| Research Facing Interface Design of Android System Industrial Control System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-8 | |
| Songfeng Gao; Guixue Yang; Linlin Zhao | |||
| This paper focuses on the UI interface in various forms of android system
application. Based on comparative analysis for display interface of several
typical industrial control system, summarizes the display design requirements
for industrial control systems in industrial environments, with a view to the
future industrial control system in android system how to carry on display
design and interface design. Finally, based on the author's ongoing research
project as an example, stage achievements as the research target, this paper
analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing system interface design,
and give the solutions of existing problems. Keywords: Android; Industrial control system; Interface design | |||
| Developing Customer Experience Ecosystem -- Driving Business Results by Integrating Multiple Touch Points | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 9-16 | |
| Frank Y. Guo | |||
| Customers interact with brands and products through digital touch points
such as websites and mobile apps as well as physical touch points such as
brick-and-mortar stores and print materials. However, user experience
professionals tend to treat digital and physical touch points separately and
only focus on the digital channel. This paper analyzes the negative impact of
such separation and proposes ways to re-integrate the touch points to support
an effective customer experience ecosystem that drives revenues and customer
loyalty. Keywords: Customer experience; user experience; multi-channel | |||
| Consumers' Evaluation and Perception within the Trend of Cultural Creative Design | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 17-26 | |
| Chi-Hsien Hsu; Shu-Hsuan Chang; Jung-Yu Lin | |||
| During the process of the transformation and innovation of traditional
cultural and localized characteristics, we can make old things fashionable
through creative design. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to
investigate the effectiveness evaluation on cultural creative design of
consumers' perception and preference. This study was implemented in two phases.
First, we undertook a preliminary survey by means of literature review and
opinions from a group of experts, and selected representative product samples
and evaluation indices from the three categories: traditional culture, local
elements and innovative fashion. The second phase was to give a questionnaire
survey to 120 undergraduate and graduate students who voluntarily participated
in this study in order to investigate consumers' perception and preference.
According to the questionnaire survey and the analysis of the results, "Design
Performance" is the most important factor for evaluating cultural creative
products. Keywords: consumer evaluation; consumer perception; cultural creative design | |||
| Introducing Human Performance Modeling in Digital Nuclear Power Industry | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 27-36 | |
| Xiang Jiang; Qin Gao; Zhizhong Li | |||
| Human performance modeling (HPM) can be used to explain and predict human
behaviors under certain situations, helping designers in the design stage
through evaluating the interface, procedure, staffing, etc. This study
discusses the feasibility of introducing HPM methods into digital nuclear power
industry through 1) the new characteristics of human-system interaction/human
performance in digital main control rooms (MCRs) of nuclear power plants
(NPPs), 2) the simulating abilities of available HPMs on their latest progress.
Based on the review of the two issues, we conclude that: 1) digitalization of
NPPs changes operators' performance through the system, task, environment and
human himself. 2) HPM is classified as human reliability modeling and cognitive
modeling. The lack of performance data could be an obstacle for applying human
reliability modeling in digital MCRs. The unclear underlying mechanism of
human-system interaction in digital MCRs constrains the introducing of
cognitive modeling. Keywords: Digitalization; Nuclear power plants; Performance influence factors; Human
performance modeling | |||
| Exploring Consumers' Responses to Delayed Introduction of a New Mobile Phone | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 37-43 | |
| Hsuan-Hsuan Ku | |||
| This experiment investigates consumers' responses to postponement of the
pre-announced introduction of a new product, and to the manufacturer's stated
reasons for the delay(s), drawing upon the concept of trust violation and on
attribution theory. A 2 (frequencies) × 3 (reasons) between-subject
factorial design tested the hypotheses. Two-way ANOVA analyzed the results,
with purchase intention as the dependent variable. The study finds that the
influence of the frequency of delays is contingent upon the reasons given. When
firms announce that all or some of the causes have an internal organizational
origin, while others relate to external influences, the frequency of delays has
a negative impact on purchase intentions. If the reasons relate entirely to
external factors, there is no significant negative impact. Keywords: Product-introduction delays; Announced reasons; Trust violation;
Attribution; Intention to purchase | |||
| The Impact of Workplace Gossip on Organizational Cynicism: Insights from the Employment Relationship Perspective | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 44-50 | |
| Chien-Chih Kuo; Chiu-Yi Lu; Ting-Kuei Kuo | |||
| This study examined the effects of workplace negative gossip on
organizational cynicism. Moreover, we explored the antecedents of workplace
negative gossip based on the employment relationship perspective, tested the
relationship between abusive supervision, psychological contract breach and
workplace negative gossip. The data were collected from 455 employees in
Taiwan. Three major findings manifest in the results. First, workplace negative
gossip had a significant predictability for organizational cynicism. Compare to
interpersonal-related negative gossip, the effects of task-related negative
gossip on organizational cynicism were larger. Secondly, employment
relationship (abusive supervision and psychological contract breach) had
significant predictability for the employees' workplace negative gossip.
Thirdly, we found that employment relationship affects organizational cynicism
through its impact on workplace negative gossip. In summary, workplace negative
gossip mediates the relationship between employment relationship and
organizational cynicism. Keywords: employment relationship; organizational cynicism; workplace negative gossip | |||
| A Study of the Effects of Display Atmospherics and Control Mode of 3D Virtual Store on Consumer Behavior in the Elderly | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 51-59 | |
| Cheng-Li Liu; Shiaw-Tsyr Uang | |||
| Online shopping has become quite popular since its first arrival on the
internet. Some research has indicated that the older population is growing
rapidly worldwide and is becoming an increasingly important demographic to
understand. However, previous studies on cognitive aging have found that
certain aspects of human information-processing abilities are negatively
correlated with age. This study will discuss the effects of online store
atmospherics collocating with control mode applied on 3D virtual store vision
displaying for improving usability and acceptability in the elderly. The
objectives of this study are to evaluate the cognition and emotion of the
elderly on 3D virtual store atmospherics and control mode. It was found that
the recognition and presence was positively related to emotion for the elderly,
and then, emotion is positively and directly related to customers' behavioral
intention. There was the best effect in recognition and presence by the
central-cabinet layout. Keywords: 3D virtual stores; Elderly; Atmospherics; Control mode; Cognition; Emotion | |||
| The Difference of User Perception between Similarity and Dissimilarity Judgments | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 60-69 | |
| Ming-Xian Sun; Chi-Hsien Hsu; Ming-Chuen Chuang | |||
| The similarity and dissimilarity is a corresponding relationship which is
the base of cognitive judgments. The main purpose of this paper is to study the
user perception by using similarity judgments. In this study, fifteen
innovative products are used as the stimuli which divided into three groups:
global, creative and local products. A total of 139 student volunteers
participated in the various phases of the study. The feature measures are used
to collect data under three different experiments: similarity judgment by
random, similarity judgment by order, and dissimilarity judgment by random. In
addition, the paper proposed an approach to confirm the effectiveness of
collecting data. Then, MDS analysis was used to explore the difference of user
perception between similarity and dissimilarity judgments. The results provide
designers with a valuable reference for designing innovative products. Keywords: multidimensional scaling; INDSCAL; similarity; dissimilarity; product design | |||
| Cloud Computing Adoption Journey within Organizations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 70-78 | |
| Seema Swamy | |||
| Cloud computing is slated to create a paradigm shift in computing
experience. Cost savings and control over employee access by the IT groups
within corporate, government, and educational institutions are some of the
major drivers for the adoption of cloud computing. However, there are
limitations to the extent to which workflows are moved to the cloud. The major
roadblocks to extending the adoption of some of the workflows to the cloud
include concerns about control over the (critical) data, compliance across
geographies, and security issues. The paper will explore cloud computing life
cycle and concerns about cloud computing from interviews with IT decision
makers. Keywords: Cloud computing; security; networking; compliance; technology adoption;
green technology | |||
| Behavior Study of Traveling Chinese Businesspersons | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 79-87 | |
| Yanxia Yang; Grace Deng | |||
| China's growing economy has contributed to the emergence of an expanding,
thriving class of traveling businesspersons. This paper investigates which
factors affect these businesspersons' consumer behavior, as well as the role
that each factor plays in their decision-making. In order to obtain a better
understanding of consumer behavior in travel and the importance of each factor,
a study was conducted in China on a group of frequently traveling
businesspersons. The survey revealed that five main factors influenced the
choices these businesspersons made. Within these factors, the two major factors
were Novelty Seeking and Bandwagon Effect. The results of this study can pave
the way for designing innovative goods and services that will enhance the
travel experience of the typical businesspersons. Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Traveling Businesspersons; Business Travel Psychology;
Novelty Seeking; China | |||
| Moderating Effect of Culture on IT and Health Standard: A Country-Level Analysis | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 91-100 | |
| Supunmali Ahangama; Danny Chiang Choon Poo | |||
| This cross sectional country level study inspects how the relationship
between national eHealth initiatives and level of health standards are
contingent on culture, education and infrastructure. Resource complementary
perspective based on Resource Based View (RBV) and literature on culture and
eHealth outcomes are used as the theoretical lens. Publicly available
retrospective data from more than 50 countries are utilized to explore the
moderating effect. Standard of health was gauged using Life Expectancy Rate
(LER) at birth. The results indicates that culture and education moderate the
relationship between eHealth spending and health standard. Theoretical and
practical implications of the findings and future research are discussed in
this paper. Keywords: culture; eHealth; resource complementary perspective; life expectancy rate | |||
| Predicting Mental Health Status on Social Media | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 101-110 | |
| Bibo Hao; Lin Li; Ang Li; Tingshao Zhu | |||
| The rapid development of social media brings about vast user generated
content. Computational cyber-psychology, an interdisciplinary subject area,
employs machine learning approaches to explore underlying psychological
patterns. Our research aims at identifying users' mental health status through
their social media behavior. We collected both users' social media data and
mental health data from the most popular Chinese microblog service provider,
Sina Weibo. By extracting linguistic and behavior features, and applying
machine learning algorithms, we made preliminary exploration to identify users'
mental health status automatically, which previously is mainly measured by
well-designed psychological questionnaire. Our classification model achieves
the accuracy of 72%, and the continuous predicting model achieved correlation
of 0.3 with questionnaire based score. Keywords: microblog; mental health; prediction; automation | |||
| Designing a Metal Hydride Actuator with Human-Compatible Softness and High Power-to-Weight Ratio for Future Quality-of-Life Technologies | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 111-120 | |
| Shuichi Ino; Mitsuru Sato; Minako Hosono; Chikamune Wada; Shinichi Yoshimura; Kazuhiko Yamashita; Takashi Izumi | |||
| Japan faces a rapidly growing elderly population that is unprecedented in
the world. As a result, there are emerging needs for quality-of-life
technologies, such as rehabilitation equipment, long-term care, and assistive
devices. In particular, elderly people who are bedridden due to physical
illnesses, such as cerebral stroke or bone fractures caused by a fall, may
suffer awkward disuse syndromes (e.g., pressure ulcers, joint contracture,
cardiac hypofunction, and mental depression). It is difficult for them to
actively participate in rehabilitation exercises by themselves. Thus, to manage
these disuse syndromes, we have developed a light and soft actuator device with
metal hydride materials. This actuator device has a high power-to-weight ratio,
adequate softness for human body support, noiseless motion, and a clean
hydrogen energy system. The three apparatuses in which the metal hydride
actuator is applied are a joint rehabilitation device for the hand, a seat
lifter for a wheelchair or toilet, and a toe exercise apparatus for bedsore
prevention. Keywords: Super-aging society; long-term care; rehabilitation; soft actuator; metal
hydride material; power assistance; quality-of-life technology | |||
| Design and Assessing the Usability of an Interactive Digital Game in Assisting the Older Adult's Prescriptive Medication Behavior | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 121-126 | |
| Dyi-Yih Michael Lin; Liang-Chun Wu | |||
| Taking prescriptive medicine has been a major daily routine for many older
adults. However, misused medication behavior has been reported as a major
safety issue for senior welfare subject to the well-documented decline in
cognitive aging. Game-based learning has been demonstrated as an effective
media in enhancing cognitive functions but mostly in the fields with young
adults as the subject. The present study thus aimed to investigate the
usability of digital games in improving the medication behavior for older
adults. The results indicated that the older subject who received the
game-based learning significantly outperformed the counterpart who received the
traditional treatment. Implications for designing appropriate learning media
for the older adult's medication behavior were raised. Keywords: digital games; digital learning; human-computer interaction; cognitive
aging; prescriptive medication | |||
| Cultural Diversity -- New Challenge to Medical Device Use Safety for International Markets | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 127-136 | |
| Long Liu; Uvo Hoelscher; Ziying Yao | |||
| Medical device nowadays may be used by user groups with quite different
cultural backgrounds. Cultural diversity may influence normal medical device
use or even induce risks and hazards. Manufacturers are facing up to a new
challenge to consider cultural diversities in design. This paper aims to
formulate a systematic framework to handle medical device design for
international markets. The standardized requirement specified in risk
management standard of ISO 14971 is adopted as a basis. The cultural
diversities that may induce risks and hazards are summarized. Medical device
design issues that should be adapted are discussed. Many examples on these
issues are presented. Keywords: Cultural diversity; Medical device design; Use safety | |||
| Technology-Based Medical Interpretation for Cross-Language Communication: In Person, Telephone, and Videoconference Interpretation and Their Comparative Impact On Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Patient and Doctor | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 137-146 | |
| Margaret McLaughlin; Yujung Nam; Win May; Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati; Panayiotis Georgiou; Zheng Ahn | |||
| Health care organizations face challenges in providing language services for
Limited English proficiency (LEP) clients. Supported by a grant from the
National Science Foundation, we have been working to develop a technology for
proximate simultaneous medical interpretation. In an effort to understand the
relative importance of physical proximity, audio cues and visual cues to
effective interpretation, we conducted two controlled trials of the comparative
impact on patient and provider satisfaction of four conditions which represent
the interpretation circumstances with LEP patients and monolingual providers in
hospital settings; a certified interpreter present in the consultation room
("In Person"); at a remote location mediated by audio only ("Telephone"); at a
remote location mediated by audio and video ("Videoconference"), and no
interpreter present ("No Interpreter). In study 1, dyads of a medical student
and a standardized patient were randomly assigned to In Person or No
Interpreter condition on a rotating basis, producing a total of 25 encounter
sessions. In Study 2, four interpretation communication modes including
Videoconference and Telephone condition simulated 25 encounters. Repeated
measure one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed preferences of patients and
physicians for four different methods of interpretation. Patients expressed
high satisfaction for their doctors regardless of the communication mode.
Doctors' perception of the interpretation quality was also as desirable in
remote communication as onsite human interpretation. Patients reported
significantly greater feelings of being guarded for their privacy and were more
satisfied with the interpretation quality in the remote communication via
telephone over in-person interpretation. Keywords: Limited English Proficiency; Medical Interpretation; Controlled Trial Note: Best paper award | |||
| Toward a Virtual Companion for the Elderly: Exploring the Behaviors that Potentially Achieve Rapport in Human Communication | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 147-156 | |
| Sayumi Shibusawa; Hung-Hsuan Huang; Yugo Hayashi; Kyoji Kawagoe | |||
| The elderly who live alone are increasing rapidly in these years. For their
mental health, it is reported useful to maintain their social life with others.
This work is aiming to develop a companion agent who can engage long-term
relationship with the elderly users. This paper presents our first step to
explore the rapport occurred in a human-human communication which is considered
to be essential in keeping social relationship with others. We analyzed the
corpus collected in a human-human dyadic conversation experiment from three
view points, the speaker (potential user), the listener, and the third person
who did not participate the conversation. Encouraging results that may provide
the hints of agent development were found in the analysis: the attitude of the
conversation can have an influence on the speaker's mood, the mood of the
speaker can be potentially observed by another person, and the third person can
detect speaker's attitude. Keywords: elderly support; active listening; conversational agent; rapport | |||
| Improvement Research of Shoe-Type Measurement Device for a Walking Rehabilitation Support System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 157-164 | |
| Chikamune Wada; Daisuke Takigawa; Futoshi Wada; Kenji Hachisuka; Takafumi Ienaga; Yoshihiko Kimuro | |||
| We have developed a shoe-type measurement device which is able to measure
gait information such as step length, width and pressure distribution while
daily living. We hypothesized that a walking rehabilitation system could be
realized by combining shoe-type device and comprehensively display which showed
analytical results for gait with real time operation. In this paper, based on
the previous researches, real time operation for foot position measurement was
realized by improving hardware and software. However, measurement error became
larger than that in offline operation. The reason was thought to be time
difference in synchronization which was necessary to realize wireless
measurement system. By considering time difference, most measurement errors
became smaller. In the next research, it would be necessary to decide time
difference in any communication condition. Keywords: gait analysis; wearable device; distance measurement | |||
| Influence of Organizational Culture and Communication on the Successful Implementation of Information Technology in Hospitals | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 165-174 | |
| Shuyan Xie; Markus Helfert; Artur Lugmayr; Rüdiger Heimgärtner; Andreas Holzinger | |||
| In this paper, we report on a case study examining types of organizational
culture influencing communication as an important factor in the study of
successful IT adoption and implementation in health care. We observed a
hospital organization and focused on technological innovations and the
accompanying communication factors in the successful implementation of IT. The
results demonstrate the importance of the organizational culture as an
important factor in establishing well-balanced communication as a primary
influence factor in the implementation of new technologies. Based on
theoretical and empirical insights, we propose a model describing the
relationship of organizational culture, communication, and the level of success
in the implementation and adaptation of new IT systems in hospitals. Keywords: Communication; Empathy; Hospital Culture; Information Technology; Model | |||
| The Interaction between Human and the Home Service Robot on a Daily Life Cycle | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 175-181 | |
| Hsiu-Ping Yueh; Weijane Lin | |||
| The objective of this paper is to explore the perceived roles of home
service robots between different cultures. Human preferences on interaction
modes and features of a home service robot were investigated in this ongoing
study. Results of the study indicated a complicated issue related to the
acceptance and reliability of a social robot. And participants from Taiwan and
Japan reflected their preferences on communication matters in function,
service, interaction, appearance, likability, and trust issues. Participants
from both cultures preferred home service robot to provide information over
social services, while Taiwanese participants possessed significant preference
on scheduling/planning function. For the future needs of home service robots,
Taiwanese participants preferred entertainment service robots, and Japanese
participants preferred caretaker robots. Keywords: culture; human robot interaction; communication; home service robots | |||
| Extending Role of "I" Virtually -- Identity Performance and Their Influence on Individual Behaviour and Team Performance in Globally Distributed Work Virtual Teams | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 185-194 | |
| K. B. Akhilesh; C. V. Sindhuja; Simran K. Kahai | |||
| The customer driven innovation systems, market pressures, accelerating
technologies, limited resources, technical complexities and need for expertise
have driven organization beyond boundaries. Globally distributed work force is
one of the competitive strategies of any leading organization and synergy among
team members is vital to achieve excellence. This paper extends the line of
research to identify performance and its role of self-presentation among
virtual teams to strengthen trust, task interdependence, task oriented
communication and interpersonal relationships. Identifying the role of "Digital
Identity in self presentation" and understanding team process from
"Psycho-Social dimension" by emphasizing importance on the form of social
interaction that takes place, rather than the content or structure itself
presents a new perspective. The proposed model emphasizes trade-off between
identity consolidation and mobilization of virtual teams. We believe that the
proposed framework will increase our understanding the role of individual
behavior and team performance in globally distributed virtual teams. Keywords: globally distributed virtual teams; computer mediated communication;
identity performance | |||
| Diversity in Unity -- How Industry Policy Shaping UI/UX Research | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 195-200 | |
| Chaoyin Chi | |||
| Industry policy is usually a tool to promote the growth and efficiency of
countries overall economy, in particular, to promote "specific growth of
industry". Generally speaking, it allocates the funds, talented people,
regulations, and consider how to stimulate the usage from the demand side, and
how to accelerate the development of the industry from the supply side. In this
paper, the change of the industry policy is described based on the ICT
(information and Communications Technology) industrial competitive advantage
migration. The goal of the paper is delivering a few points on how industry
policy shaping global competitiveness from a technology-driven era to a
user-driven era. The differences of the policy focus will be the key
discussion. Keywords: Industry Policy; UI/UX Research; User Experience; Global Competitiveness | |||
| The Research on Knowledge Diffusion Based on Small World Network | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 201-208 | |
| Xinxin Feng; Baojiang Chen; Huanzhi Zhu | |||
| Small world is a sort of network between regular and random network that has
the feature of both shorter characteristic path length and higher clustering
coefficient, which is an appropriate model for the research of knowledge
diffusion. There is simulation in this paper to certificate the validity of
small world network in knowledge diffusion. In order to reflect the real world
the model is completed by including expert as one influence factor and currency
as the other to reflect knowledge transaction. Simulation results show that
small world network do exist in knowledge diffusion. Keywords: Small world; knowledge diffusion; expert | |||
| Implement User-Centered Design in Internationally Distributed Design Teams | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 209-218 | |
| Limin Fu; Stephanie Chan | |||
| With globalization, international business expansion and acquisition,
business process outsourcing, distributed design teams become a common practice
in many companies and organizations. Many challenges exist for distributed
teams. Research conducted in the past looked into communication, project
management, and organizational and people management to overcome those
challenges. This paper provides a case study, which not only leveraged the
findings provided in the previous research, but also looked into the advantages
and disadvantages within each user-centered design role in distributed
locations. The organizational, project, and role arrangement in distributed
teams were discussed with emphasis on how to implement user-centered design in
internationally distributed design teams. Keywords: Distributed Team; Design Management; User-centered Design | |||
| Supporting Globally Distributed Work -- Cultural Adaptivity Meets Groupware Tailorability | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 219-227 | |
| Axel Hunger; Angela Hirlehei | |||
| Computer Supported Cooperation has developed into a quite mature technology
over time. Key factors such as awareness and synchronization between
cooperating partners and work bench are widely solved. For application in real
live, some tools are available, some in use, but the general breakthrough did
not happen. Well known "Globalization" is a field where CSCW and similar tools
can bring major contribution -- but also new challenges have to be faced as
user groups, or teams, will encounter more and more people from different
nationalities and cultural background. Therefore, adaptation is needed beyond
social behavior where culture becomes a key factor and resulting flexibility of
CSCW-tools becomes a must. As a respond to this demand, Tailor-SMaDe
(Tailorable Software Modeling and Design) has been developed as web-based
synchronous groupware tool that supports globally distributed work. The tool
provides high flexibility by allowing users to tailor their collaboration
environment. It is implemented as a web-based application, which adds to the
advantage that users need only to use their web-browsers to access the
application. Tailor-SMaDe is built modularly so as to ease future extension of
the groupware. Tailor-SMaDe is intended to be equipped with a culturally-aware
expert system that suggests the most optimal configuration of a collaboration
environment. Keywords: tailorable collaboration environment; distributed collaboration; cultural
awareness; synchronous groupware; adaptable groupware; adaptive expert system | |||
| Mobile Application Development in FLOSS Platform: A Collaborative Network Approach | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 228-236 | |
| Qiqi Jiang; Chuan-Hoo Tan; Kwok-Kee Wei | |||
| We are deluged by wide variety of mobile applications (thereafter terms as
mobile apps) to run on our mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the issue of how mobile
applications are developed in academia so far. In order to bridge such gap, we
collected data on mobile application development projects from the largest
FLOSS (Free and open-source software) platform, i.e., SourceForge,
longitudinally. Four key indicators, graph density, reciprocity, modularity,
and dyad census asymmetry, which had been drawn from previous social network
literatures, were adopted to investigate the collaborative network. We found
that the interactive collaboration was especially important for mobile
application development process. Developers formed centralized/mutual structure
for collaboration instead of several collaborative subdivisions. Keywords: Open source software; Mobile applications development; social network
analysis | |||
| Uncovering the Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Cross-Cultural Virtual Collaboration Processes | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 237-246 | |
| Ye Li; Asgeir Skulason | |||
| People from different countries are increasingly working together with the
support of information and communication technologies. Such cross-cultural
virtual collaboration is highly challenging due to the geographical separation
and cultural diversity among collaborators. This study investigates the effects
of an individual capability, cultural intelligence, on cross-cultural virtual
collaboration processes in a controlled experiment. Thirty-five cross-cultural
virtual dyads were formed and instructed to collaborate in a proposal writing
task. Their interaction processes were analyzed with Bales' Interaction Process
Analysis. The results suggest that individuals with higher CQ demonstrated more
positive reactions and attempted answers in the cross-cultural virtual
collaboration after controlling for foreign language proficiency. The increased
amounts of the two categories of interaction acts led to improved peer
satisfaction. The study links CQ with proximal behavioral outcomes and
identifies CQ as a key individual capability that predicts behaviors and
affective outcomes in cross-cultural virtual collaboration. Keywords: Cultural intelligence; cross-cultural communication; cross-cultural
collaboration; Bales' interaction process analysis; global virtual team | |||
| On Relationship between Self-construal and Individual Behavior in Video-Mediated Multicultural Group Decision Making | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 247-256 | |
| Hui Li; Pei-Luen Patrick Rau; Xiaobo Zhao; Gavriel Salvendy | |||
| The study of cultural difference is increasingly becoming important in the
research of multicultural group work. Most of the existing literatures have
focused on the national level of cultural difference (e.g., individualism or
collectivism) to explore individual behavior and group performance. There have
been few studies identifying the role of individual level of cultural
variability (e.g., self-construal) in multicultural group work. This study
investigates the relationship between (a) self-construal and individual
participation, and (b) self-construal and individual decision change in
video-mediated multicultural group decision making. In a laboratory experiment,
forty-five participants coming from fourteen countries formed ten multicultural
groups. Each group solved a preference decision-making task using a group
videoconferencing system. The results indicated a negative relationship between
interdependent self-construal and individual participation in video-mediated
group decision making. The relationship between self-construal and decision
change was not found. Recommendations on increasing the participation of highly
interdependent members are proposed. Keywords: culture; self-construal; group decision making; video-mediated
communication; multicultural group | |||
| Trust and Coordination in Offshore Outsourcing: An Account of Intercultural Collaboration in a Danish and Indian IT Context | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 257-266 | |
| Thomas Tøth | |||
| This paper reports from an empirical study of one of the largest IT and BPO
offshore outsourcing endeavors embarked upon by a Danish company. Based on
observations of structured, video-mediated handover meetings and follow-up
interviews with the involved stakeholders, it presents an account of how the
implementation of handover meetings affected Danish employees' perception of
their Indian counterparts in terms of work attitude, competence and reliability
-- and ultimately how these handover meetings increased the Danish employees'
willingness and ability to trust their Indian counterparts. Contemporary
research on trust in virtual teams is used to provide a theoretical framing of
the empirical findings. The paper furthermore draws on Sabherwal's (2003)
categorizations of coordination as being either biased towards organic mutual
adjustments or towards a priori structures. Through this perspective the
findings suggest that formal coordination can be seen as a catalyst for
building trust in virtual teams. Keywords: Outsourcing; Offshoring; Cross-Cultural Management; Trust; Virtual Teams;
Coordination; Intercultural Collaboration | |||
| The Impact of an Actual Visit and Photograph Watching of an Exhibition on Visitor Viewing Experience | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 269-278 | |
| Jun-Liang Chen; Si-Jing Chen; Chih-Long Lin | |||
| This research regarded the exhibition "Unfold a New Vision: To experience
the surprises and awe in indigenous living aesthetics" as the subject to
examine the impact of the format of the exhibition on the visitors'
satisfaction. The independent variable included the manner of visiting
(visiting the exhibition or watching photographs in the exhibition hall) and
theme display zone (the entrance, living room, dining room, bedroom, children's
room, and the creel (Sanku) lamp). This research asked three major questions
regarding each display zone (the feeling and process of visiting, evaluation of
the displayed items, and the overall feeling of the display zones). 156
questionnaires were collected for analysis. The result indicated that the
scores of four questions regarding the visiting of the display were higher than
that of watching the photographs. The questions of "works and fashion" and
"intentions of decorating the living place with the displayed items" scored
significantly higher in the group of photograph watching. Regarding the feeling
of the display zone's theme, there was only one question -- "feel like
sleeping" showed to have significant difference. In the section of the
evaluation of the displayed items, there were five questions; overall feeling
of the exhibition zones, three questions. Among them, the question concerning
the interaction of the manner of visiting and the theme zone's theme showed to
have significant impact on the question of "exciting". Finally, this research
suggests that it is better to include the close-up photographs in the pamphlet
of the displayed items in an exhibition. Concerning the materials and styles of
the displayed items in the display zones should be consistent to offer visitors
marvelous and consistent experiences. In addition, when providing the
photographs to people that are unable to visit the exhibition in person, it is
better to accompany those photos with music or samples of the displayed items
to give them audio and tactile experiences to promote their satisfaction. Keywords: Visitor's Experience; Exhibition Visit; Photograph Watch | |||
| Designing Urban Experience for Beijing in the Context of Smart City | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 279-288 | |
| Zhiyong Fu | |||
| This paper will explore the urban experience and design opportunities in the
context of smart city. Shaping the ecological, balanced and sustainable way of
urban lifestyle is becoming new challenge to designer in China. In related
research, the development of smart cities and design urban experience will be
explored from the integrated perspectives of theories and methodologies. We
regard the city as the social network, living community and connected organism
by the support of new information and communication technology. Research will
focus on understanding the urban interaction pattern between citizen, media and
city based on activity theory. The results of this research will help to
transform the smart city design from technology driven to people driven;
provide new models and case studies for developing the smart service system and
shaping new urban experience in Beijing. Keywords: Urban experience; Activity theory; Interaction Design; Service design; Smart
city | |||
| A Log Analyzer of Public Transit Guidance Service to Improve a Route Bus Service | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 289-295 | |
| Genki Kenjo; Masaki Ito; Takao Kawamura; Kazunori Sugahara | |||
| We developed a log analyzer for public transit guidance service, and
clarified the pattern of the usage of public transit guidance, and actual
demand to the public transit service. In recent years, there is a growing
demand for public transit guidance for mobile devices, such as smartphones.
Therefore the usage of public transit guidance service strongly reflects the
demand to the public transit. It is possible to find potential demand to the
railway services and route bus services by observing the access to the public
transit guidance service. We developed a log analyzer of public transit
guidance service as a Hadoop cluster for Bus-net, a popular public transit
guidance service in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, and discussed the way to improve
public transit service more convenient with the result of the analysis. Keywords: public transit guidance service; log analyzer; route bus | |||
| Urban Phenomenology: Incorporating Dynamic Frames of Reference in the Design of Urban OS | | BIBA | Full-Text | 296-302 | |
| Christopher Grant Kirwan | |||
| Urban operating systems must incorporate different frames of reference, ranging from the macro to the individual point of view of the end users, each dimension influencing the organizational structure and behavior of the system. In the attempt to create a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to the complex task of designing urban operating systems, this paper applies the philosophical basis of phenomenology, and its schools of thought, to explore a unified theory and approach of the design of cities as living organisms and real-time technological operating systems, integrating human, environmental and technological dimensions. | |||
| Mixed Factorial Analysis of In-Vehicle Information Systems: Age, Driving Behavior, and Task Performance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 303-311 | |
| Yung-Ching Liu; Chin-Heng Ho | |||
| This study conducted a driving simulation experiment using an aural, visual,
or multi-modality in-vehicle information system (IVIS) to investigate the
performance and emergency response of 24 younger (age: M = 23.10 years, SD =
1.54) and 24 older (age: M = 69.21 years, SD = 3.05) drivers in simple and
complex road conditions. All drivers assisted by aural or multi-modality IVIS
made significantly fewer errors in response to hazard warnings than those who
were assisted by the visual modality system. Specifically, drivers exhibited
improved performance for response time and the total number of correct turns in
complex driving conditions when using multi- or aural modality IVIS; this
effect is particularly salient for older drivers. The IVIS improved the safety
of older drivers more than that of their younger counterparts, despite their
poor vehicle control and slow response time in hazard situations. Keywords: in-vehicle information system; age; driving simulator; driving performance;
display | |||
| The Innovative PSS Design of Urban Transportation Based on Sharing Style | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 312-321 | |
| Xin Liu; Yankai Zhao | |||
| The ever-degrading traffic situation has become one of the major factors
that check the sustainable development of cities, as well as threaten people's
well-beings. Thus, proceeding from the concept of Sustainable PSS, the design
of sharing transport system aims at pursuing a holistic measure to ease the
traffic tension and create a new fashion of urban commuting. The design was
inspired by 'car-pooling' and fuse public transit with the private one,
involving the design of the exterior, the interior, the Internet platform, etc.
Harboring the idea of 'Social Innovation', our group creates a new urban
transit service system by combining the folk wisdom with professional
originality and maximizing the current transportation resources. Keywords: Product Service System; PSS; Sustainability; Transportation Design; Urban
Transportation; Sharing Style; Social Innovation | |||
| Study on Aggressive Driving Activities at Crossroads in Beijing | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 322-328 | |
| Hua Qin; Huanzhi Zhu; Renwen Huang | |||
| The objective of this study is to explore the influence of aggressive
driving activities on microscopic traffic flow at crossroads in Beijing. Thus,
we performed observations and corresponding statistical analysis to present
some of the features. The results indicate that the number of occupying the bus
lane and jumping the queue in the period of rush-hour is higher distinctly than
those in the period off-peak. And the aggressive behaviors do not only block
the microscopic traffic flow, but facilitate the vehicles crossing the
crossroads quickly. Keywords: aggressive driving activities; crossroads | |||
| Constructing Interaction Scenarios of High-Building Interior in Fire | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 329-335 | |
| Hua Qin; Linghua Ran; Shaohong Cai | |||
| Many fires in buildings have indicated that behavior of occupants in period
of pre-movement is important for the survival. Pre-movement time and
pre-movement behavior are currently referred as most important factors during
evacuation. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that
influenced pre-evacuation time of occupants during an actual fire evacuation
and to quantify the factors. This study proposes three kinds of factors
influencing the human behavior in the event of fire in period of the
pre-movement, which are fire characteristics, building characteristics, human
characteristics. Through simulating fire scenes of building interior, this
study will investigate occupants' performance in the period of pre-movement.
This paper is part of the study, which is to construct interaction scenarios of
building interior in fire. Keywords: Interaction scenarios; evacuation simulation; human behavior; fire | |||
| SoLoMo User Experience Study Using a Pivoted Parallel Coordinates | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 336-345 | |
| Xiaohua Sun; Jie Qiu; Lei Zhang | |||
| With the development of mobile and location-based technology, SoLoMo is
becoming the trend for applications in different fields. However, many of the
existing applications only take advantage of a very small part of the rich
potentials provided by the SoLoMo framework. We introduce in this paper a
pivoted parallel coordinates supporting the study of the complex user
experiences in SoLoMo applications. We also present a series of studies and
designs we did utilizing this coordinates. Hope the approach and tools
introduced in this paper can serve as a means for more designers to better
position existing applications and for them to identify novel scenarios that
are otherwise buried in the numerous factors involved in SoLoMo. Keywords: SoLoMo; SNS; LBS; Mobile Application; User Experience; Parallel Coordinates | |||
| GeoCity Beijing: Platform of Eco-City Information Visualization and Interactive Narrative Structure | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 346-355 | |
| Xingjian Cui; Zhiyong Fu; Shen Li; Junjie Yu | |||
| With an aim at resource visualization of eco-city, the present paper puts
forward a research framework for narrative structure of cities to enable
decision makers and participants of city construction to better understand the
relations of elements of eco-city. Keywords: eco-city; information design; narrative structure; interactive design | |||
| Original-Ecology Sounds of Cities' Impression | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 356-363 | |
| Lie Zhang; Jin Huang | |||
| Sounds appear everywhere. From the natural sound of a primitive society to
the mechanical symphony of an industrial society, we are surrounded by sounds.
Along with the development of human society, new sounds are produced
continually. So the sound history reflects the course of human history.
However, due to a lack of awareness to our sound environment, some sounds have
faded away while their value not being recognized. Original-Ecology sounds,
which are without any processing, trace our ways of living and thinking, and
touch on our memories and feelings. Sounds are invisible and intangible. Once
gone, the crafts, lifestyle, living conditions and feelings that they used to
represent will disappear along with them. Sounds are a part of our cultural
heritage and deserve to be studied.
As an important part of human civilization, cities are associated with the development of human society. Today's effervescent cities generate many new sounds while accelerating the demise of traditional ones. We intend to evoke the lost memories of neglected sounds by creating an interactive, emotional-centered experience. More Than Sound, an on-line social soundscape with three major components: a mobile application, a website and a public sound installation, outlining social scenes and life stories, it does not end up at encouraging people to collect and save sounds around cities; it enables people to form a deeper understanding of their living environment through cities' vivid sound portraits. Keywords: Original-ecology sounds; soundscape; cities; cultural protection;
emotional-centered experience | |||
| Comparison of Trust on Group Buying Websites between American and Chinese Young Adults | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 367-372 | |
| Na Chen; Pei-Luen Patrick Rau; Dominik Kolz | |||
| This study aimed to investigate the difference of trust and purchasing
behaviors of group buying websites between Chinese and American participants.
The study consisted of two steps: 1) a pre-questionnaire to test the general
trust on group buying websites; 2) an in-lab experiment to test the purchasing
probability and trust on specific trust situation. 20 Chinese and 20 American
university students were recruited to participate in the study. According to
the results, Chinese and American participants showed differences in
Personality-Based Trust and Institution-Based Trust. Only in Calculative Trust
Situation, Chinese participants showed significantly lower trust level than
American participants. There were no significant differences of purchasing
probabilities between Chinese and American participants. Keywords: group buying websites; trust; cross-cultural differences | |||
| How to Make Friends in Social Network Service? A Comparison between Chinese and German | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 373-382 | |
| Zhe Chen; Pei-Luen Patrick Rau; Bertram Frank; Faranda Ignazio; Jay Zhou; Seyed Sajed; Yong Xiang | |||
| Social network service is very popular all around the world. Global social
network service assists Chinese users to have more friends from different
countries. Friend-making on social network service is not systematically
documented and reported for Chinese. Making friends in social network service
and making friends in real life include similar activities such as invitation,
knowledge sharing and communication. Almost everything users can do in real
life can be done through internet. For example, in social network service E
websites such as Facebook users can share a photo with their friends as they do
in real life. The difference between making friends in social network service
and in real life exits on the way how these activities are done. For example,
in real life photo sharing is usually accompanied with a face-to-face talking
while in social network service it is mainly the online comments on the photo.
Therefore it is interesting to find if Chinese user behavior on social network
service is consistent with that in real life.
Thus it is necessary to design social network service with consideration of Chinese usage pattern. For example, as Chinese tend to have more virtual friend social network service websites can recommend. Social network website can use online activity such as "campus star" to require Chinese user to explore other's home page or use "explore" button to have user randomly go to strangers' homepage. More virtual communication style can be added to increase ease of use. For example voice and video message can be applied in social network service in addition to text message. The result indicates that the Chinese participants have more virtual friends than German participants while German users contact their friends more often in real life. There is no big difference between Chinese and German participants on communicating with their friends and sharing information. The result shed light on future research on Chinese friend-making behavior on social network service and user interface design for Chinese. Keywords: social network service; cultural difference | |||
| Smart Mobile Devices in Lifestyles under Transformation: A Comparative Study of Smart Communication among Youth in Hong Kong and Beijing | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 383-392 | |
| Albee Xin Chen; Kin Wai Michael Siu | |||
| Social and individual lifestyle patterns are undergoing rapid change in the
21st century. The globalisation of the culture, economy and technology requires
'global' design. Globalisation shapes culture and trends in a more integrated
way, and Internet technology enables designers to deliver their services and
practices without regard for geographical borders. However, diverse regional
and local cultures and individual preferences still significantly affect design
practice. In China, with its diverse and developing cultures, the trend for
smart communication has generated new lifestyle choices, creating marketing
opportunities and challenges. We observed the use of smart mobile devices among
young people in Hong Kong and Beijing, and compare and discuss the differences
in preferences and use scenarios for smart mobile devices in a first to
analysing data from users and attempting to trace a new cross-cultural design
pattern for smart communication. We conclude that a holistic perspective on
smart mobile products and services is needed to solve the problems brought
about by the information age in cross-cultural contexts. Keywords: Chinese lifestyle; Cross-cultural; Smart mobile devices; Smart communication | |||
| Incorporating Culture in Website Design: A Comparison of Taiwanese and Australian Website Characteristics | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 393-403 | |
| Hsiu Ching Laura Hsieh; Chi-Hsiung Chen; Sin Dai Hong | |||
| This paper explores issues related to user interface design and experience,
including culturally preferred design elements. A local website audit was
conducted to compare and analyze websites in Taiwan and Australia. The web
design attributes for effective communication (usability) that are considered
include: visual representation, navigation, links, layout and multimedia.
Significant differences in culturally preferred design characteristics were
found in each of the web design categories. Results from this study can
contribute to help web developers and designers develop website designs that
are culturally appropriate. Based on the methodology structure in this
research, this investigation is the first phase in identifying cultural
preferences of two cultures, and future research will evaluate the web
experiment design to test if the cultural preferences are incorporated in the
web, and to determine if such an approach can improve usability. Keywords: cultural preference; usability; effective communication | |||
| Localization of Web Design: An Investigation of Culturally Preferred Web Attributes in Taiwan and the UK | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 404-413 | |
| Hsiu Ching Laura Hsieh; Sin Dai Hong | |||
| Cultural diversity makes it unrealistic for designers to rely on intuition
or personal experience to develop web interface design under the context of
globalization, it is important to explore the cultural requirements and
preferences of a target culture if a company wants to develop a website which
can appropriately map that target culture. Although there is increased research
related to culturally preferred design attributes, there are few studies that
systematically examined such preferences across cultures. Therefore, the aim of
this paper is to investigate culturally preferred design characteristics in
Taiwan and the UK, and the local website audits were conducted to identify the
cultural preferences of each culture. Significant differences of culturally
preferred design attributes were found across both cultures. Results from this
study can contribute to help web developers and designers to develop the design
for websites as culturally appropriate. Keywords: globalization; local website audits | |||
| Communication and Social Network Requirements of Chinese Elderly People for Mobile Services | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 414-423 | |
| Lu Jia; Pilsung Choe | |||
| This paper explores Chinese elderly people's communication and social
networking requirements on mobile services. Interviews, observations and
questionnaires provided insight into elderly people's requirements. The result
of data analysis illustrates the relationship between social, family, personal
factors and elderly people's requirements. Personal and family factors are
significantly related to elderly people's requirements. Social factor needs to
be well-quantified in the further studies. Keywords: Elderly people; communication requirement; social network requirement;
mobile phone | |||
| Arabic Website Design: User Evaluation from a Cultural Perspective | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 424-431 | |
| Nouf Khashman; Andrew Large | |||
| The cultural background of web users may play a key role in the way they
interact with and perceive the usability and usefulness of websites. Twenty
Arab participants evaluated and compared 2 websites from 2 countries within
their culture to identify their preferences and expectations of the design of
Arabic websites in order to examine whether these preferences are consistent
with their cultural-specific attributes as described and predicted by
Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions. The results suggest that these
participants showed an overall preference for one website over the other. Keywords: Web design; User Evaluation; Arab countries; Culture; Hofstede | |||
| Two Sites, Two Voices: Linguistic Differences between Facebook Status Updates and Tweets | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 432-440 | |
| Han Lin; Lin Qiu | |||
| Facebook and Twitter, two of the most popular social networking sites, have
different network structures and communication purposes. To examine how their
differences affect users' language use, we conducted a comparative analysis on
the linguistic pattern of Facebook status updates and tweets. Differences were
found in word categories indicating verbal immediacy, emotionality, topic, and
colloquialism. Results show that Facebook status updates are more emotional and
interpersonal, while tweets are more casual, explicit, and concerned about
impression management. Keywords: Twitter; Facebook; Linguistic feature; LIWC; social media | |||
| Do We Need a New Internet for Elderly People? A Cross-Cultural Investigation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 441-450 | |
| Maxie Lutze; Stefan Brandenburg | |||
| This paper describes the development of a culturally sensitive instrument
for assessing user needs related to Internet usage. The resulting instrument,
which encompasses four questionnaires used to obtain empirical data, was
validated in a pre-study and experimental study in Germany and South Korea, and
provides a quantitative and qualitative differentiation of the Internet needs
of different groups. In a computer-based test, it was shown that the
questionnaire tool allowed certain aspects of Internet usage to be predicted. Keywords: Internet inclusion; age differences; cultural differences | |||
| Developing a Contextual Network for Indigenous Communities in Mexico | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 451-457 | |
| Mario Alberto Moreno Rocha; Carlos Alberto Martínez Sandoval; Cuauhtémoc Rivera Loaiza; Ma. Margarita Vírgen González | |||
| This paper presents the development and results of the Contextual Network
project, which took place in two impoverished communities in Mexico. The
Contextual Network (CN) project is comprised by a contextual study followed by
a usability study of a prototype designed to help these communities in
underprivileged circumstances. This paper also includes the results of a study
about exposing indigenous users to unfamiliar new technologies and the way in
which those developments could be appropriately applied to benefit their
community. Keywords: Cross-cultural design; usability; user interfaces; vulnerable communities;
Design for social development | |||
| A Study of Cross-Culture for a Suitable Information Feeding in Online Social Networks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 458-467 | |
| Arunee Ratikan; Mikifumi Shikida | |||
| Online Social Networks (OSNs) such as Facebook, Google+, Twitter play a
significant role in communication. People use space and services provided by
the OSNs to share interests, exchange information and maintain relationship
each other. However, there are two issues in the OSNs. First is an information
overload problem. The OSNs feed excessive information to social network page
(SNP) without recognized user's situation and desire. This problem causes
missing important information and makes the user annoy. Second is a culture
difference problem. Feeding the information should depend on the culture
because culture behavior of each country is different. Hence, information
feeding mechanism of the OSNs should realize these issues. In this research, we
investigate which features and factors have an impact on the user and should be
considered in feeding the information. Furthermore, we study difference of
culture between Japan and Thai. We believe our results can alleviate these two
problems, when they are applied to the information feeding mechanism. Also in
the future the user can get rich communication by serving the relevant
information according to the user's situation and desire. Keywords: Online Social Networks; Information Feeding Mechanism; Information
Filtering; Culture differences | |||
| A Cross-Cultural Study of User Experience of Video on Demand on Mobile Devices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 468-474 | |
| Na Sun; Dominik Frey; Robert Jin; Hui Huang; Zhe Chen; Pei-Luen Patrick Rau | |||
| The objective of this study is to investigate the cross-cultural differences
of user experience on mobile VOD service between Chinese and German users. The
goal was to provide insight for culturally adaptive mobile VOD service design.
This study focused on two aspects of user experience, which are content
preference and interface preference. A questionnaire survey was conducted with
20 respondents to find out what kind of content users prefer (i.e. content
preference), and a user experiment was carried out with 8 participants to
explore users' preference of VOD interface on mobile devices (i.e. interface
preference). The results indicated that Chinese users spend more time on videos
uploaded by individual users than German users. Besides, users from both
cultures prefer the interface with more literal description to interface full
of pictures. At last, suggestions for VOD service providers in both cultures
are provided. Keywords: Video on demand; user experience; mobile device | |||
| A Comparison of Eye Movements When Searching Web Pages between Americans and Koreans | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 475-484 | |
| Changwoo Yang | |||
| The purpose of this research was to identify the differences and
similarities in eye movements between American and Korean participants when
searching Web pages of different levels of complexity. Several eye-movement
metrics were employed using eye-tracking systems. The results revealed that
there was no significant difference between Americans and Koreans in terms of
attention to visual elements and areas of the Web pages. Keywords: cultural differences; eye movement; Web design | |||