistic cues to deception in online dating profiles | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 5-8 | |
| Catalina L. Toma; Jeffrey T. Hancock | |||
| This study investigates whether deception in online dating profiles is
detectable through a linguistic approach, which assumes that liars
nonconsciously produce different word patterns than truth-tellers. We
objectively measure deception in online dating profiles and analyze the
linguistic composition of the open-ended component of the profile (i.e., "about
me" section) using computerized text analysis. Results show that profile
deceptions correlate with fewer self-references, increased negations, fewer
negative emotion words and fewer overall words used in the textual
self-description. Results are discussed in terms of (1) practical implications
for detecting deception in online profiles; and (2) theoretical implications
regarding the impact of media affordances (i.e., asynchronicity and
editability) on the occurrence of linguistic cues to deception. Keywords: deception, linguistic cues to deception, online dating, social networking
sites | |||
| Warrants and deception in computer mediated communication | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 9-12 | |
| Darcy Warkentin; Michael Woodworth; Jeffrey T. Hancock; Nicole Cormier | |||
| This article explores the operation of warrants, connections between online
and real-world identities, on deceptive behavior in computer-mediated
communication. A survey of 132 participants assessed three types of warrants
(the use of a real name, a photo, and the presence of real-world acquaintances)
in five different media: IM, Forums, Chat, Social Networking Sites (SNS) and
Email. The effect of warrants on lies about demographic information (e.g., age,
gender, education, etc.), one's interests (e.g., religion, music preferences,
etc.), and the seriousness of lies was assessed. Overall, deception was
observed most frequently in Chat and least often in SNS and Email. The
relationship between warrants and deception was negative and linear, with
warrants suppressing the frequency and seriousness of deception regardless of
medium, although real-world acquaintances were especially powerful in
constraining deception in SNS and emails. Keywords: deception, warrant | |||
| Perceptions of trustworthiness online: the role of visual and textual information | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 13-22 | |
| Catalina L. Toma | |||
| People increasingly rely on social networking websites to initiate personal
and professional relationships. This requires that a considerable amount of
trust be placed in strangers solely on the basis of their online profiles. This
paper examines how the nature of online information affects how trustworthy
online daters are perceived. Visual (i.e., photographs) and textual (i.e.,
"about me" section) information is considered. Results show that textual
information elicits the highest ratings of trustworthiness, and that the
addition of a photograph decreases daters' perceived trustworthiness. However,
the accuracy of trustworthiness impressions is low regardless of the type of
information available, because of a truth bias. Results are discussed in terms
of (1) hyperpersonal impression formation and the nature of truth bias; and (2)
practical implications for building trustworthiness online. Keywords: accuracy of impressions, hyperpersonal model, impression formation,
trustworthiness, truth bias | |||
| Social language network analysis | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 23-26 | |
| Andrew J. Scholand; Yla R. Tausczik; James W. Pennebaker | |||
| In this note we introduce a new methodology that combines tools from social
language processing and network analysis to identify socially situated
relationships between individuals, even when these relationships are latent or
unrecognized. We call this approach social language network analysis (SLNA). We
describe the philosophical antecedents of SLNA, the mechanics of preprocessing,
processing, and post-processing stages, and the results of applying this
approach to a 15-month corporate discussion archive. These example results
include an explicit mapping of both the perceived expertise hierarchy and the
social support / friendship network within this group. Keywords: communication, content analysis, group, network structure, social language
processing, social network analysis | |||
| Notifications and awareness: a field study of alert usage and preferences | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 27-30 | |
| Shamsi T. Iqbal; Eric Horvitz | |||
| Desktop notifications are designed to provide awareness of information while
a user is attending to a primary task. Unfortunately the awareness can come
with the price of disruption to the focal task. We review results of a field
study on the use and perceived value of email notifications in the workplace.
We recorded users' interactions with software applications for two weeks and
studied how notifications or their forced absence influenced users' quest for
awareness of new email arrival, as well as the impact of notifications on their
overall task focus. Results showed that users view notifications as a mechanism
to provide passive awareness rather than a trigger to switch tasks. Turing off
notifications cause some users to self interrupt more to explicitly monitor
email arrival, while others appear to be able to better focus on their tasks.
Users acknowledge notifications as disruptive, yet opt for them because of
their perceived value in providing awareness. Keywords: interruption, notifications, task switching, workplace | |||
| Receptionist or information kiosk: how do people talk with a robot? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 31-40 | |
| Min Kyung Lee; Sara Kiesler; Jodi Forlizzi | |||
| The mental structures that people apply towards other people have been shown
to influence the way people cooperate with others. These mental structures or
schemas evoke behavioral scripts. In this paper, we explore two different
scripts, receptionist and information kiosk, that we propose channeled
visitors' interactions with an interactive robot. We analyzed visitors' typed
verbal responses to a receptionist robot in a university building. Half of the
visitors greeted the robot (e.g., "hello") prior to interacting with it.
Greeting the robot significantly predicted a more social script: more
relational conversational strategies such as sociable interaction and
politeness, attention to the robot's narrated stories, self-disclosure, and
less negative/rude behaviors. The findings suggest people's first words in
interaction can predict their schematic orientation to an agent, making it
possible to design agents that adapt to individuals during interaction. We
propose designs for interactive computational agents that can elicit people's
cooperation. Keywords: agent, conversational interface, cooperation, design, dialogue, human-robot
interaction, robot, schemas, scripts, social robots, speech interface | |||
| Same places, same things, same people?: mining user similarity on social media | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 41-50 | |
| Ido Guy; Michal Jacovi; Adam Perer; Inbal Ronen; Erel Uziel | |||
| In this work we examine nine different sources for user similarity as
reflected by activity in social media applications. We suggest a classification
of these sources into three categories: people, things, and places. Lists of
similar people returned by the nine sources are found to be highly different
from each other as well as from the list of people the user is familiar with,
suggesting that aggregation of sources may be valuable. Evaluation of the
sources and their aggregates points at their usefulness across different
scenarios, such as information discovery and expertise location, and also
highlights sources and aggregates that are particularly valuable for inferring
user similarity. Keywords: social media, social networks, social software, user similarity | |||
| Interorganizational coordination and awareness in a nonprofit ecosystem | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 51-60 | |
| Jennifer Stoll; W. Keith Edwards; Elizabeth D. Mynatt | |||
| Nonprofit organizations working with high-risk vulnerable populations such
as human trafficking victims often need to engage in a significant level of
interorganizational collaboration. Given the importance for nonprofits to be
able to work with many different organizations, and given the importance of
awareness in initiating and facilitating such collaborations, we conducted a
field study to explore existing practices around coordination and awareness
across a specific ecosystem of nonprofit organizations. In this paper, we
provide an in-depth reflection on interorganizational issues among a
cross-section of nonprofits. We identify four aspects of the
interorganizational context in which these nonprofits must operate, as well as
challenges they may encounter. Our goal is to illuminate first steps towards
finding appropriate technological solutions for supporting coordination and
awareness between these organizations so they can be more effective in
accomplishing their mission. Keywords: awareness, collective action, interorganizational coordination, nonprofit
organizations, social networks | |||
| Eliciting and focusing geographic volunteer work | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 61-70 | |
| Reid Priedhorsky; Mikhil Masli; Loren Terveen | |||
| Open content communities such as wikis derive their value from the work done
by users. However, a key challenge is to elicit work that is sufficient and
focused where needed. We address this challenge in a geographic open content
community, the Cyclopath bicycle route finding system. We devised two
techniques to elicit and focus user work, one using familiarity to direct work
opportunities and another visually highlighting them. We conducted a field
experiment, finding that (a) the techniques succeeded in eliciting user work,
(b) the distribution of work across users was highly unequal, and (c) user work
benefitted the community (reducing the length of the average computed route by
1 kilometer). Keywords: geographic volunteer work, geowiki, open content, volunteered geographic
information, wiki | |||
| An empirical study of critical mass and online community survival | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 71-80 | |
| Daphne R. Raban; Mihai Moldovan; Quentin Jones | |||
| There is general consensus that critical mass at inception ensures the
sustained success of online communities. However, no clear understanding of
what constitutes such a 'critical mass' exists and too few quantitative studies
have been conducted into the relationship between initial online community
interaction and its longer term success to draw any conclusions. In this paper
we start to address this gap through a large-scale study of the relationship
between IRC chat channel survival and initial chat channel community
interactions. A sample 282 chat channel births was used for survival analysis
which explored the relationship between the overall user activity in each
channel at its inception and the channel's life expectancy. Significant
relationships were observed between online community lifespan and critical mass
measures: 1) message volume, 2) user population heterogeneity and 3) production
functions. The results lend support to the Critical Mass Theory of collective
action. Keywords: chat, computer-mediated communication, critical mass, irc, online community
system design, synchronous communication | |||
| Lessons from thoughtswap-ing: increasing participants' coordinative agency in facilitated discussions | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 81-90 | |
| Margaret Dickey-Kurdziolek; Matthew Schaefer; Deborah Tatar; Ian P. Renga | |||
| A successful collaborative tool designed to aid discussion must be flexible,
maintain the user's coordinative agency, and be appropriable in many contexts.
We have developed a tool, called ThoughtSwap, to help widen and deepen the
scope of participation in facilitated discussions while supporting, not
supplanting, discussants' coordination. By driving the design of ThoughtSwap
toward a simpler mechanism, we were able to create a more versatile,
high-impact tool. We design for an educational setting, but see wider possible
use. Keywords: classroom discussion, collocated discussion, coordinative agency, cscl, cscw | |||
| Throwing voices: the psychological impact of the spatial height of projected voices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 91-94 | |
| Leila Takayama; Clifford Nass | |||
| Communication mediating technologies are throwing our voices away from our
bodies in situations ranging from voice conference meetings to mass
presentations. Physical height is known to influence dominance in interactions
between people. This study explores how audio projection technologies also
influence dominance behaviors between people. In an exploratory 2
(between-participants: own voice location set spatially high vs. low) x 2
(within-participants: voice agent set spatially high vs. low) mixed-design
experiment (N=64), we investigated the psychological effects of voice location
upon collaborative decision-making interactions between people and voice
agents. We found evidence that suggests the dominating effects of project
voices' coming from above can be mitigated by hearing one's own voice projected
from above. Keywords: dominance, throwing voices, vocal height | |||
| Exploring spatialized audio & video for distributed conversations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 95-98 | |
| Kori Inkpen; Rajesh Hegde; Mary Czerwinski; Zhengyou Zhang | |||
| Previous work has demonstrated the benefits of spatial audio conferencing
over monophonic when listening to a group conversation. In this paper we
examined three-way distributed conversations while varying the presence of
spatial video and audio. Our results demonstrate significant benefits to adding
spatialized video to an audio conference. Specifically, users perceived that
the conversations were of higher quality, they were more engaged, and they were
better able to keep track of the conversation. In contrast, no significant
benefits were found when mono audio was replaced by spatialized audio. The
results of this work are important in that they provide strong evidence for
continued exploration of spatialized video, and also suggest that the benefits
of spatialized audio may have less of an impact when video is also spatialized. Keywords: audio conferencing, collaboration, distributed meetings, spatial audio,
spatial video, video conferencing | |||
| Catchup: a useful application of time-travel in meetings | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 99-102 | |
| Simon Tucker; Ofer Bergman; Anand Ramamoorthy; Steve Whittaker | |||
| Previous work has demonstrated the benefits of spatial audio conferencing
over monophonic when listening to a group conversation. In this paper we
examined three-way distributed conversations while varying the presence of
spatial video and audio. Our results demonstrate significant benefits to adding
spatialized video to an audio conference. Specifically, users perceived that
the conversations were of higher quality, they were more engaged, and they were
better able to keep track of the conversation. In contrast, no significant
benefits were found when mono audio was replaced by spatialized audio. The
results of this work are important in that they provide strong evidence for
continued exploration of spatialized video, and also suggest that the benefits
of spatialized audio may have less of an impact when video is also spatialized. Keywords: audio conferencing, collaboration, distributed meetings, spatial audio,
spatial video, video conferencing | |||
| Idea expander: supporting group brainstorming with conversationally triggered visual thinking stimuli | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 103-106 | |
| Hao-Chuan Wang; Dan Cosley; Susan R. Fussell | |||
| People are often required to catch up on information they have missed in
meetings, because of lateness or scheduling conflicts. Catching up is a complex
cognitive process where people try to understand the current conversation
without access to prior discussion. We develop and evaluate a novel Catchup
audio player that allows "time-travel". It automatically identifies the gist of
what was missed, allowing people to join the meeting late and still participate
effectively. In a lab study, we evaluated people's understanding of meetings
they had partly missed, by asking questions about meeting content. We tested
whether providing Catchup gist overcomes the potential disadvantage that people
must join even later -- because catching up takes time. Catchup users
understood meetings 70% better than controls who simply joined late. They were
more confident of their understanding and indicated a positive attitude towards
the tool. We are currently exploring more general applications of the
time-travel approach. Keywords: audio processing, catchup, gist extraction, meetings, teleconferencing, time
travel | |||
| Socialization tactics in wikipedia and their effects | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 107-116 | |
| Boreum Choi; Kira Alexander; Robert E. Kraut; John M. Levine | |||
| Socialization of newcomers is critical both for conventional groups. It
helps groups perform effectively and the newcomers develop commitment. However,
little empirical research has investigated the impact of specific socialization
tactics on newcomers' commitment to online groups. We examined WikiProjects,
subgroups in Wikipedia organized around working on common topics or tasks. In
study 1, we identified the seven socialization tactics used most frequently:
invitations to join, welcome messages, requests to work on project-related
tasks, offers of assistance, positive feedback on a new member's work,
constructive criticism, and personal-related comments. In study 2, we examined
their impact on newcomers' commitment to the project. Whereas most newcomers
contributed fewer edits over time, the declines were slowed or reversed for
those socialized with welcome messages, assistance, and constructive criticism.
In contrast, invitations led to steeper declines in edits. These results
suggest that different socialization tactics play different roles in
socializing new members in online groups compared to offline ones. Keywords: socialization, wikipedia, wikiproject | |||
| The work of sustaining order in wikipedia: the banning of a vandal | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 117-126 | |
| R. Stuart Geiger; David Ribes | |||
| In this paper, we examine the social roles of software tools in the
English-language Wikipedia, specifically focusing on autonomous editing
programs and assisted editing tools. This qualitative research builds on recent
research in which we quantitatively demonstrate the growing prevalence of such
software in recent years. Using trace ethnography, we show how these
often-unofficial technologies have fundamentally transformed the nature of
editing and administration in Wikipedia. Specifically, we analyze "vandal
fighting" as an epistemic process of distributed cognition, highlighting the
role of non-human actors in enabling a decentralized activity of collective
intelligence. In all, this case shows that software programs are used for more
than enforcing policies and standards. These tools enable coordinated yet
decentralized action, independent of the specific norms currently in force. Keywords: bots, collaboration, distributed cognition, ethnography, qualitative,
social, trace ethnography, wiki, wikipedia | |||
| Readers are not free-riders: reading as a form of participation on wikipedia | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 127-130 | |
| Judd Antin; Coye Cheshire | |||
| The success of Wikipedia as a large-scale collaborative effort has spurred
researchers to examine the motivations and behaviors of Wikipedia's
participants. However, this research has tended to focus on active involvement
rather than more common forms of participation such as reading. In this paper
we argue that Wikipedia's readers should not all be characterized as
free-riders -- individuals who knowingly choose to take advantage of others'
effort. Furthermore, we illustrate how readers provide a valuable service to
Wikipedia. Finally, we use the notion of legitimate peripheral participation to
argue that reading is a gateway activity through which newcomers learn about
Wikipedia. We find support for our arguments in the results of a survey of
Wikipedia usage and knowledge. Implications for future research and design are
discussed. Keywords: free-riding, incomplete information, motivation, participation, social
computing, wikipedia | |||
| Egalitarians at the gate: one-sided gatekeeping practices in social media | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 131-134 | |
| Brian Keegan; Darren Gergle | |||
| Although Wikipedia has increasingly attracted attention for its in-depth and
timely coverage of breaking news stories, the social dynamics of how Wikipedia
editors process breaking news items has not been systematically examined.
Through a 3-month study of 161 deliberations over whether a news item should
appear on Wikipedia's front page, we demonstrate that elite users fulfill a
unique gatekeeping role that permits them to leverage their community position
to block the promotion of inappropriate items. However, these elite users are
unable to promote their supported news items more effectively than other types
of editors. These findings suggest that "one-sided gatekeeping" may reflect a
crucial stasis in social media where the community has to balance the
experience of its elite users while encouraging contributions from non-elite
users. Keywords: collaboration, decision-making, deliberation, gatekeeping, social computing,
wiki, wikipedia | |||
| Home video communication: mediating 'closeness' | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 135-144 | |
| David S. Kirk; Abigail Sellen; Xiang Cao | |||
| Video-mediated communication (VMC) technologies are becoming rapidly adopted
by home users. Little research has previously been conducted into why home
users would choose to use VMC or their practices surrounding its use. We
present the results of an interview and diary-based study of 17 people about
their uses of, and attitudes towards, VMC. We highlight the artful ways in
which users appropriate VMC to reconcile a desire for closeness with those with
whom they communicate, and we explore the rich ways in which VMC supports
different expressions of this desire. We conclude with discussions of how
next-generation VMC technologies might be designed to take advantage of this
understanding of human values in communicative practice. Keywords: home users, video-mediated communication, vmc | |||
| Making love in the network closet: the benefits and work of family videochat | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 145-154 | |
| Morgan G. Ames; Janet Go; Joseph 'Jofish' Kaye; Mirjana Spasojevic | |||
| In this paper, we explore the benefits of videochat for families and the
corresponding work that home users engage in to make a video call run smoothly.
We explore the varieties of social work required, including coordination work,
presentation work, behavioral work, and scaffolding work, as well as the
technical work necessary. We outline the benefits families enjoy for doing this
work and discuss the ways in which families use videochat to reinforce their
identity as a family and reinforce their family values, in effect making -- as
in creating -- love. We conclude with recommendations for improving videochat
and for designing with family values in mind more generally. Keywords: family, home, home networking, identity, values, video, videochat,
videoconferencing | |||
| Understanding family communication across time zones | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 155-158 | |
| Xiang Cao; Abigail Sellen; A. J. Bernheim Brush; David Kirk; Darren Edge; Xianghua Ding | |||
| Nowadays it has become increasingly common for family members to be
distributed in different time zones. These time differences pose specific
challenges for communication within the family and result in different
communication practices to cope with them. To gain an understanding of current
challenges and practices, we interviewed people who regularly communicate with
immediate family members living in other time zones. We report primary findings
from the interviews, and identify design opportunities for improving the
experience of cross time zone family communication. Keywords: family communication, time difference | |||
| A sequence transformation algorithm for supporting cooperative work on mobile devices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 159-168 | |
| Bin Shao; Du Li; Ning Gu | |||
| Operational transformation (OT) is a promising technique for supporting
collaboration using mobile devices because it allows users to work on local
data replicas even in a disconnected mode. However, as work goes mobile, a
large number of operations may accumulate, defying the capacity of current OT
algorithms that are mostly designed for real-time group editing. Since their
assumption is that operations are propagated frequently, they generally only
address how to integrate one remote operation at a time. As a consequence, most
algorithms take O(|H|{sup:2}) to integrate one operation and thus O(|H|{sup:3})
to integrate a long sequence, where H is the operation history. This paper
proposes a novel algorithm that provides optimized transformation of long
sequences, improving the time complexity to O(|H|). Our experiments will show
that it takes 59 minutes in a recent algorithm versus 1.5 seconds in this work
to integrate two long sequences on a mobile device. The performance improvement
is critical towards achieving desired responsiveness and group productivity in
a class of mobile collaborative applications. Keywords: collaborative applications, data consistency, group editing, mobile
computing, operational transformation | |||
| Multiple mouse text entry for single-display groupware | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 169-178 | |
| Saleema Amershi; Meredith Ringel Morris; Neema Moraveji; Ravin Balakrishnan; Kentaro Toyama | |||
| A recent trend in interface design for classrooms in developing regions has
many students interacting on the same display using mice. Text entry has
emerged as an important problem preventing such mouse-based single-display
groupware systems from offering compelling interactive activities. We explore
the design space of mouse-based text entry and develop 13 techniques with novel
characteristics suited to the multiple mouse scenario. We evaluated these in a
3-phase study over 14 days with 40 students in 2 developing region schools. The
results show that one technique effectively balanced all of our design
dimensions, another was most preferred by students, and both could benefit from
augmentation to support collaborative interaction. Our results also provide
insights into the factors that create an optimal text entry technique for
single-display groupware systems. Keywords: children, education, ictd, multiple mouse, sdg, text entry | |||
| Gone but not forgotten: designing for disconnection in synchronous groupware | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 179-188 | |
| Carl Gutwin; T. C. Nicholas Graham; Chris Wolfe; Nelson Wong; Brian de Alwis | |||
| Synchronous groupware depends on the assumption that people are fully
connected to the others in the group, but there are many situations (network
delay, network outage, or explicit departure) where users are disconnected for
various periods. There is little research dealing with disconnection in
synchronous groupware from a user and application perspective; as a result,
most current groupware systems do not handle disconnection events well, and
several user-level problems occur. To address this limitation, we developed the
Disco framework, a model for handling several types of disconnection in
synchronous groupware. The framework considers how disconnections are
identified, what senders and receivers should do during an absence, and what
should be done with accumulated data upon reconnection. We have implemented the
framework in three applications that show the feasibility, generality, and
functionality of our ideas. Our framework is the first to deal with a full
range of disconnection issues for synchronous groupware, and shows how
groupware can better support the realities of distributed collaboration. Keywords: disconnection, groupware design, network connectivity | |||
| Is it really about me?: message content in social awareness streams | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 189-192 | |
| Mor Naaman; Jeffrey Boase; Chih-Hui Lai | |||
| In this work we examine the characteristics of social activity and patterns
of communication on Twitter, a prominent example of the emerging class of
communication systems we call "social awareness streams." We use system data
and message content from over 350 Twitter users, applying human coding and
quantitative analysis to provide a deeper understanding of the activity of
individuals on the Twitter network. In particular, we develop a content-based
categorization of the type of messages posted by Twitter users, based on which
we examine users' activity. Our analysis shows two common types of user
behavior in terms of the content of the posted messages, and exposes
differences between users in respect to these activities. Keywords: communication systems, social media, twitter | |||
| Student athletes on facebook | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 193-196 | |
| Cliff Lampe; Nicole B. Ellison | |||
| Student athletes at U.S. universities are bound by rules affecting their
participation in their sport and are highly visible to their fellow students
and a larger public of fans. This difference makes them more likely than other
students to be sensitive to issues of impression management and use of social
network sites (SNSs). In this paper, we show how student athletes at a large
university engage with the social network site Facebook compared with their
fellow students, including differences in the size of their networks, reported
uses of the site, and perceptions about their audience. This work shows that
while student athletes have a higher anticipation of being watched, they have
similar uses and concerns compared to other students. Keywords: facebook, social network sites, student athletes | |||
| Sending mixed signals: multilevel reputation effects in peer-to-peer lending markets | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 197-206 | |
| Benjamin C. Collier; Robert Hampshire | |||
| Online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending organizations enable an individual to
obtain an unsecured loan from a collection of individuals without the
participation of a bank. Previous research has addressed the use of reputation
systems to reduce information asymmetry based on individual history within
online markets. Within the last few years one of the market leaders in P2P
lending, Prosper.com, has sought to replace the information vetting and
monitoring typically done by the bank with a community of users free to select
its community members based on any criteria it chooses. By embedding individual
reputations within a community reputation, incentives become aligned for peers
to select highly qualified borrowers and produce more costly information
signals to reduce the adverse selection and moral hazard risk typical of any
principle-agent relationship. This study draws on theory from the
Principle-Agent perspective to empirically examine the signals that enhance
community reputation. Keywords: hierarchical linear model, online communities, online markets, peer-to-peer
lending, reputation system, signaling theory | |||
| API peer reviews: a method for evaluating usability of application programming interfaces | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 207-210 | |
| Umer Farooq; Dieter Zirkler | |||
| API usability tests in the lab are time and resource intensive, thus
allowing a relatively small percentage of the API namespace to be evaluated. We
describe a group-based usability inspection method -- API Peer Reviews -- to
evaluate API usability. Based on an analysis of usability breakdowns from API
Peer Reviews and API usability tests, results show that API Peer Reviews
identified breakdowns across several cognitive dimensions, some of which were
different than what was identified by API usability tests. We reflect on the
adoption of API Peer Reviews as a collaborative practice in organizations for
evaluating API usability. Keywords: api usability, cognitive dimensions, usability inspection | |||
| Are you having difficulty? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 211-214 | |
| Jason Carter; Prasun Dewan | |||
| It would be useful if software engineers/instructors could be aware that
remote team members/students are having difficulty with their programming
tasks. We have developed an approach that tries to automatically create this
semantic awareness based on developers' interactions with the programming
environment, which is extended to log these interactions and allow the
developers to train or supervise the algorithm by explicitly indicating they
are having difficulty. Based on the logs of six programmers, we have found that
our approach has high accuracy. Keywords: context aware computing, help, machine learning | |||
| Beyond Wikipedia: coordination and conflict in online production groups | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 215-224 | |
| Aniket Kittur; Robert E. Kraut | |||
| Online production groups have the potential to transform the way that
knowledge is produced and disseminated. One of the most widely used forms of
online production is the wiki, which has been used in domains ranging from
science to education to enterprise. We examined the development of and
interactions between coordination and conflict in a sample of 6811 wiki
production groups. We investigated the influence of four coordination
mechanisms: intra-article communication, inter-user communication,
concentration of workgroup structure, and policy and procedures. We also
examined the growth of conflict, finding the density of users in an information
space to be a significant predictor. Finally, we analyzed the effectiveness of
the four coordination mechanisms on managing conflict, finding differences in
how each scaled to large numbers of contributors. Our results suggest that
coordination mechanisms effective for managing conflict are not always the same
as those effective for managing task quality, and that designers must take into
account the social benefits of coordination mechanisms in addition to their
production benefits. Keywords: collaboration, collective intelligence, conflict, coordination, distributed
cognition, online production, social computing, wiki, wikipedia | |||
| Understanding deja reviewers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 225-228 | |
| Eric Gilbert; Karrie Karahalios | |||
| People who review products on the web invest considerable time and energy in
what they write. So why would someone write a review that restates earlier
reviews? Our work looks to answer this question. In this paper, we present a
mixed-method study of deja reviewers, latecomers who echo what other people
said. We analyze nearly 100,000 Amazon.com reviews for signs of repetition and
find that roughly 10-15% of reviews substantially resemble previous ones. Using
these algorithmically-identified reviews as centerpieces for discussion, we
interviewed reviewers to understand their motives. An overwhelming number of
reviews partially explains deja reviews, but deeper factors revolving around an
individual's status in the community are also at work. The paper concludes by
introducing a new idea inspired by our findings: a self-aware community that
nudges members toward community-wide goals. Keywords: ecommerce, online communities, product reviews, reviewing communities, text
processing | |||
| On the "localness" of user-generated content | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 229-232 | |
| Brent J. Hecht; Darren Gergle | |||
| The "localness" of participation in repositories of user-generated content
(UGC) with geospatial components has been cited as one of UGC's greatest
benefits. However, the degree of localness in major UGC repositories such as
Flickr and Wikipedia has never been examined. We show that over 50 percent of
Flickr users contribute local information on average, and over 45 percent of
Flickr photos are local to the photographer. Across four language editions of
Wikipedia, however, we find that participation is less local. We introduce the
spatial content production model (SCPM) as a possible factor in the localness
of UGC, and discuss other theoretical and applied implications. Keywords: flickr, local, multilingual, user behavior, user-generated content,
volunteered geographic information, wikipedia | |||
| Determinants of wikipedia quality: the roles of global and local contribution inequality | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 233-236 | |
| Ofer Arazy; Oded Nov | |||
| The success of Wikipedia and the relative high quality of its articles seem
to contradict conventional wisdom. Recent studies have begun shedding light on
the processes contributing to Wikipedia's success, highlighting the role of
coordination and contribution inequality. In this study, we expand on these
works in two ways. First, we make a distinction between global (Wikipedia-wide)
and local (article-specific) inequality and investigate both constructs.
Second, we explore both direct and indirect effects of these inequalities,
exposing the intricate relationships between global inequality, local
inequality, coordination, and article quality. We tested our hypotheses on a
sample of a Wikipedia articles using structural equation modeling and found
that global inequality exerts significant positive impact on article quality,
while the effect of local inequality is indirect and is mediated by
coordination. Keywords: contribution inequality, coordination, global inequality, information
quality, local inequality, wikipedia | |||
| Inspired by the audience: a topic suggestion system for blog writers and readers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 237-240 | |
| Werner Geyer; Casey Dugan | |||
| Employee blogging has benefits both for individuals and the organization. In
order to inspire the creation of blog posts, we developed a novel topic
suggestion system that connects blog readers with blog writers through sharing
topics of interest. We describe our system and the results from an employee
survey that informed its design. Keywords: blog, participation, recommendations, social software | |||
| Chatter on the red: what hazards threat reveals about the social life of microblogged information | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 241-250 | |
| Kate Starbird; Leysia Palen; Amanda L. Hughes; Sarah Vieweg | |||
| This paper considers a subset of the computer-mediated communication (CMC)
that took place during the flooding of the Red River Valley in the US and
Canada in March and April 2009. Focusing on the use of Twitter, a microblogging
service, we identified mechanisms of information production, distribution, and
organization. The Red River event resulted in a rapid generation of Twitter
communications by numerous sources using a variety of communications forms,
including autobiographical and mainstream media reporting, among other types.
We examine the social life of microblogged information, identifying generative,
synthetic, derivative and innovative properties that sustain the broader system
of interaction. The landscape of Twitter is such that the production of new
information is supported through derivative activities of directing, relaying,
synthesizing, and redistributing, and is additionally complemented by
socio-technical innovation. These activities comprise self-organization of
information. Keywords: computer-mediated communication, crisis informatics, disaster, emergency,
microblogging, risk communication | |||
| Telling the whole story: anticipation, inspiration and reputation in a field deployment of TellTable | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 251-260 | |
| Xiang Cao; Siân E. Lindley; John Helmes; Abigail Sellen | |||
| We present a field study of TellTable, a new storytelling system designed to
support creativity and collaboration amongst children. The application was
deployed on a multi-touch interactive table in the library of a primary school,
where children could use it to create characters and scenery based on elements
of the physical world (captured through photography) as well as through
drawing. These could then be used to record a story which could be played back.
TellTable allowed children to collaborate in devising stories that mixed the
physical and the digital in creative ways and that could include themselves as
characters. Additionally, the field deployment illustrated how children took
inspiration from one another's stories, how they planned elements of their own
tales before using the technology, and how the fact that stories could be
accessed in the library led some to become well-known and popular within the
school community. The real story here, we argue, needs to take into account all
that happens within the wider context of use of this system. Keywords: children, collaboration, community, creativity, field studies, interactive
tabletop, play, sharing, storytelling | |||
| Opening up the family archive | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 261-270 | |
| David S. Kirk; Shahram Izadi; Abigail Sellen; Stuart Taylor; Richard Banks; Otmar Hilliges | |||
| The Family Archive device is an interactive multi-touch tabletop technology
with integrated capture facility for the archiving of sentimental artefacts and
memorabilia. It was developed as a technology probe to help us open up current
family archiving practices and to explore family archiving in situ. We detail
the deployment and study of three of these devices in family homes and discuss
how deploying a new, potentially disruptive, technology can foreground the
social relations and organizing systems in domestic life. This in turn
facilitates critical reflection on technology design. Keywords: archiving, collaboration, domestic life, field study, home, interactive
tabletops | |||
| Three's company: understanding communication channels in three-way distributed collaboration | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 271-280 | |
| Anthony Tang; Michel Pahud; Kori Inkpen; Hrvoje Benko; John C. Tang; Bill Buxton | |||
| We explore the design of a system for three-way collaboration over a shared
visual workspace, specifically in how to support three channels of
communication: person, reference, and task-space. In two studies, we explore
the implications of extending designs intended for dyadic collaboration to
three-person groups, and the role of each communication channel. Our studies
illustrate the utility of multiple configurations of users around a distributed
workspace, and explore the subtleties of traditional notions of identity,
awareness, spatial metaphor, and corporeal embodiments as they relate to
three-way collaboration. Keywords: media space, shared workspace, tabletop, video-mediated communication | |||
| Sources of errors in distributed development projects: implications for collaborative tools | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 281-290 | |
| Marcelo Cataldo | |||
| An important dimension of success in development projects is the quality of
the new product. Researchers have primarily concentrated on developing and
evaluating processes to reduce errors and mistakes and, consequently, achieve
higher levels of quality. However, little attention has been given to other
factors that have a significant impact on enabling development organizations
carry the numerous development activities with minimal errors. In this paper,
we examined the relative role of multiple sources of errors such as experience,
geographic distribution, technical properties of the product and projects' time
pressure. Our empirical analyses of 209 development projects showed that all
four categories of sources of errors are quite relevant. We dis-cussed those
results in terms of their implications for improving collaborative tools to
support distributed development projects. Keywords: collaborative tools, concurrent engineering, dependencies, distributed
development, errors, experience | |||
| Communication, collaboration, and bugs: the social nature of issue tracking in small, collocated teams | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 291-300 | |
| Dane Bertram; Amy Voida; Saul Greenberg; Robert Walker | |||
| Issue tracking systems help organizations manage issue reporting,
assignment, tracking, resolution, and archiving. Traditionally, it is the
Software Engineering community that researches issue tracking systems, where
software defects are reported and tracked as 'bug reports' within an archival
database. Yet, as issue tracking is fundamentally a social process, it is
important to understand the design and use of issue tracking systems from that
perspective. Consequently, we conducted a qualitative study of issue tracking
systems as used by small, collocated software development teams. We found that
an issue tracker is not just a database for tracking bugs, features, and
inquiries, but also a focal point for communication and coordination for many
stakeholders within and beyond the software team. Customers, project managers,
quality assurance personnel, and programmers all contribute to the shared
knowledge and persistent communication that exists within the issue tracking
system. These results were all the more striking because in spite of teams
being collocated -- which afforded frequent, face-to-face communication -- the
issue tracker was still used as a fundamental communication channel. We
articulate various real-world practices surrounding issue trackers and offer
design considerations for future systems. Keywords: issue tracking, shared knowledge, software engineering | |||
| Information needs in bug reports: improving cooperation between developers and users | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 301-310 | |
| Silvia Breu; Rahul Premraj; Jonathan Sillito; Thomas Zimmermann | |||
| For many software projects, bug tracking systems play a central role in
supporting collaboration between the developers and the users of the software.
To better understand this collaboration and how tool support can be improved,
we have quantitatively and qualitatively analysed the questions asked in a
sample of 600 bug reports from the MOZILLA and ECLIPSE projects. We categorised
the questions and analysed response rates and times by category and project.
Our results show that the role of users goes beyond simply reporting bugs:
their active and ongoing participation is important for making progress on the
bugs they report. Based on the results, we suggest four ways in which bug
tracking systems can be improved. Keywords: bug reports, information needs, question time, questions, response rate,
response time | |||
| Invisible emotion: information and interaction in an emergency room | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 311-320 | |
| Helena M. Mentis; Madhu Reddy; Mary Beth Rosson | |||
| Emotions are an often overlooked aspect of work since they are not included
in formal work models. However, they continue provide critical information as
well as be part of a rich social context for action. The following study
focuses on the expression of emotions within the context of a particular work
environment -- an emergency room -- and highlights how it is used, why it is
invisible in the work, and how it continues to persist through workarounds.
These workarounds provide indications towards the design of sociotechnical
systems to continue to support the expression of invisible emotions. Keywords: articulation work, documentation, emotion expressions, ER, healthcare | |||
| Understanding together: sensemaking in collaborative information seeking | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 321-330 | |
| Sharoda A. Paul; Madhu C. Reddy | |||
| An important aspect of collaborative information seeking (CIS) is making
sense of the information found, i.e., collaborative sensemaking. We conducted
an ethnographic study of the CIS practices of healthcare providers in a
hospital emergency department to gain a conceptual understanding of when and
how collaborative sensemaking occurs during CIS activities. We present
occasions and characteristics of collaborative sensemaking and design
implications for collaborative information retrieval tools to support
sensemaking. Keywords: collaborative information seeking, collaborative sensemaking, emergency
department, healthcare | |||
| Why the plan doesn't hold: a study of situated planning, articulation and coordination work in a surgical ward | | BIBA | Full-Text | 331-340 | |
| Jakob E. Bardram; Thomas Riisgaard Hansen | |||
| Most studies of plans and situated work have applied ethnographic methods and thus fail to provide any quantitative insight into the extent of this phenomenon. We present a study of planning and executing operations in an operating suite. Quantitative analysis of log data reveals the extent to which operation schedules are carried out as planned, and qualitative studies reveal the reasons behind changes to the plan, the consequences of such changes, and the strategies used to cope with them. 67% of the plan is changed and only 56% of all operations are planned ahead. We discuss how operation schedules are subject to "continuous planning", and how this needs to be supported by technology. | |||
| What's it worth to you?: the costs and affordances of CMC tools to Asian and American users | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 341-350 | |
| Leslie D. Setlock; Susan R. Fussell | |||
| In recent years, a growing number of studies examining how culture shapes
computer-mediated communication (CMC) have appeared in the CHI and CSCW
literature. Findings from these studies reveal that cultural differences exist,
but no clear underlying explanation can account for results across studies. We
describe several limitations of the theoretical frameworks used to motivate
many of the prior studies over the past decade, most notably the assumption
that tasks and media used in these studies are perceived similarly by
participants from different cultural backgrounds. We then describe an interview
study in which we asked 22 participants from America, Korea, India and China
about their perceptions of media and motivations for media choices in different
hypothetical settings. The results suggest cultural differences in how media
are perceived, specifically, that the ability for media to support social in
addition to task processes is more important for participants from China, Korea
and India than for participants from the U.S. We conclude with some
recommendations for enhancing CMC theories to account for cultural differences. Keywords: cmc, collaborative work, computer-mediated communication, cultural
differences, intercultural collaboration | |||
| Groups in groups: conversational similarity in online multicultural multiparty brainstorming | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 351-360 | |
| Hao-Chuan Wang; Susan Fussell | |||
| Online collaboration, in comparison to face-to-face collaboration, is
advantageous in making multiparty teamwork possible at a very low cost. As
multicultural multiparty collaboration becomes ubiquitous, it is crucial to
understand how communication processes are shaped in the social and media
environments that computer-mediated communication affords. We conducted a
laboratory study investigating how different types of cultural asymmetry in
group composition (Chinese of the majority versus American of the majority) and
communication media (text-only versus video-enabled chatroom) influence
conversational similarity between Chinese and Americans. The paper presents an
analysis identifying that the selection of media and the cultural composition
of the group jointly shape intercultural conversational closeness. Keywords: communication accommodation, computer-mediated communication, cross-cultural
communication, group brainstorming, multiparty teamwork | |||
| Street fighter IV: braggadocio off and on-line | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 361-370 | |
| Norman Makoto Su | |||
| In its heyday, the video arcade was a social scene to prove one's video
gaming prowess. The introduction of a revolutionary head-to-head fighting game
called "Street Fighter II" in 1991 ushered in an era of competitive video
gaming with unparalleled complexity. An influx of copy-cat games and the
arrival of consoles with capabilities rivaling coin-ops led to the arcade's
demise. However, the release of "Street Fighter IV" (SF4) has brought about a
revival. I report on the cultural practices of hardcore gaming that have
revolved around SF4. SF4's release on both the console (which enables fighting
others online) and the arcade has engendered a new set of challenges in
constructing what it means to be competitive and legitimate in the world of
head-to-head fighting games. I observe that the "enrolment" of an ecology of
technological artifacts allows players to translate braggadocio from the
arcade, a central phenomenon in competitive gaming. Keywords: discourse analysis, fighting games, gaming culture, hype, street fighter iv,
trash talking, video arcade, video games | |||
| The individual and the group in console gaming | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 371-380 | |
| Amy Voida; Sheelagh Carpendale; Saul Greenberg | |||
| In this paper, we present results from a study of collocated group console
gaming. We focus, in particular, on observed gaming practices that emphasized
the individual gamer within a gaming group as well as practices that emphasized
the gaming group as a whole. We relate each of these practices, where possible,
to specific elements of the game design including game mechanics, interaction
design, and special effects design. We argue that the classic distinction
between competitive and cooperative modes of gameplay does not fully transfer
to account for the interpersonal dynamics within collocated gaming groups. Keywords: console games, gamecube, playstation, PS2, PS3, video games, Wii, Xbox360 | |||
| The roles that make the domestic work | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 381-390 | |
| Jennifer A. Rode | |||
| This paper builds on earlier CSCW studies of domestic technologies, looking
at the frequent maintenance required by new security technologies that
households are adopting to provide safety and security. It explores how the
roles and responsibilities are allocated within a household to support these
domestic routines. This paper reports a qualitative study of usage practices
surrounding safety and security. It classifies three primary approaches to
computer security in the home, and discusses how technical skill, household
structure and gender relate to the approach selected, and discuss the
transitory nature of such arrangements. Keywords: ethnography, gender, security | |||
| Sonic souvenirs: exploring the paradoxes of recorded sound for family remembering | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 391-400 | |
| Lina Dib; Daniela Petrelli; Steve Whittaker | |||
| Many studies have explored social processes and technologies associated with
sharing photos. In contrast, we explore the role of sound as a medium for
social reminiscing. We involved 10 families in recording 'sonic souvenirs' of
their holidays. They shared and discussed their collections on their return. We
compared these sounds with their photo taking activities and reminiscences.
Both sounds and pictures triggered active collaborative reminiscing, and
attempts to capture iconic representations of events. However sounds differed
from photos in that they were more varied, familial and creative. Further, they
often expressed the negative or mundane in order to be 'true to life', and were
harder to interpret than photos. Finally we saw little use of pure explanatory
narrative. We reflect on the relations between sound and family memory and
propose new designs on the basis of our findings, to better support the sharing
and manipulation of social sounds. Keywords: collaborative remembering, collective memory, families, fieldwork, photos,
sounds | |||
| WeSearch: supporting collaborative search and sensemaking on a tabletop display | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 401-410 | |
| Meredith Ringel Morris; Jarrod Lombardo; Daniel Wigdor | |||
| Groups of users often have shared information needs -- for example, business
colleagues need to conduct research relating to joint projects and students
must work together on group homework assignments. In this paper, we introduce
WeSearch, a collaborative Web search system designed to leverage the benefits
of tabletop displays for face-to-face collaboration and organization tasks. We
describe the design of WeSearch and explain the interactions it affords. We
then describe an evaluation in which eleven groups used WeSearch to conduct
real collaborative search tasks. Based on our study's findings, we analyze the
effectiveness of the features introduced by WeSearch. Keywords: collaborative search, interactive tables, sensemaking, surface computing,
tabletop computing, web search | |||
| Pitfalls of information access with visualizations in remote collaborative analysis | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 411-420 | |
| Aruna D. Balakrishnan; Susan R. Fussell; Sara Kiesler; Aniket Kittur | |||
| In a world of widespread information access, information can overwhelm
collaborators, even with visualizations to help. We extend prior work to study
the effect of shared information on collaboration. We analyzed the success and
discussion process of remote pairs trying to identify a serial killer in
multiple crime cases. Each partner had half of the evidence, or each partner
had all the available evidence. Pairs also used one of three tools: spreadsheet
only (control condition), unshared visualizations, or shared visualization.
Visualizations improved analysis over the control condition but this
improvement depended on how much evidence each partner had. When each partner
possessed all the evidence with visualizations, discussion flagged and pairs
showed evidence of more confirmation bias. They discussed fewer hypotheses and
persisted on the wrong hypothesis. We discuss the possible reasons for this
phenomenon and implications for design of remote collaboration systems to
incorporate awareness of intermediate processes important to collaborative
success. Keywords: computer-mediated communication, confirmation bias, empirical studies,
experiment, information overload, information sharing, information
visualization | |||
| Pictionaire: supporting collaborative design work by integrating physical and digital artifacts | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 421-424 | |
| Björn Hartmann; Meredith Ringel Morris; Hrvoje Benko; Andrew D. Wilson | |||
| This paper introduces an interactive tabletop system that enhances creative
collaboration across physical and digital artifacts. Pictionaire offers
capture, retrieval, annotation, and collection of visual material. It enables
multiple designers to fluidly move imagery from the physical to the digital
realm; work with found, drawn and captured imagery; organize items into
functional collections; and record meeting histories. These benefits are made
possible by a large interactive table augmented with high-resolution overhead
image capture. Summative evaluations with 16 professionals and four student
pairs validated discoverability and utility of interactions, uncovered emergent
functionality, and suggested opportunities for transitioning content to and
from the table. Keywords: design tools, surface computing, tangible interaction | |||
| Social use of computer-mediated communication by adults on the autism spectrum | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 425-434 | |
| Moira Burke; Robert Kraut; Diane Williams | |||
| The defining characteristics of autism, including difficulty with nonverbal
cues and need for structure, and the defining characteristics of
computer-mediated communication (CMC), including reduction of extraneous cues
and structured exchange, suggest the two would be an ideal match. Interviews
and observations of 16 adults on the high-functioning end of the autism
spectrum reveal that many seek greater social connectedness and take advantage
of interest-based online communities to foster successful, supportive
relationships. However, CMC intensifies problems of trust, disclosure,
inflexible thinking, and perspective-taking, making it difficult for some to
maintain relationships. Interventions in the form of information visualization
and CMC-specific social skills training are presented. Intervention
considerations and participatory design opportunities are discussed. Keywords: autism spectrum disorders, computer-mediated communication, online
communities, social support | |||
| Characteristics of shared health reflections in a local community | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 435-444 | |
| Andrea Grimes; Brian M. Landry; Rebecca E. Grinter | |||
| We performed a content analysis of the information shared in a locally and
culturally focused health application, EatWell. In EatWell, information is
shared via the creation of audio recordings. Our results highlight the
reflective nature of these recordings, in particular, 1) the topics discussed
in these reflections as well as their tone, 2) how these reflections were
contextualized (locally and culturally) and 3) how system users addressed one
another in their reflections. We compare our findings with the dominant
technological approach to supporting health information exchange amongst lay
people: online support groups. In particular, we reflect upon why, though many
of the community-building features of online support groups did not translate
into EatWell, our users felt a sense of community empowerment. Based on our
results, we discuss implications for designing locally and culturally focused
health applications that leverage reflection as a contribution method. Keywords: community, culture, health, information sharing, local, nutrition, online
support groups, reflection | |||
| Survival needs and social inclusion: technology use among the homeless | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 445-448 | |
| Jahmeilah Roberson; Bonnie Nardi | |||
| This research reports an ethnographic study of issues surrounding digital
technologies owned and used by homeless people in Los Angeles County. We
identify two themes -- survival and social inclusion -- that reveal, in part,
how digital technologies enable social ties for collaboration in the lives of
the homeless. Keywords: digital technologies, homeless, social inclusion | |||